Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology最新文献

{"title":"Establishment of a multiplex real-time quantitative PCR assay using TaqMan fluorescent probes to detect Mucorales species","authors":"Yongsheng Pan,&nbsp;Dan Pu,&nbsp;Hongren Xu,&nbsp;Kerong Jiang,&nbsp;Jiajie Wang,&nbsp;Minfeng Bai,&nbsp;Xiaoliang Xu,&nbsp;Yunping Zhao,&nbsp;Limin Yin","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100977","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100977","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>To establish a specific and sensitive TaqMan multiplex real-time quantitative PCR (RT-qPCR) assay to rapidly detect Mucorales.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>Customized oligonucleotide primers and corresponding detection probes were developed using the 18S ribosomal RNA gene sequences of <em>Rhizomucor</em> spp., <em>Lichtheimia</em> spp., and <em>Mucor</em> spp./<em>Rhizopus</em> spp. A multiplex RT-qPCR assay was established using TaqMan fluorescent probes, and its specificity, repeatability, and sensitivity were evaluated. The method was also used for the detection of simulated Mucorales-positive clinical samples and on samples from clinical patients possibly having fungal infections.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>The established TaqMan fluorescent probe-based multiplex RT-qPCR assay accurately detected Mucorales with high sensitivity, showing a minimum detection limit of 1 fg/μL. The assay also showed high specificity and accurately detected organisms representing the four main genera in Mucorales (i.e., <em>Rhizomucor miehei</em>, <em>Lichtheimia corymbifera</em>, <em>Mucor circinelloides</em>, and <em>Rhizopus oryzae</em>). Additionally, no cross-reactivity was observed with 21 non-targeted strains (including viruses, bacteria, fungi, and <em>Cunninghamella bertholletiae</em>). The reproducibility of the assay was confirmed, with a relative standard deviation within groups of less than 1 %. The assay was able to detect Mucorales pathogens (i.e., <em>Rhizomucor</em> spp., <em>Lichtheimia</em> spp., <em>Mucor</em> spp., and <em>Rhizopus</em> spp.) in simulated positive clinical specimens of blood, urine, lavage fluid, and sputum. Among 56 specimens from clinical patients with suspected fungal infections that were tested using the assay, one positive specimen was detected, consistent with the findings from sequencing and fungal culture identification.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusions</h3><div>A highly specific and sensitive TaqMan fluorescent probe-based multiplex RT-qPCR detection method for Mucorales was established that has promising applications in the early and rapid diagnosis of Mucorales pathogens in clinical specimens.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100977"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145124436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Acrophialophora jodhpurensis and Nocardia in idiopathic bronchiectasis: Colonizers or culprits?’","authors":"Anjali Anil ,&nbsp;Haseen Ahmad ,&nbsp;Harsimran Kaur ,&nbsp;Inderpaul Singh Sehgal ,&nbsp;Sourav Agnihotri ,&nbsp;Shivaprakash M. Rudramurthy","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100975","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100975","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100975"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"A risk-based assessment of Enterococcal Bloodstream infection: Suggesting considerations in empirical therapy strategies in a tertiary care hospital","authors":"Pooja Kumar,&nbsp;Bhaskar Thakuria,&nbsp;Binod Kumar Pati,&nbsp;K. Prathyusha,&nbsp;Asim Sarfraz,&nbsp;Archana","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100976","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100976","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Enterococcal bloodstream infections (E-BSIs) pose a significant challenge due to their unique intrinsic and increasing resistance. Empirical treatment guidelines are often ineffective in E-BSI, as Antibiotic policies mainly address Gram-negative bacilli and MRSA for Hospital-acquired infection (HAI) in India.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>The study was designed to investigate the risk factors, infection source, species profile, antimicrobial susceptibility and clinical outcomes in diagnosed E-BSI patients at a tertiary care centre in India.</div><div>From the blood culture samples from August 2022 to July 2023, 52 non-duplicate blood culture isolates of <em>Enterococcus</em> species were identified with categorisation of vancomycin resistance genes, and the patients were followed up for risk factors, probable sources, and ongoing therapies, with a switch to definitive therapy for the outcome.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Of 52 confirmed E-BSI cases, the species distribution was as follows: <em>E. faecium</em> (61.5 %), <em>E. faecalis</em> (26.92 %), <em>E. gallinarum</em> (9.61 %), and <em>E. durans</em> (1.92 %). Antimicrobial resistance was significantly higher in <em>E. faecium</em>. Nine isolates (17.3 %) were vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), with diverse outcomes. HAI comprised 44.23 % of cases. The overall mortality rate was 26.9 % and ICU patients had significantly higher mortality, with significant risk factors being invasive medical devices (59.6 %), followed by bedridden status (23 %) and immunosuppression (9.61 %). Significant risk factors included the presence of invasive medical devices (59.6 %), followed by a bedridden status (23.0 %) and immunosuppression (9.6 %). Patients with early empirical therapy that has enterococcal coverage showed a protective effect on survival. However, switching over to definitive therapy alone could not significantly reduce mortality.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>This study underscores the importance of early empirical therapy with enterococcal coverage in high-risk patients. Timely initiation of empirical coverage appears more crucial than later definitive therapy adjustments in improving survival. Invasive device use remains a significant risk factor, reinforcing the need for stringent infection control to prevent HAI, including E-BSI.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100976"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145102823","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Management of infections caused by Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase-producing Enterobacterales in Indian patients","authors":"Veeraraghavan Balaji ,&nbsp;Nitin Bansal ,&nbsp;Ram Gopalakrishnan ,&nbsp;Camilla Rodrigues ,&nbsp;V. Ramasubramanian ,&nbsp;George M. Varghese ,&nbsp;Vasant Nagvekar ,&nbsp;Pallab Ray ,&nbsp;Sanjay Bhattacharya ,&nbsp;Neha Gupta ,&nbsp;Priscilla Rupali ,&nbsp;Rajalakshmi Ananthanarayanan ,&nbsp;Sonam Vijay ,&nbsp;Kamini Walia","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100974","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100974","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Background</h3><div>Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs), particularly in Enterobacterales, are major contributors to the growing problem of antibiotic resistance in Gram-negative bacilli. This guidance document provides an overview of the epidemiology, identification, and clinical management of infections caused by Extended-Spectrum Beta-Lactamase-producing Enterobacterales (ESBL-E). This guideline adds on the previously issued Indian Council of Medical Research (ICMR) guidelines on carbapenem-resistant organisms (CROs) and intended to support clinicians in making evidence-based decisions regarding the diagnosis and treatment of ESBL infections, thereby promoting effective patient management and antimicrobial stewardship.</div></div><div><h3>Objectives</h3><div>The purpose of this guidance document aims to assist clinicians in selecting not only the right antibiotics to diagnose ESBLs, but also right tests to diagnose ESBLs, for effective management of ESBL infections.</div></div><div><h3>Content</h3><div>This guidance document highlights the importance of early and accurate identification of ESBL -producing Enterobacterales<em>,</em> outlines clinical syndromes that may require empirical antibiotic coverage for ESBLs, and offers guidance on appropriate de-escalation strategies. Additionally, it emphasizes on the optimal use of use of newer beta-lactam/beta-lactamase inhibitor (BLBLI) combinations, such as cefepime-enmetazobactam and ceftolozane-tazobactam, and also emphasizes on avoiding important drugs like ceftazidime-avibactam for ESBL -producing Enterobacterales.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100974"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145086038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Screening for mutations in pmrB gene to predict potential colistin resistance among the clinical isolates of multidrug-resistant Acinetobacter baumannii","authors":"Sridevi Dinakaran ,&nbsp;Patricia Anitha K. ,&nbsp;Ajit R. Sawant ,&nbsp;Sheela Devi Chandrakesan ,&nbsp;Reba Kanungo","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100971","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100971","url":null,"abstract":"<div><h3>Purpose</h3><div>Infections caused by multidrug-resistant <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (MDR-AB) are a major global problem. Increasing resistance to carbapenems among <em>Acinetobacter baumannii</em> (<em>A.baumannii</em>) has led to using colistin as a last resort. Overuse of colistin will lead to the emergence of colistin resistance as evidenced in the past with other antibiotics. In India, reports of colistin-resistant <em>A.baumannii</em> are emerging. The mutations in the <em>pmrA/pmrB</em> genes may induce colistin resistance. However, increasing the minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC) of colistin and detection of mutations in the <em>pmrB</em> gene may provide information on the possibility of emerging resistance.</div></div><div><h3>Methods</h3><div>A total of 50 clinical isolates MDR-AB were subjected to colistin broth microdilution and colistin challenge test. Amongst them, five isolates that had slightly higher MIC were sequenced to detect mutations.</div></div><div><h3>Results</h3><div>Out of 50 isolates, 24 % were isolated from patients who sustained trauma due to road traffic accidents and the majority of them (96 %) required ventilator support. Twenty-seven (56 %) isolates were from patients who developed ventilator-associated pneumonia. The mortality rate was highest (71.4 %) among sepsis cases. The colistin MIC was in the susceptible range in all the isolates. Amongst the five isolates that had slightly higher MIC, only one had a mutation in the <em>pmrB</em> gene.</div></div><div><h3>Conclusion</h3><div>Due to antibiotic pressure, <em>A.baumannii</em> can develop resistance to colistin through genomic mutation. If this trend continues, colistin therapy will become ineffective. This can cause serious implications in the management, especially in critically ill patients. Through a stringent antimicrobial stewardship program (AMSP) the spread of resistance could be controlled.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100971"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145069420","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Candida guilliermondii candidemia: A rare finding in a neonate with necrotizing enterocolitis","authors":"Shweta Singh ,&nbsp;Vivek Hada ,&nbsp;Anchala Bharadwaj ,&nbsp;Gaurav Gupta ,&nbsp;Shubhangi Chaturvedi ,&nbsp;Atul R. Rukadikar ,&nbsp;Aroop Mohanty ,&nbsp;Parul Singh","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100969","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100969","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>The incidence of candidemia due to non-<em>albicans Candida</em> is increasing worldwide in various surveillance studies. Gastrointestinal tract is considered as one of the portal of entry for potential sources of invasive infections. Necrotizing Enterocolitis (NEC) is a serious inflammatory condition of gastrointestinal tract in preterm infants. Here, we describe a case of NEC in a neonate associated with an invasive infection caused by the uncommon non-<em>albicans Candida</em> species, <em>Candida guilliermondii</em>.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100969"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145058390","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular Metamorphosis and clinical ramifications: A study of sequence variants in acute bacterial meningitis","authors":"Debasish Biswal ,&nbsp;Hitender Gautam ,&nbsp;Varun Kumar ,&nbsp;Sonu Tyagi ,&nbsp;Yogesh Kumar ,&nbsp;Sarita Mohapatra ,&nbsp;Seema Sood ,&nbsp;Benu Dhawan ,&nbsp;Bimal Kumar Das","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100970","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100970","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100970"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145046483","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"First autochthonous case of cutaneous leishmaniasis from Gujarat—a non-endemic area in India","authors":"Keyur Shah ,&nbsp;Sanjeev Shah ,&nbsp;Apurva Puvar ,&nbsp;Atul Patel","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100958","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100958","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div>Cutaneous leishmaniasis is endemic in more than 98 countries, and in India it was described in the Thar Desert in Rajasthan and parts of the Gangetic Plain. Many other states, notably Kerala, Jammu and Kashmir, Himachal Pradesh, and others, have been emerging endemic foci for cutaneous leishmaniasis in India. We are reporting the first autochthonous case of cutaneous leishmaniasis and adding the state of Gujarat to this list of emerging endemic areas for cutaneous leishmaniasis. This case will emphasise the need for clinical suspicion and diagnostic workup in patients presented with plaques over exposed body areas in Gujarat.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100958"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145020418","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Microbiological and Clinical Epidemiology of Lomentospora prolificans infections","authors":"Lydia Jennifer Sumanth ,&nbsp;Rajiv Karthik ,&nbsp;Anuradha Chandramohan ,&nbsp;Aparna Irodi ,&nbsp;Rani D. Sahni ,&nbsp;Joy Sarojini Michael","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100957","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100957","url":null,"abstract":"<div><div><em>Lomentospora prolificans</em> (formerly <em>Scedosporium prolificans</em>) is an emerging fungal pathogen, affecting both immunocompromised and immunocompetent individuals. Treatment is difficult due to intrinsic resistance against multiple anti-fungal agents. We describe five patients with <em>L. prolificans</em> infections attending a tertiary care center in South India. Out of the 5 patients, 4 patients presented with deep seated infection, and 1 with disseminated disease. Risk factors included uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, advanced HIV infection, T cell lymphoblastic leukemia, carcinoma breast, and immunosuppressant therapy. <em>L. prolificans</em> as an important causative agent of deep seated and disseminated mycoses among immunocompromised patients.</div></div>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":"58 ","pages":"Article 100957"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145006081","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}

{"title":"Molecular characterization of Mumps virus circulating in Odisha in 2024.","authors":"Prabhudutta Mamidi, Sailendra Panda, Amrita Ray, Diksha Mohapatra, Madhab Charan Mandal, Debashis Santra, Ketan Kumar, Bhagirathi Dwibedi, Anupam Dey, Soma Chattopadhyay, Baijayantimala Mishra","doi":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100949","DOIUrl":"10.1016/j.ijmmb.2025.100949","url":null,"abstract":"<p><strong>Purpose: </strong>Recent years have witnessed a notable rise in mumps cases globally, despite the availability of vaccination. This study aims to identify the consistent mutations in mumps virus strains isolated from Odisha in 2024, which may have contributed to the increased transmission of mumps in the country.</p><p><strong>Methods: </strong>A study was conducted involving 32 mumps patients aged 0-45 years who visited a tertiary care hospital in Eastern India. All oropharyngeal swab samples collected from patients underwent RNA extraction, followed by cDNA synthesis. Thereafter, the viral SH gene underwent PCR amplification, and the positive samples were processed for sequencing. A phylogenetic tree was constructed utilizing the MEGA software for identification of viral genotype. Moreover, the current viral SH gene sequences underwent alignment with global sequences utilizing the Clustal W tool for mutational analysis. An in-silico analysis has also been conducted to elucidate the functional implications of any consistent mutation.</p><p><strong>Results: </strong>All current mumps isolates are classified under genotype C and formed a unique cluster within the phylogenetic tree. Moreover, the entire SH protein sequence was conserved across all global genotype C strains, with the notable exception of the Y44S substitution. Additionally, the in-silico analysis revealed that the above mutation may alter the flexibility of the secondary structure of the SH protein. Furthermore, this mutation is anticipated to be located in the exposed region of the protein, increasing the likelihood of interactions with host or viral protein binding partners, which may either facilitate in virus replication or help in evading the host immune response.</p><p><strong>Conclusion: </strong>The results of this study emphasize the potential role of the identified mutation in influencing the SH protein function of the genotype C strains. This particular mutation requires additional exploration for the development of novel antivirals aimed at addressing the disease in future.</p>","PeriodicalId":13284,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Medical Microbiology","volume":" ","pages":"100949"},"PeriodicalIF":1.3,"publicationDate":"2025-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"144775313","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"医学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}