Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献_第8页

"Acute encephalitis syndrome in adults: Molecular and serological evidence of Orientia tsutsugamushi infection in Puducherry and neighboring districts of Tamil Nadu" 《成人急性脑炎综合征：泰米尔纳德邦普杜切里和邻近地区恙虫病东方体感染的分子和血清学证据》。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-08-12 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100953

Symphonia Anguraj, Barathidasan Rajamani, Anitha Gunalan, Vivekanandan Pillai, Rahul Dhodapkar

Background

Scrub typhus has emerged as a prominent etiological agent of acute encephalitis syndrome (AES) in India. However, there is a dearth of information on its involvement in AES in South India. Knowing the specific etiology and its prevalence would help in the definitive management of patients, perhaps improving morbidity and mortality.

Methods

A cross-sectional descriptive study was performed in Pondicherry to determine the proportion of adult patients with Orientia tsutsugamushi infection causing AES between January 2020 and December 2021. Diagnosis was performed by a combination of a positive scrub IgM ELISA or a positive real-time PCR in CSF and/or blood sample. Phylogenetic analysis of O. tsutsugamushi isolates was performed to study variations in the 56-kDa type specific antigen (TSA) of O. tsutsugamushi. Seroprevalence of Orientia tsutsugamushi IgG antibodies was assessed using ELISA targeting 56KDa protein.

Results

Eleven percent of AES in adults was attributable to scrub typhus. The majority of sequences from the 19 isolates sequenced, according to phylogenetic analysis of 56-kDa proteins, resembled Karp- or Gilliam-like strains (63.1 % and 26.3 %, respectively). In Puducherry, O. tsutsugamushi IgG seropositivity was found to be 35 %.

Conclusion

This study emphasized the importance of scrub typhus as the common etiology of AES in Puducherry, underscoring the need to integrate routine scrub typhus testing into AES diagnostic algorithm. Sequencing-based analysis of representative samples across the country helps to understand the diversity of O. tsutsugamushi.

背景：在印度，恙虫病已成为急性脑炎综合征（AES）的主要病原。然而，缺乏有关其参与南印度AES的信息。了解具体的病因及其流行情况将有助于对患者进行明确的管理，可能会改善发病率和死亡率。方法：在本地治里进行横断面描述性研究，确定2020年1月至2021年12月期间感染恙虫病东方体导致AES的成年患者比例。诊断方法是结合CSF和/或血液样本中IgM酶联免疫吸附试验阳性或实时PCR阳性。对恙虫病恙虫体分离株进行系统发育分析，研究恙虫病恙虫体56-kDa型特异性抗原（TSA）的变异。ELISA检测56 KDa蛋白检测恙虫病东方体IgG抗体血清阳性率。结果：11%的成人AES可归因于恙虫病。根据56-kDa蛋白的系统发育分析，19株分离株的大部分序列与Karp或gilliam -样菌株相似（分别为63.1%和26.3%）。普杜切里县恙虫病体IgG血清阳性率为35%。结论：本研究强调了恙虫病作为普度切里县AES常见病因的重要性，强调了将常规恙虫病检测纳入AES诊断算法的必要性。对全国代表性样本的基于测序的分析有助于了解恙虫病体的多样性。

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引用次数: 0

Subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis due to a rare fungus Parathyridaria percutanea: First reported case from central India 由一种罕见的真菌经皮甲状旁腺引起的皮下褐丝酵素病：印度中部首例报告病例

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-08-11 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100954

Archana Keche , Girish Patil , Satyaki Ganguly , Rakesh Gupta , Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy

Parathyridaria percutanea is an unusual fungus causing subcutaneous phaeohyphomycosis in India. A 74-year-old female presented with multiple swellings on the dorsum of her left hand for 6 months. The patient does not have Diabetes mellitus, is not immunocompromised, and does not have any other co-morbidities. Histopathological stains showed fungal hyphae in the epidermis and dermis. On the KOH mount, phaeoid fungal hyphae were observed. On culture, cream to grey fungal growth was observed, which was non-sporulating. This was identified as Parathyridaria percutanea by sequencing. Molecular techniques are an important diagnostic tool for the accurate identification of these unusual fungal isolates.

经皮甲状旁腺病是一种罕见的真菌引起皮下褐丝菌病在印度。74岁女性，左手背多发肿胀6个月。患者无糖尿病，无免疫功能低下，无其他合并症。组织病理学染色显示表皮和真皮有真菌菌丝。在KOH培养基上观察到phaeoid真菌菌丝。在培养中，观察到白色到灰色真菌生长，不产孢。经测序鉴定为经皮甲状旁腺功能障碍。分子技术是准确鉴定这些罕见真菌分离株的重要诊断工具。

引用次数: 0

Human Bocavirus respiratory infections in a paediatric intensive care unit - A potential healthcare - associated pathogen 儿科重症监护病房的人类博卡病毒呼吸道感染——一种潜在的卫生保健相关病原体。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-08-09 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100950

Srestha Mitra , Vikas Manchanda , Anju Sharma , Neha Chandel , Sonal Saxena

Introduction

Recent advancements in detection methods have increased the observed prevalence of Human Bocavirus (HBoV), leading to further investigation of its role in severe acute respiratory illness (SARI). This study describes HBoV as a potential healthcare-associated infection.

Methods

A prospective observational study was performed on paediatric patients (0–12 years) hospitalized with SARI in the paediatric intensive care unit (PICU) between April-2022 to December-2023 (21 months) at a tertiary care hospital. Nasopharyngeal swabs were collected and analysed using real-time PCR. A cluster of patients infected with HBoV were identified and their records were reviewed to identify chain of transmission among them.

Result

Among the 758 children tested, 441 were admitted to the PICU, with viral pathogens detected in 305 (69.1 %), including HBoV in 17 (3.8 %) children. HBoV was detected most commonly as mono-infection in 57.9 %. An unusual surge in HBoV infections (five cases in 23 days) was observed in the PICU during May 2022, suggesting a potential healthcare-associated outbreak; which declined that year after implementing strict infection control measures. The HBoV infection patterns in subsequent year confirmed the seasonality, with peak from May to September in two seasons.

While the average length of stay for patients with HBoV infection was 31.4 days; mono-infected patients had a longer mean duration of stay as compared to those with coinfection (40.6 vs 23.3 days). All patients required supplemental oxygen, with 52 % needing mechanical ventilation, more commonly in coinfections (66.7 %) than in mono-infections (35.8 %).

Conclusion

The current study documents a potential outbreak in the PICU, with several cases likely acquired within the hospital. The study highlights the increased morbidity of HBoV infections, thus, emphasizing the need for intensive care support and stringent infection control measures to prevent their spread within the hospital environment.

导读：检测方法的最新进展增加了人类博卡病毒（HBoV）的观察流行率，导致对其在严重急性呼吸道疾病（SARI）中的作用的进一步研究。这项研究将HBoV描述为一种潜在的卫生保健相关感染。方法：对某三级医院儿科重症监护病房（PICU）于2022年4月至2023年12月（21个月）住院的急性呼吸道感染（SARI）患儿（0-12岁）进行前瞻性观察研究。采集鼻咽拭子，采用实时荧光定量PCR进行分析。发现了一批HBoV感染患者，并审查了他们的记录，以确定他们之间的传播链。结果：758例患儿中有441例入住PICU，检出病毒病原体305例（69.1%），其中HBoV检出17例（3.8%）。HBoV以单一感染最常见，占57.9%。2022年5月，在PICU观察到HBoV感染异常激增（23天内出现5例），提示可能发生与卫生保健相关的疫情；在实施了严格的感染控制措施后，这一数字在当年有所下降。随后一年的HBoV感染模式证实了季节性，在两个季节中，5月至9月为高峰。HBoV感染患者的平均住院时间为31.4天；与合并感染的患者相比，单感染患者的平均住院时间更长（40.6天vs 23.3天）。所有患者都需要补充氧气，52%的患者需要机械通气，合并感染（66.7%）比单一感染（35.8%）更常见。结论：目前的研究记录了PICU中潜在的爆发，有几个病例可能是在医院内获得的。该研究强调了HBoV感染发病率的增加，因此，强调需要重症监护支持和严格的感染控制措施，以防止其在医院环境内传播。

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引用次数: 0

Gap assessment in implementation of Biomedical Waste Management in Health Care Facilities: Nationwide survey in India 医疗保健设施实施生物医学废物管理的差距评估：印度全国调查。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100947

Lallu Joseph , Malathi Murugesan , Jayalakshmi Jayarajan , Aruna Poojary , Jagadish Ramasamy , Vijay Agarwal

Background

Biomedical Waste (BMW) management presents significant challenges globally. Despite the establishment of BMW management rules in India and their subsequent amendments, compliance gaps persist. To address these, the Consortium of Accredited Health Care Organizations (CAHO) conducted a nationwide survey aimed to identify gaps in the implementation of the BMW rules in India.

Methods

The survey was designed by CAHO in collaboration with experts across India. A validated tool with 144 questions captured information on BMW management practices across India. A purposive sampling technique was conducted via online survey tool from July to September 2023. Compliance among healthcare facilities (HCFs) was analyzed, and geographical maps were created.

Results

A total of 267 HCFs responded to the survey with 178 (67 %) were accredited. Among them, 51 % of the HCFs directly discarded the needles in the sharps container and 49 % cut the needles before disposal. In 50 % of HCFs blue bins with blue covers were used. Around 115 (43 %) only used dedicated tags to secure the BMW and 58 % fully implemented barcoding. Autoclaving of laboratory waste was done in 211 HCFs (79 %). Dedicated temporary storage areas were found in 245 (92 %) HCFs. Mercury filled devices were still in use in 75 (28 %) of the HCFs.

Conclusion

The survey provides valuable insights into the BMW management practices, gaps and areas of improvement in India. The most notable variations evidenced are sharps disposal practices, usage of blue bins, disposal of pharmaceutical waste and continued use of mercury devices.

背景：生物医学废物（BMW）管理在全球范围内面临重大挑战。尽管宝马在印度建立了管理规则，并随后进行了修订，但合规差距仍然存在。为了解决这些问题，经认证的卫生保健组织联合会（CAHO）进行了一项全国性调查，旨在查明印度在执行《宝马规则》方面存在的差距。方法：该调查由CAHO与印度各地的专家合作设计。一个包含144个问题的经过验证的工具捕获了宝马在印度各地管理实践的信息。于2023年7月至9月通过在线调查工具进行有目的抽样。分析了医疗机构（hcf）之间的合规性，并创建了地理地图。结果：共有267家hcf响应调查，其中178家（67%）获得认可。其中，51%的HCFs直接将针头丢弃在利器容器中，49%的HCFs在处理前将针头切开。50%的氟氯烃使用了蓝盖蓝箱。大约115（43%）只使用专用标签来保护宝马，58%的人完全采用条形码。211个hfc（79%）对实验室废物进行了高压灭菌。在245个（92%）氟氯烃中发现了专门的临时储存区域。75个（28%）氢氯氟烃国家仍在使用充汞装置。结论：该调查提供了宝贵的见解宝马管理实践，差距和改进的领域在印度。最显著的变化是尖锐的处置做法、使用蓝色垃圾箱、处置药品废物和继续使用汞装置。

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引用次数: 0

Unraveling the 2023 cholera outbreak in Rourkela municipal corporation of Odisha, India: Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and water contamination insights 解开2023年印度奥里萨邦Rourkela市政公司霍乱爆发：抗生素耐药性，毒力因素和水污染见解

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-29 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100944

Debasish Samal , Rashmi Ranjan Nayak , Usha Kiran Rout , Sushmita Kerketta , Debdutta Bhattacharya , Jaya Singh Kshatri , Anna Salomi Kerketta , Sanghamitra Pati , Jyotirmayee Turuk

Background

In December 2023, a cholera outbreak was detected from Rourkela district, Odisha, prompted an investigation using field epidemiology methods and further research of the isolates from cases. The outbreak, likely was triggered by piped water contamination following unseasonal rainfall. Materials and Methods: A laboratory-based descriptive study, focused on the microbiological and molecular detection and characterization of 34 cases of acute diarrheal disease. Samples collected for bacteriological and molecular tests were investigated at ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar.

Results

Vibrio cholerae in 35 % and diarrhoeagenic E. coli in 23.5 % of samples, highlighting these as the primary pathogens. The causative agent was identified as V. cholerae El Tor strain (7PET) detected for the first time in the area. Antibiotic resistance was seen for ampicillin, tetracycline, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol with notable complete resistance to ciprofloxacin. This resistance was attributed to the presence of mobile genetic elements such as SXT ICE, conferring resistance through genes like dfrA1, sulII, tetA, tetG and flor. Essential virulence genes including ctxAB, toxR, tcpA, ace, and hlyA were found in 100 % of the V. cholerae strains, with zot present in 66.6 % of isolates.

Conclusion

This study highlights the evolving antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic factors contributing to V. cholerae virulence, providing pivotal breakthroughs in public health strategies aimed at controlling future outbreaks.

背景：2023年12月，在奥里萨邦Rourkela区发现了一次霍乱疫情，促使使用现场流行病学方法进行调查，并对病例分离株进行进一步研究。此次疫情可能是由非季节性降雨导致的自来水污染引发的。材料与方法：以实验室为基础的描述性研究，重点研究了34例急性腹泻病的微生物学和分子检测和特征。在布巴内斯瓦尔icmr区域医学研究中心对收集的用于细菌学和分子测试的样本进行了调查。结果35%的样品中检出霍乱弧菌，23.5%的样品中检出腹泻性大肠杆菌，两者均为主要致病菌。病原鉴定为该地区首次检出的霍乱弧菌El - Tor菌株（7PET）。抗生素耐药见于氨苄西林、四环素、阿奇霉素和氯霉素，对环丙沙星完全耐药。这种抗性归因于sst ICE等可移动遗传元件的存在，通过dfrA1、sulII、tetA、tetG和flor等基因赋予抗性。在100%的霍乱弧菌菌株中发现了必要的毒力基因，包括ctxAB、toxR、tcpA、ace和hlyA，其中66.6%的菌株存在zot。结论本研究揭示了影响霍乱弧菌毒力的抗生素耐药模式和遗传因素的进化，为控制未来疫情的公共卫生策略提供了关键突破。

{"title":"Unraveling the 2023 cholera outbreak in Rourkela municipal corporation of Odisha, India: Antibiotic resistance, virulence factors, and water contamination insights","authors":"Debasish Samal , Rashmi Ranjan Nayak , Usha Kiran Rout , Sushmita Kerketta , Debdutta Bhattacharya , Jaya Singh Kshatri , Anna Salomi Kerketta , Sanghamitra Pati , Jyotirmayee Turuk","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100944","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100944","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>In December 2023, a cholera outbreak was detected from Rourkela district, Odisha, prompted an investigation using field epidemiology methods and further research of the isolates from cases. The outbreak, likely was triggered by piped water contamination following unseasonal rainfall. <strong>Materials and Methods</strong>: A laboratory-based descriptive study, focused on the microbiological and molecular detection and characterization of 34 cases of acute diarrheal disease. Samples collected for bacteriological and molecular tests were investigated at ICMR-Regional Medical Research Centre, Bhubaneswar.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div><em>Vibrio cholerae</em> in 35 % and diarrhoeagenic <em>E. coli</em> in 23.5 % of samples, highlighting these as the primary pathogens. The causative agent was identified as <em>V. cholerae</em> El Tor strain (7PET) detected for the first time in the area. Antibiotic resistance was seen for ampicillin, tetracycline, azithromycin, and chloramphenicol with notable complete resistance to ciprofloxacin. This resistance was attributed to the presence of mobile genetic elements such as SXT ICE, conferring resistance through genes like <em>dfrA</em>1, <em>sulII, tetA, tetG and flor</em>. Essential virulence genes including <em>ctxAB, toxR, tcpA, ace,</em> and <em>hlyA</em> were found in 100 % of the <em>V. cholerae</em> strains, with <em>zot</em> present in 66.6 % of isolates.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study highlights the evolving antibiotic resistance patterns and genetic factors contributing to <em>V. cholerae</em> virulence, providing pivotal breakthroughs in public health strategies aimed at controlling future outbreaks.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100944"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-07-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144756778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

Early prosthetic valve endocarditis due to Kytococcus schroeteri – A case report and review of literature 螺旋球球菌所致早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎1例报告及文献复习。

IF 1.3 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-25 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100941

Chinnu Liz Sebastian , Sabarish B. Nair , K.P. Gireesh Kumar , Abin Thomas , Liyona Varghese , Mary Francis , Anil Kumar

Kytococcus schroeteri is a Gram positive cocci usually found as a coloniser of the human skin and mucous membrane. It is a bacterium that is usually considered a contaminant in blood cultures. It can rarely cause infective endocarditis and is usually associated with prosthetic heart valve endocarditis. We report a case of early prosthetic valve endocarditis in a 78-year-old female and provide a brief review of similar cases published in the literature.

薛氏Kytococcus schroeteri是一种革兰氏阳性球菌，通常是人类皮肤和粘膜的定植菌。它是一种细菌，通常被认为是血液培养中的污染物。它很少引起感染性心内膜炎，通常与人工心脏瓣膜心内膜炎有关。我们报告一位78岁女性的早期人工瓣膜心内膜炎病例，并提供了在文献中发表的类似病例的简要回顾。

引用次数: 0

Discovery of HCV vaccine: Where do we stand? 丙型肝炎疫苗的发现：进展如何？

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-21 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100940

Pachamuthu Balakrishnan , Shanmugam Saravanan , Ramachandran Vignesh , Sathasivam Sivamalar , Duraisamy Nallusamy , Sathish Sankar , Chandrasekaran Krithika , Chitathoor Sridhar , Sivadoss Raju , Vijayakumar Velu , Esaki M. Shankar

Background

Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is still a serious public health issue because it can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and chronic hepatitis. In almost 70 % of cases, HCV infection results in chronic persistence, which causes progressive liver disease over time. Though tremendous research has been done, even after achieving the cure, it has not brought out effective vaccines to prevent HCV transmission or a vaccine to prevent disease progression to liver diseases, including HCC. It has been reported that the challenges in the discovery of the HCV vaccine are primarily because the virus's genetic heterogeneity and very diversified nature are restricting the effectiveness of T-cell-based immunity as well as B-cell (neutralising antibody)-based immunity. Therefore, having an effective and robust HCV vaccine is essential to control and eliminate HCV from the world.

Objectives

The purpose of this review is to provide the current status of the protective role of T-cells and antibodies specific to HCV, with the available vaccination approaches, human clinical trials, and their outcomes.

Content

The development of HCV vaccines employs a variety of tactics to elicit host immune responses. Preventive and therapeutic vaccinations are the two main categories of HCV vaccines currently under research. Numerous HCV vaccine candidates have been assessed, with the majority focusing on humoral and/or cellular immunity using both animal models and human volunteers. Recombinant subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines, and viral vectors expressing different antigens are some of the current methods used to build a vaccine against HCV. Though the initial results were encouraging with several HCV vaccine candidates, most either failed to reach the next level of clinical evaluation.

丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）仍然是一个严重的公共卫生问题，因为它可以导致肝硬化、肝细胞癌（HCC）和慢性肝炎。在近70%的病例中，丙型肝炎病毒感染导致慢性持续性，随着时间的推移导致肝脏疾病的进展。尽管已经进行了大量的研究，但即使在实现治愈之后，也没有开发出有效的疫苗来预防丙肝病毒的传播，也没有开发出预防疾病发展为肝脏疾病（包括HCC）的疫苗。据报道，发现丙型肝炎病毒疫苗的挑战主要是因为病毒的遗传异质性和非常多样化的性质限制了基于t细胞免疫和基于b细胞（中和抗体）免疫的有效性。因此，拥有有效和强大的丙型肝炎疫苗对于在世界上控制和消除丙型肝炎至关重要。目的本综述的目的是提供t细胞和HCV特异性抗体的保护作用的现状，现有的疫苗接种方法，人体临床试验及其结果。HCV疫苗的开发采用了多种策略来引发宿主免疫反应。预防性和治疗性疫苗接种是目前正在研究的丙型肝炎疫苗的两大类。已经对许多HCV候选疫苗进行了评估，其中大多数集中于体液和/或细胞免疫，使用动物模型和人类志愿者。重组亚单位疫苗、病毒样颗粒（vlp）、合成肽、DNA疫苗和表达不同抗原的病毒载体是目前用于构建丙型肝炎疫苗的一些方法。虽然几种HCV候选疫苗的初步结果令人鼓舞，但大多数疫苗未能达到下一阶段的临床评估。

{"title":"Discovery of HCV vaccine: Where do we stand?","authors":"Pachamuthu Balakrishnan , Shanmugam Saravanan , Ramachandran Vignesh , Sathasivam Sivamalar , Duraisamy Nallusamy , Sathish Sankar , Chandrasekaran Krithika , Chitathoor Sridhar , Sivadoss Raju , Vijayakumar Velu , Esaki M. Shankar","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100940","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100940","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Hepatitis C virus (HCV) is still a serious public health issue because it can cause cirrhosis, hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), and chronic hepatitis. In almost 70 % of cases, HCV infection results in chronic persistence, which causes progressive liver disease over time. Though tremendous research has been done, even after achieving the cure, it has not brought out effective vaccines to prevent HCV transmission or a vaccine to prevent disease progression to liver diseases, including HCC. It has been reported that the challenges in the discovery of the HCV vaccine are primarily because the virus's genetic heterogeneity and very diversified nature are restricting the effectiveness of T-cell-based immunity as well as B-cell (neutralising antibody)-based immunity. Therefore, having an effective and robust HCV vaccine is essential to control and eliminate HCV from the world.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this review is to provide the current status of the protective role of T-cells and antibodies specific to HCV, with the available vaccination approaches, human clinical trials, and their outcomes.</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>The development of HCV vaccines employs a variety of tactics to elicit host immune responses. Preventive and therapeutic vaccinations are the two main categories of HCV vaccines currently under research. Numerous HCV vaccine candidates have been assessed, with the majority focusing on humoral and/or cellular immunity using both animal models and human volunteers. Recombinant subunit vaccines, virus-like particles (VLPs), synthetic peptides, DNA vaccines, and viral vectors expressing different antigens are some of the current methods used to build a vaccine against HCV. Though the initial results were encouraging with several HCV vaccine candidates, most either failed to reach the next level of clinical evaluation.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100940"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144687283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

引用次数: 0

“Genetic diversity of Mycobacterium tuberculosis complex in treatment naive sputum smear positive patients as revealed by spoligotyping and MIRU-VNTR.” “通过Spoligotyping和MIRU-VNTR揭示结核分枝杆菌复合体在治疗初治痰涂片阳性患者中的遗传多样性。”

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100939

Anagoni Srikar , B.V. Ramana , P.V.G.K. Sarma , Alladi Mohan , Abhijit Chaudhury

Purpose

The molecular epidemiological methods are important in the study of transmission dynamics and population structure of Mycobacterium tuberculosis strains circulating in a geographical region.

Methods

A total of 104 patients were selected who were diagnosed for the first time with pulmonary tuberculosis and were sputum smear positive. Drug sensitivity test, spoligotyping, and MIRU-VNTR typing were done with all strains.

Results

In our series, three isolates were resistant to all the four agents, while 13(12.5 %) were classified as multi-drug resistant. Spoligotyping revealed the predominance of East African-India (EAI) lineage (66.3 %) with EAI 3-Ind (44.2 %) and EAI 5 (18.2 %) making up the majority. Our study found no presence of Beijing strains, while 15 isolates exhibited 9 distinct spoligotyping patterns (orphan or novel) that are not listed in the spoligotyping database. Three strains belonging to CAS1-Delhi, EAI3-Ind, and Manu1 lineages were resistant to all four anti-tuberculosis agents. The discriminatory power of various MIRU-VNTR alleles was found to be lower for EAI family strains compared to Non-EAI family strains. The clustering rates of MIRU-VNTR and Spoligotyping were 0.52 and 0.711 respectively. The neighbor-joining tree, based on 24-loci MIRU-VNTR typing, revealed two main clusters: one group included the CAS1-Delhi, LAM6, Cameroon, and MANU families, while the other group contained the EAI family.

Conclusions

The finding of half of the strains resistant to one or more anti-tuberculosis drugs and 12.5 % MDR strains emphasizes the importance of susceptibility testing before initiation of treatment.EAI lineage is considered to be predominant in Southern part of India which was corroborated in our study. MIRU-VNTR should be used in addition to spoligotyping since it has got finer discriminatory power. Molecular epidemiological studies should be performed periodically to assess the circulating strains in a particular geographic area.

目的：分子流行病学方法对研究某一地理区域内结核分枝杆菌的传播动态和种群结构具有重要意义。方法：选取首次诊断肺结核且痰涂片阳性的患者104例。对所有菌株进行药敏试验、spoligo分型和MIRU-VNTR分型。结果：3株对4种药物均耐药，13株（12.5%）为多重耐药。Spoligotyping显示，EAI -印度（EAI）谱系占主导地位（66.3%），其中EAI 3-Ind（44.2%）和EAI 5（18.2%）占多数。本研究未发现北京菌株，而15株菌株表现出9种不同的spoligotyping模式（孤儿型或新型型），未在spoligotyping数据库中列出。属于CAS1-Delhi、EAI3-Ind和Manu1谱系的3株菌株对所有4种抗结核药物均具有耐药性。与非EAI家族菌株相比，EAI家族菌株的MIRU-VNTR等位基因的歧视力较低。MIRU-VNTR和Spoligotyping的聚类率分别为0.52和0.711。基于24个位点MIRU-VNTR分型的邻居连接树揭示了两个主要聚类：一组包括CAS1-Delhi、LAM6、Cameroon和MANU家族，另一组包含EAI家族。结论：一半的菌株对一种或多种抗结核药物耐药，12.5%的菌株耐多药，强调了开始治疗前进行药敏试验的重要性。EAI谱系被认为在印度南部占优势，这在我们的研究中得到了证实。由于MIRU-VNTR具有更好的区分能力，因此应在spoligotyping之外使用。应定期进行分子流行病学研究，以评估特定地理区域的流行毒株。

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引用次数: 0

Refractory mycotic keratitis by Cephalotheca foveolata: first report from India 顽固性真菌性角膜炎：首次来自印度的报道

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-18 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100938

Harsimran Kaur , Imola Jamir , Deeksha Sharma , Haseen Ahmad , Ankita Saroya , Amit Gupta , Anup Ghosh , Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy

引用次数: 0

Study of the association of Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide genotypes and variable virulence factors with different clinical manifestations of melioidosis 假马利氏伯克氏菌脂多糖基因型及变毒力因子与类鼻疽不同临床表现的相关性研究。

IF 1.4 4区医学 Q4 IMMUNOLOGY

Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology

Pub Date : 2025-07-17 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100937

Jayanti Jena , Bijayini Behera , Srujana Mohanty , Baijayantimala Mishra , Prasanta R. Mohapatra , Asmita Patnaik

Purpose

The association of variably expressed virulence factors, such as the O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Burkholderia intracellular motility factor (bimA), and filamentous hemagglutinin (fhaB3) in the Burkholderia pseudomallei genome, with diverse clinical manifestations and outcomes, was explored in 100 B. pseudomallei isolates.

Methods

One hundred consecutive B. pseudomallei isolates from melioidosis patients (30 deep organ abscesses, 15 community-acquired pneumonia, 18 bacteremia without focus, 10 neuromelioidosis,8 bone, and joint infections, and 19 subcutaneous abscesses) diagnosed between April 15, 2021 to Dec 31, 2023 in a hospital in Odisha in Eastern India were evaluated for their LPS O-antigen genotype, bimA genotype, and fhaB3 genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their association with clinical syndrome, seasonality, ICU admission or mortality. The results were also compared with findings from other regions in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Results

LPS A (40 %) was the predominant type, followed by LPS B (13 %), and LPS B2 was detected from a single case of septic arthritis. Forty-seven B. pseudomallei isolates could not be assigned to any LPS genotypes. All isolates had bimABp variant, and ninety-eight isolates were positive for fhaB3. There was no association between any variable virulence factors examined with clinical outcome. We found notable LPS genotypic differences between clinical B. pseudomallei isolates in our study and isolates from other regions in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.

Conclusions

India is believed to be a melioidosis hot spot country, and the genetic heterogeneity of LPS in various parts of India (40 % LPS A, 13 % LPS B, 1 % LPSB2 in the present study from Eastern India, 65.7 % LPS A, 6 % LPS B, no LPS B2 in southern India, 74 % LPS B, 20.6 % LPS A, 5.5 % LPS B2 in south-western Coastal India) needs to be explored further in other parts of India as genetic markers for geospatial analysis within India.

目的：对100株假氏伯克氏菌分离株的不同临床表现和结果进行分析，探讨假氏伯克氏菌基因组中表达不同的毒力因子如脂多糖O抗原（LPS）、伯克氏菌胞内运动因子（bimA）和丝状血凝素（fhaB3）的相关性。方法:采用聚合酶链反应（PCR）对印度东部奥里萨邦一家医院2021年4月15日至2023年12月31日诊断的100例类鼻疽杆菌患者（30例深部器官脓肿、15例社区获得性肺炎、18例无病灶菌血症、10例神经类鼻疽病、8例骨和关节感染、19例皮下脓肿）的LPS o抗原基因型、bimA基因型和fhaB3基因型及其与临床综合征的相关性进行了评估。季节性、ICU入院或死亡率。研究结果还与印度、东南亚和澳大利亚其他地区的研究结果进行了比较。结果：1例脓毒性关节炎中检出LPS A型（40%），其次为LPS B型（13%），同时检出LPS B2型。47株假芽孢杆菌分离株不能归属于任何LPS基因型。所有分离株均有bimABp变异，98株fhaB3阳性。没有任何可变的毒力因素与临床结果之间的联系。我们发现，在我们的研究中，临床分离的假假杆菌与来自印度、东南亚和澳大利亚其他地区的分离株存在显著的LPS基因型差异。结论：印度被认为是类鼻疽病的热点国家，印度不同地区的脂多糖遗传异质性（本研究中来自印度东部的脂多糖a占40%，脂多糖B占13%，脂多糖B2占1%，脂多糖a占65.7%，脂多糖B占6%，南部印度无脂多糖B2，脂多糖B占74%，脂多糖a占20.6%，脂多糖B2占5.5%）需要在印度其他地区进一步探索，作为印度境内地理空间分析的遗传标记。

{"title":"Study of the association of Burkholderia pseudomallei lipopolysaccharide genotypes and variable virulence factors with different clinical manifestations of melioidosis","authors":"Jayanti Jena , Bijayini Behera , Srujana Mohanty , Baijayantimala Mishra , Prasanta R. Mohapatra , Asmita Patnaik","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100937","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100937","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>The association of variably expressed virulence factors, such as the O antigen of Lipopolysaccharide (LPS), Burkholderia intracellular motility factor (bimA), and filamentous hemagglutinin (fhaB3) in the Burkholderia pseudomallei genome, with diverse clinical manifestations and outcomes, was explored in 100 <em>B. pseudomallei</em> isolates.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>One hundred consecutive <em>B. pseudomallei</em> isolates from melioidosis patients (30 deep organ abscesses, 15 community-acquired pneumonia, 18 bacteremia without focus, 10 neuromelioidosis,8 bone, and joint infections, and 19 subcutaneous abscesses) diagnosed between April 15, 2021 to Dec 31, 2023 in a hospital in Odisha in Eastern India were evaluated for their LPS O-antigen genotype, <em>bimA</em> genotype, and <em>fhaB3</em> genotype by polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and their association with clinical syndrome, seasonality, ICU admission or mortality. The results were also compared with findings from other regions in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>LPS A (40 %) was the predominant type, followed by LPS B (13 %), and LPS B2 was detected from a single case of septic arthritis. Forty-seven <em>B. pseudomallei</em> isolates could not be assigned to any LPS genotypes. All isolates had <em>bimABp</em> variant, and ninety-eight isolates were positive for <em>fhaB3</em>. There was no association between any variable virulence factors examined with clinical outcome. We found notable LPS genotypic differences between clinical <em>B. pseudomallei</em> isolates in our study and isolates from other regions in India, Southeast Asia, and Australia.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>India is believed to be a melioidosis hot spot country, and the genetic heterogeneity of LPS in various parts of India (40 % LPS A, 13 % LPS B, 1 % LPSB2 in the present study from Eastern India, 65.7 % LPS A, 6 % LPS B, no LPS B2 in southern India, 74 % LPS B, 20.6 % LPS A, 5.5 % LPS B2 in south-western Coastal India) needs to be explored further in other parts of India as genetic markers for geospatial analysis within India.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"57 ","pages":"Article 100937"},"PeriodicalIF":1.4,"publicationDate":"2025-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144667579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

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