Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00057.2
V. C. Chalam, K. Gupta, M. Singh, Z. Khan, J. Akhtar, B. Gawade, P. Kumari, Pardeep Kumar, B. Meena, A. Maurya, D. Meena
Plant quarantine is a government endeavour enforced through legislative measures to regulate the introduction of planting material, plant products, soil and living organisms, etc. in order to prevent inadvertent introduction of pests (including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects and weeds) harmful to the agriculture of a country/ state/region, and if introduced, prevent their establishment and further spread. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) is authorized to issue import permit and undertake quarantine of plant germplasm including transgenics and for issue of Phytosanitary Certificate for material under export. Adopting a systematic workable strategy, using a combination of conventional and modern techniques, over the past forty-five years, a total of 78 exotic pests including fungi (6), viruses (19), insects/ mites (26), nematodes (9) and weeds (18) of great quarantine significance to India have been intercepted. All efforts are made to salvage the infested/ infected materials; however, if the material is unsalvageable, it was incinerated. The interceptions made signify the potential dangers in import of planting material if proper quarantine measures had not been followed. ICAR-NBPGR, also makes concerted efforts to develop and customize the modern detection and eco-friendly salvaging techniques to minimize the risk of escape in quarantine processing. Scientifically sound and transparent risk analysis prior to import is an important tool, so that, our agricultural production is not jeopardized. The Indian phytosanitary regulations provide a fragmented legislative system which needs to be harmonized and integrated to holistically deal with national biosecurity while complying with international norms. Also, there is a need to support research, training, capacity-building, networking and information sharing activities at both national and regional levels.
{"title":"Role of Plant Quarantine in Preventing Entry of Exotic Pests","authors":"V. C. Chalam, K. Gupta, M. Singh, Z. Khan, J. Akhtar, B. Gawade, P. Kumari, Pardeep Kumar, B. Meena, A. Maurya, D. Meena","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00057.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00057.2","url":null,"abstract":"Plant quarantine is a government endeavour enforced through legislative measures to regulate the introduction of planting material, plant products, soil and living organisms, etc. in order to prevent inadvertent introduction of pests (including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects and weeds) harmful to the agriculture of a country/ state/region, and if introduced, prevent their establishment and further spread. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) is authorized to issue import permit and undertake quarantine of plant germplasm including transgenics and for issue of Phytosanitary Certificate for material under export. Adopting a systematic workable strategy, using a combination of conventional and modern techniques, over the past forty-five years, a total of 78 exotic pests including fungi (6), viruses (19), insects/ mites (26), nematodes (9) and weeds (18) of great quarantine significance to India have been intercepted. All efforts are made to salvage the infested/ infected materials; however, if the material is unsalvageable, it was incinerated. The interceptions made signify the potential dangers in import of planting material if proper quarantine measures had not been followed. ICAR-NBPGR, also makes concerted efforts to develop and customize the modern detection and eco-friendly salvaging techniques to minimize the risk of escape in quarantine processing. Scientifically sound and transparent risk analysis prior to import is an important tool, so that, our agricultural production is not jeopardized. The Indian phytosanitary regulations provide a fragmented legislative system which needs to be harmonized and integrated to holistically deal with national biosecurity while complying with international norms. Also, there is a need to support research, training, capacity-building, networking and information sharing activities at both national and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89562270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00062.6
M. Niranjana, M. Saharan, S. Jha, N. Mallick, K. Raghunandan, Vinod
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major cereal crops contributing 20% calories to the world population. The most serious constraints to wheat production are biotic stresses like rusts, blights, powdery mildew, bunts and smuts. Genetic or host plant resistance is the best way to control these diseases than use of chemical pesticides. Continuous search for novel genes is indispensable to counter the dynamic and rapidly evolving pathogen population. In case of some diseases like spot blotch, Karnal Bunt and Fusarium head blight development of resistant cultivars is not an easy task as the resistance to them found in the germplasm is not satisfactory and none of the commercial cultivars showed resistance. Hence, underutilized crop wild relatives prove to be valuable resource in the search for new disease resistance genes to combat wheat diseases.
{"title":"Use of Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) of Wheat in Disease Resistance Breeding","authors":"M. Niranjana, M. Saharan, S. Jha, N. Mallick, K. Raghunandan, Vinod","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00062.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00062.6","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major cereal crops contributing 20% calories to the world population. The most serious constraints to wheat production are biotic stresses like rusts, blights, powdery mildew, bunts and smuts. Genetic or host plant resistance is the best way to control these diseases than use of chemical pesticides. Continuous search for novel genes is indispensable to counter the dynamic and rapidly evolving pathogen population. In case of some diseases like spot blotch, Karnal Bunt and Fusarium head blight development of resistant cultivars is not an easy task as the resistance to them found in the germplasm is not satisfactory and none of the commercial cultivars showed resistance. Hence, underutilized crop wild relatives prove to be valuable resource in the search for new disease resistance genes to combat wheat diseases.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"734 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78765185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00073.0
B. Mishra, S. Niranjan
The history of farm Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is about 12 to 14 thousand years old; started with the domestication of the animals for companion, food, fur and hide purposes. Among 40 non-carnivores livestock species domesticated by human being, till date, only cattle, sheep, goat, pig and chicken are highly prevalent and known as ‘Big five’. Other species like buffalo, dromedaries and Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, yak, and mithun are region specific. At present, about one-fifth of the global food is of animal origin in the world. A vast genetic diversity of AnGR has been generated during hundreds of years through culmination of various evolutionary forces, including intensive selection and preferred mating by human for various utilization purposes. Initial domestication modulated the wild ancestors to adapt to human habitation and making themselves more useful for the human being. Migration of animals by humans across the continents further disseminated the germplasm, initiating the diversification of the farm animals across the globe. However, artificial selection for different needs and likings by the human is the chief element for development of large-scale genetic diversity, in form of distinct breeds and populations. These breeds as well as specialized populations have been evolved for a specific need or utilization pattern like milk, draft, meat, fibre, carting, riding etc. Today, the world possesses more than eight thousand livestock and poultry breeds, evolved from only few founder populations and catering various needs of human society around the world. As per Global data bank on Animal Genetic Resources of FAO, a total of 8774 breeds of 38 species were reported, worldwide (data from 182 countries) in 2014. Among these, 7718 are local breeds (in one country) and 510 are regional transboundary breeds (in one region) and 546 are international transboundary breeds (in more than one region).
{"title":"Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) Diversity in India","authors":"B. Mishra, S. Niranjan","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00073.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00073.0","url":null,"abstract":"The history of farm Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is about 12 to 14 thousand years old; started with the domestication of the animals for companion, food, fur and hide purposes. Among 40 non-carnivores livestock species domesticated by human being, till date, only cattle, sheep, goat, pig and chicken are highly prevalent and known as ‘Big five’. Other species like buffalo, dromedaries and Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, yak, and mithun are region specific. At present, about one-fifth of the global food is of animal origin in the world. A vast genetic diversity of AnGR has been generated during hundreds of years through culmination of various evolutionary forces, including intensive selection and preferred mating by human for various utilization purposes. Initial domestication modulated the wild ancestors to adapt to human habitation and making themselves more useful for the human being. Migration of animals by humans across the continents further disseminated the germplasm, initiating the diversification of the farm animals across the globe. However, artificial selection for different needs and likings by the human is the chief element for development of large-scale genetic diversity, in form of distinct breeds and populations. These breeds as well as specialized populations have been evolved for a specific need or utilization pattern like milk, draft, meat, fibre, carting, riding etc. Today, the world possesses more than eight thousand livestock and poultry breeds, evolved from only few founder populations and catering various needs of human society around the world. As per Global data bank on Animal Genetic Resources of FAO, a total of 8774 breeds of 38 species were reported, worldwide (data from 182 countries) in 2014. Among these, 7718 are local breeds (in one country) and 510 are regional transboundary breeds (in one region) and 546 are international transboundary breeds (in more than one region).","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88572498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00016.x
P. Chandra, Kuldeep Tripathi, Pragya, S. Archak, V. Tyagi, P. Brahmi
{"title":"ITPGRFA: An Appraisal as a Prelude to the Ninth Session of the Governing Body 2022, New Delhi","authors":"P. Chandra, Kuldeep Tripathi, Pragya, S. Archak, V. Tyagi, P. Brahmi","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00016.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00016.x","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"73 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73278937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00033.x
R. Ganesh, Arun Kumar, D. Pilania, A. Singh, D. Choudhury, T. Nagarathna, Dk Agarwal, K. Prabhu
(PPV&FR) Act, 2001’ was enacted by its Parliament in accordance to the Article 27.3(b) of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. In a signifi cant deviation from the contemporary legislations around the world and also the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Acts (1973 and 1991), the PPV&FR Act is a sui generis option, that provides an eff ective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders that encouraged development of new varieties as well as those which were in common knowledge of the farmers or were in the possession of farmers traditionally. This article explains how the Indian legislation is the best fi t to match the requirements farmers as well as plant breeders, keeping in view the local agricultural situations, societal constitution and livelihood mechanisms, especially for small-holder farmers.
{"title":"Farmers’ Rights and Plant Breeders’ Rights under Indian Regulations of Plant Variety Protection: A TRIPS Compliant Harmonised Coexistence","authors":"R. Ganesh, Arun Kumar, D. Pilania, A. Singh, D. Choudhury, T. Nagarathna, Dk Agarwal, K. Prabhu","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00033.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00033.x","url":null,"abstract":"(PPV&FR) Act, 2001’ was enacted by its Parliament in accordance to the Article 27.3(b) of Trade Related Intellectual Property Rights (TRIPS) Agreement. In a signifi cant deviation from the contemporary legislations around the world and also the International Union for the Protection of New Varieties of Plants (UPOV) Acts (1973 and 1991), the PPV&FR Act is a sui generis option, that provides an eff ective system for the protection of plant varieties, the rights of farmers and plant breeders that encouraged development of new varieties as well as those which were in common knowledge of the farmers or were in the possession of farmers traditionally. This article explains how the Indian legislation is the best fi t to match the requirements farmers as well as plant breeders, keeping in view the local agricultural situations, societal constitution and livelihood mechanisms, especially for small-holder farmers.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"103 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73366253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00092.4
C. Ravishankar, VR Madhu
The advancements in fishing technologies over the years, had helped to significantly increase the fish production from the capture fisheries and has helped to improve the per capita consumption of fish. Increase in the fishing effort, use of unsustainable fishing gears and lack of proper monitoring and surveillance, combined with the climate related changes in the oceans, have caused serious declines of fisheries worldwide. The bycatch, discards and pollution are also becoming concern in several fisheries world over including India. Despite the fact that numerous measures, including gear-based technical measures, have been evaluated and mandated by law, the use and implementation of these measures in the field, remained largely negligible. Ecosystem-based approaches to fishing, reducing plastic pollution, spatial planning and creating biodiversity hotspots with no-take zones, strict regulations and effective implementation strategies, as well as a concerted effort to reduce the capacity of fisheries, are required for conservation of resources.
{"title":"Fishing Technologies for Conservation of Marine Fish Genetic Resources","authors":"C. Ravishankar, VR Madhu","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00092.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00092.4","url":null,"abstract":"The advancements in fishing technologies over the years, had helped to significantly increase the fish production from the capture fisheries and has helped to improve the per capita consumption of fish. Increase in the fishing effort, use of unsustainable fishing gears and lack of proper monitoring and surveillance, combined with the climate related changes in the oceans, have caused serious declines of fisheries worldwide. The bycatch, discards and pollution are also becoming concern in several fisheries world over including India. Despite the fact that numerous measures, including gear-based technical measures, have been evaluated and mandated by law, the use and implementation of these measures in the field, remained largely negligible. Ecosystem-based approaches to fishing, reducing plastic pollution, spatial planning and creating biodiversity hotspots with no-take zones, strict regulations and effective implementation strategies, as well as a concerted effort to reduce the capacity of fisheries, are required for conservation of resources.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75773841","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00025.0
S. Singh, NS Chand, R. Gupta, BR Khan
{"title":"Elevated Temperature Disrupts Pollen-Pistil Dynamics and Seed Set in Okra (Abelmoschus esculentus L. Moench)","authors":"S. Singh, NS Chand, R. Gupta, BR Khan","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00025.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00025.0","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"120 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80402068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00081.x
M. Sodhi, M. Mukesh, R. Kataria, S. Niranjan, B. Mishra
Bovine beta casein A1 and A2 are the most common variants in cattle breeds. Because of the bioactive peptide beta casomorphin-7 (BCM7) produced by raw or processed A1-milk, which has high affinity for opioid receptors and can exert regulatory activities, A1 variant is considered a risk factor for many human diseases, but not by A2-milk, during digestion. The frequency of A1/A2 allele of beta casein is breed dependent and can be very easily checked with simple PCR-RFLP technique. The aim of this article was to review the different studies and assess the status of A1/A2 in Indian native cattle breeds as well as crossbred/taurine populations and breeding bulls being used at different AI centres in India. Analysis of frequency pattern clearly indicated that all Indian native cattle breeds have high frequency of A2 allele and homozygous A2A2 genotype and hence are very good resource for A2 milk. Crossbred, taurine cattle populations and breeding bulls being used at different AI centres have a higher frequency of A2 allele and A1A2 genotype. The percentage of animals with homozygous A2A2 genotype is low. This suggests the need for screening of crossbred/exotic bulls being used in A1 and modify the existing breeding policy so as to drift the herds towards A2.
{"title":"A1/A2 Milk Research in Indian Cattle","authors":"M. Sodhi, M. Mukesh, R. Kataria, S. Niranjan, B. Mishra","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00081.x","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00081.x","url":null,"abstract":"Bovine beta casein A1 and A2 are the most common variants in cattle breeds. Because of the bioactive peptide beta casomorphin-7 (BCM7) produced by raw or processed A1-milk, which has high affinity for opioid receptors and can exert regulatory activities, A1 variant is considered a risk factor for many human diseases, but not by A2-milk, during digestion. The frequency of A1/A2 allele of beta casein is breed dependent and can be very easily checked with simple PCR-RFLP technique. The aim of this article was to review the different studies and assess the status of A1/A2 in Indian native cattle breeds as well as crossbred/taurine populations and breeding bulls being used at different AI centres in India. Analysis of frequency pattern clearly indicated that all Indian native cattle breeds have high frequency of A2 allele and homozygous A2A2 genotype and hence are very good resource for A2 milk. Crossbred, taurine cattle populations and breeding bulls being used at different AI centres have a higher frequency of A2 allele and A1A2 genotype. The percentage of animals with homozygous A2A2 genotype is low. This suggests the need for screening of crossbred/exotic bulls being used in A1 and modify the existing breeding policy so as to drift the herds towards A2.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"12 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77647312","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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