Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00041.9
Rc Agrawal
{"title":"New Paradigms in Agricultural Education in India","authors":"Rc Agrawal","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00041.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00041.9","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"6 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73745799","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00026.2
PK Fahida, K. Presannakumari, J. Minimol, A. Asna
{"title":"Developmental Pattern and Reproductive Biology of Nymphaea micrantha Guill. & Perr. and Nymphaea nouchali Burm. f. in Kerala","authors":"PK Fahida, K. Presannakumari, J. Minimol, A. Asna","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00026.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00026.2","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"46 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81449506","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00062.6
M. Niranjana, M. Saharan, S. Jha, N. Mallick, K. Raghunandan, Vinod
Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major cereal crops contributing 20% calories to the world population. The most serious constraints to wheat production are biotic stresses like rusts, blights, powdery mildew, bunts and smuts. Genetic or host plant resistance is the best way to control these diseases than use of chemical pesticides. Continuous search for novel genes is indispensable to counter the dynamic and rapidly evolving pathogen population. In case of some diseases like spot blotch, Karnal Bunt and Fusarium head blight development of resistant cultivars is not an easy task as the resistance to them found in the germplasm is not satisfactory and none of the commercial cultivars showed resistance. Hence, underutilized crop wild relatives prove to be valuable resource in the search for new disease resistance genes to combat wheat diseases.
{"title":"Use of Crop Wild Relatives (CWRs) of Wheat in Disease Resistance Breeding","authors":"M. Niranjana, M. Saharan, S. Jha, N. Mallick, K. Raghunandan, Vinod","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00062.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00062.6","url":null,"abstract":"Wheat ( Triticum aestivum L.) is one of the three major cereal crops contributing 20% calories to the world population. The most serious constraints to wheat production are biotic stresses like rusts, blights, powdery mildew, bunts and smuts. Genetic or host plant resistance is the best way to control these diseases than use of chemical pesticides. Continuous search for novel genes is indispensable to counter the dynamic and rapidly evolving pathogen population. In case of some diseases like spot blotch, Karnal Bunt and Fusarium head blight development of resistant cultivars is not an easy task as the resistance to them found in the germplasm is not satisfactory and none of the commercial cultivars showed resistance. Hence, underutilized crop wild relatives prove to be valuable resource in the search for new disease resistance genes to combat wheat diseases.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"734 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78765185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00101.2
B. Kour, R. Balasubramanian
Nitrogen fertilization is an integral agronomic practice to increasing productivity and profitability in agriculture. But the poor nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, about < 40%) causes many economic and environmental challenges. The microbial oxidative process of converting ammonia to nitrite to nitrate (nitrification) is the rate-limiting step in the N loss. The century-old, conventional theory of nitrification with the involvement of two functionally different bacterial groups as ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria has been upturned by the recent discoveries of archaeal members involved in ammonia oxidation (Ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA), anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Anammox bacteria) and complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria (Comammox bacteria) in the last two decades, largely due to the advances in molecular and metagenomic methods introduced to study the microbial ecology. What is interesting to know is that nitrate-transporters of host plants, as in rice, are involved in the assembly of the microbiome associated with roots. Besides, rice plants produce the biological nitrification inhibiting (BNI) compounds released through root exudates. Involvement of diverse microbiome members and the plant genome through nitrate transporters on the rice rhizosphere microbiome assembly necessitates the reappraisal of the nitrogen fertilization management options. This paper also highlights the need for gathering new knowledge on the plant-microbe interactions, from the genome to metabolite levels, and conserving these resources for sustainable rice cultivation.
{"title":"Microbial Nitrification Paradox: A Paradigm Shift on Nitrogen Uptake by Rice","authors":"B. Kour, R. Balasubramanian","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00101.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00101.2","url":null,"abstract":"Nitrogen fertilization is an integral agronomic practice to increasing productivity and profitability in agriculture. But the poor nitrogen use efficiency (NUE, about < 40%) causes many economic and environmental challenges. The microbial oxidative process of converting ammonia to nitrite to nitrate (nitrification) is the rate-limiting step in the N loss. The century-old, conventional theory of nitrification with the involvement of two functionally different bacterial groups as ammonia-oxidizing bacteria and nitrite-oxidizing bacteria has been upturned by the recent discoveries of archaeal members involved in ammonia oxidation (Ammonia-oxidizing archaea, AOA), anaerobic ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (Anammox bacteria) and complete ammonia oxidizing bacteria (Comammox bacteria) in the last two decades, largely due to the advances in molecular and metagenomic methods introduced to study the microbial ecology. What is interesting to know is that nitrate-transporters of host plants, as in rice, are involved in the assembly of the microbiome associated with roots. Besides, rice plants produce the biological nitrification inhibiting (BNI) compounds released through root exudates. Involvement of diverse microbiome members and the plant genome through nitrate transporters on the rice rhizosphere microbiome assembly necessitates the reappraisal of the nitrogen fertilization management options. This paper also highlights the need for gathering new knowledge on the plant-microbe interactions, from the genome to metabolite levels, and conserving these resources for sustainable rice cultivation.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72741580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00019.5
RN Amulya, Nagarajappa Adivappar, B. Shivakumar, H. Mallikarjuna
{"title":"Studies on Variability and Correlation in Bael (Aegle marmelos (L.) Correa)","authors":"RN Amulya, Nagarajappa Adivappar, B. Shivakumar, H. Mallikarjuna","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00019.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00019.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"15 4 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"73919873","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00108.5
U. Amala, Subaharan Kesavan, TM Shivalingaswamy
Bees are important diverse group of pollinators that contribute to pollination and reproductive success of many angiosperms. Of the hundred principal crops that accounts for world’s food supply, only 15 % was pollinated by domestic bees (honeybees and bumble bees) and 80% are pollinated by wild non-apis bees (leaf cutter bees, sweat bees, digger bees). Honeybees, bumble bees and stingless bees were social in habit with typical caste system (queen, drones and workers) and division of labour. Seven different species of honeybees were reported from India viz., Apis mellifera, A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata and A. labriosa . Among the different species of honeybees, A. mellifera and A. cerana were domesticated in India for the honey production. Native bees like leaf cutter bees, sweat bees, digger bees were solitary in habit and constructs their habit in hollow cavities, pithy stems and underground. The native bees buzz pollinates plants with typical floral morphology results in increased fruit/pod set and yield in different crops.
{"title":"Diversity of Bee Pollinators – Global and Indian Perspective","authors":"U. Amala, Subaharan Kesavan, TM Shivalingaswamy","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00108.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00108.5","url":null,"abstract":"Bees are important diverse group of pollinators that contribute to pollination and reproductive success of many angiosperms. Of the hundred principal crops that accounts for world’s food supply, only 15 % was pollinated by domestic bees (honeybees and bumble bees) and 80% are pollinated by wild non-apis bees (leaf cutter bees, sweat bees, digger bees). Honeybees, bumble bees and stingless bees were social in habit with typical caste system (queen, drones and workers) and division of labour. Seven different species of honeybees were reported from India viz., Apis mellifera, A. cerana, A. florea, A. dorsata and A. labriosa . Among the different species of honeybees, A. mellifera and A. cerana were domesticated in India for the honey production. Native bees like leaf cutter bees, sweat bees, digger bees were solitary in habit and constructs their habit in hollow cavities, pithy stems and underground. The native bees buzz pollinates plants with typical floral morphology results in increased fruit/pod set and yield in different crops.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81342821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00073.0
B. Mishra, S. Niranjan
The history of farm Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is about 12 to 14 thousand years old; started with the domestication of the animals for companion, food, fur and hide purposes. Among 40 non-carnivores livestock species domesticated by human being, till date, only cattle, sheep, goat, pig and chicken are highly prevalent and known as ‘Big five’. Other species like buffalo, dromedaries and Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, yak, and mithun are region specific. At present, about one-fifth of the global food is of animal origin in the world. A vast genetic diversity of AnGR has been generated during hundreds of years through culmination of various evolutionary forces, including intensive selection and preferred mating by human for various utilization purposes. Initial domestication modulated the wild ancestors to adapt to human habitation and making themselves more useful for the human being. Migration of animals by humans across the continents further disseminated the germplasm, initiating the diversification of the farm animals across the globe. However, artificial selection for different needs and likings by the human is the chief element for development of large-scale genetic diversity, in form of distinct breeds and populations. These breeds as well as specialized populations have been evolved for a specific need or utilization pattern like milk, draft, meat, fibre, carting, riding etc. Today, the world possesses more than eight thousand livestock and poultry breeds, evolved from only few founder populations and catering various needs of human society around the world. As per Global data bank on Animal Genetic Resources of FAO, a total of 8774 breeds of 38 species were reported, worldwide (data from 182 countries) in 2014. Among these, 7718 are local breeds (in one country) and 510 are regional transboundary breeds (in one region) and 546 are international transboundary breeds (in more than one region).
{"title":"Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) Diversity in India","authors":"B. Mishra, S. Niranjan","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00073.0","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00073.0","url":null,"abstract":"The history of farm Animal Genetic Resources (AnGR) is about 12 to 14 thousand years old; started with the domestication of the animals for companion, food, fur and hide purposes. Among 40 non-carnivores livestock species domesticated by human being, till date, only cattle, sheep, goat, pig and chicken are highly prevalent and known as ‘Big five’. Other species like buffalo, dromedaries and Bactrian camel, llama, alpaca, yak, and mithun are region specific. At present, about one-fifth of the global food is of animal origin in the world. A vast genetic diversity of AnGR has been generated during hundreds of years through culmination of various evolutionary forces, including intensive selection and preferred mating by human for various utilization purposes. Initial domestication modulated the wild ancestors to adapt to human habitation and making themselves more useful for the human being. Migration of animals by humans across the continents further disseminated the germplasm, initiating the diversification of the farm animals across the globe. However, artificial selection for different needs and likings by the human is the chief element for development of large-scale genetic diversity, in form of distinct breeds and populations. These breeds as well as specialized populations have been evolved for a specific need or utilization pattern like milk, draft, meat, fibre, carting, riding etc. Today, the world possesses more than eight thousand livestock and poultry breeds, evolved from only few founder populations and catering various needs of human society around the world. As per Global data bank on Animal Genetic Resources of FAO, a total of 8774 breeds of 38 species were reported, worldwide (data from 182 countries) in 2014. Among these, 7718 are local breeds (in one country) and 510 are regional transboundary breeds (in one region) and 546 are international transboundary breeds (in more than one region).","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88572498","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00067.5
P. G. Gore, Neeta Singh, Veena . Gupta
{"title":"Grain Legumes Diversity of Indian National Genebank: A Potential Resource for Food and Nutritional Security","authors":"P. G. Gore, Neeta Singh, Veena . Gupta","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00067.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00067.5","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84364113","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-01DOI: 10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00057.2
V. C. Chalam, K. Gupta, M. Singh, Z. Khan, J. Akhtar, B. Gawade, P. Kumari, Pardeep Kumar, B. Meena, A. Maurya, D. Meena
Plant quarantine is a government endeavour enforced through legislative measures to regulate the introduction of planting material, plant products, soil and living organisms, etc. in order to prevent inadvertent introduction of pests (including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects and weeds) harmful to the agriculture of a country/ state/region, and if introduced, prevent their establishment and further spread. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) is authorized to issue import permit and undertake quarantine of plant germplasm including transgenics and for issue of Phytosanitary Certificate for material under export. Adopting a systematic workable strategy, using a combination of conventional and modern techniques, over the past forty-five years, a total of 78 exotic pests including fungi (6), viruses (19), insects/ mites (26), nematodes (9) and weeds (18) of great quarantine significance to India have been intercepted. All efforts are made to salvage the infested/ infected materials; however, if the material is unsalvageable, it was incinerated. The interceptions made signify the potential dangers in import of planting material if proper quarantine measures had not been followed. ICAR-NBPGR, also makes concerted efforts to develop and customize the modern detection and eco-friendly salvaging techniques to minimize the risk of escape in quarantine processing. Scientifically sound and transparent risk analysis prior to import is an important tool, so that, our agricultural production is not jeopardized. The Indian phytosanitary regulations provide a fragmented legislative system which needs to be harmonized and integrated to holistically deal with national biosecurity while complying with international norms. Also, there is a need to support research, training, capacity-building, networking and information sharing activities at both national and regional levels.
{"title":"Role of Plant Quarantine in Preventing Entry of Exotic Pests","authors":"V. C. Chalam, K. Gupta, M. Singh, Z. Khan, J. Akhtar, B. Gawade, P. Kumari, Pardeep Kumar, B. Meena, A. Maurya, D. Meena","doi":"10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00057.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5958/0976-1926.2022.00057.2","url":null,"abstract":"Plant quarantine is a government endeavour enforced through legislative measures to regulate the introduction of planting material, plant products, soil and living organisms, etc. in order to prevent inadvertent introduction of pests (including fungi, bacteria, viruses, nematodes, insects and weeds) harmful to the agriculture of a country/ state/region, and if introduced, prevent their establishment and further spread. ICAR-National Bureau of Plant Genetic Resources (ICAR-NBPGR) is authorized to issue import permit and undertake quarantine of plant germplasm including transgenics and for issue of Phytosanitary Certificate for material under export. Adopting a systematic workable strategy, using a combination of conventional and modern techniques, over the past forty-five years, a total of 78 exotic pests including fungi (6), viruses (19), insects/ mites (26), nematodes (9) and weeds (18) of great quarantine significance to India have been intercepted. All efforts are made to salvage the infested/ infected materials; however, if the material is unsalvageable, it was incinerated. The interceptions made signify the potential dangers in import of planting material if proper quarantine measures had not been followed. ICAR-NBPGR, also makes concerted efforts to develop and customize the modern detection and eco-friendly salvaging techniques to minimize the risk of escape in quarantine processing. Scientifically sound and transparent risk analysis prior to import is an important tool, so that, our agricultural production is not jeopardized. The Indian phytosanitary regulations provide a fragmented legislative system which needs to be harmonized and integrated to holistically deal with national biosecurity while complying with international norms. Also, there is a need to support research, training, capacity-building, networking and information sharing activities at both national and regional levels.","PeriodicalId":13295,"journal":{"name":"Indian Journal of Plant Genetic Resources","volume":"29 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89562270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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