Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007020
Jong-dae Choi, Jongryeol Jeong, S. Cha, Yeongil I. Park
Among eco-friendly vehicles, extended range electric vehicle (E-REV) is concept for electric vehicle that has light engine for extended range driving. One of the most important features of these vehicles based electricity is their ability to recover significant amounts of braking energy. Recovering the braking energy and reusing it can significantly improve the fuel economy of the vehicle which is subject to frequent braking events such as a city bus. To develop the E-REV bus, the regenerative braking effect should be checked in advance. However, because of many technical constraints, regenerative braking should consider some conditions like vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal, brake pedal signal, battery voltage and so on. Hence, regenerative braking torque is assumed as 2D and 3D maps with these conditions based on simulation. Fuel economy simulations are conducted to analyze regenerative braking effect according to driving cycle. They consist of E-REV bus without regenerative braking and with regenerative braking torque maps. Fuel economy difference between two cases was calculated and driving cycles were analyzed. Among the characteristic analyzed, the aggressiveness means harshness of driving cycle. And the inclination between the aggressiveness and the fuel economy difference is verified. The smaller absolute value of the aggressiveness is, the smaller fuel economy difference is. In short, the aggressiveness and the regenerative braking effect have direct proportion. According to the obvious tendency, proper regenerative braking should be determined.
{"title":"Analysis of Regenerative Braking Effect for E-REV Bus According to Driving Cycle Based on Simulation","authors":"Jong-dae Choi, Jongryeol Jeong, S. Cha, Yeongil I. Park","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007020","url":null,"abstract":"Among eco-friendly vehicles, extended range electric vehicle (E-REV) is concept for electric vehicle that has light engine for extended range driving. One of the most important features of these vehicles based electricity is their ability to recover significant amounts of braking energy. Recovering the braking energy and reusing it can significantly improve the fuel economy of the vehicle which is subject to frequent braking events such as a city bus. To develop the E-REV bus, the regenerative braking effect should be checked in advance. However, because of many technical constraints, regenerative braking should consider some conditions like vehicle speed, accelerator pedal signal, brake pedal signal, battery voltage and so on. Hence, regenerative braking torque is assumed as 2D and 3D maps with these conditions based on simulation. Fuel economy simulations are conducted to analyze regenerative braking effect according to driving cycle. They consist of E-REV bus without regenerative braking and with regenerative braking torque maps. Fuel economy difference between two cases was calculated and driving cycles were analyzed. Among the characteristic analyzed, the aggressiveness means harshness of driving cycle. And the inclination between the aggressiveness and the fuel economy difference is verified. The smaller absolute value of the aggressiveness is, the smaller fuel economy difference is. In short, the aggressiveness and the regenerative braking effect have direct proportion. According to the obvious tendency, proper regenerative braking should be determined.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"40 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123293608","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007003
L. I. Silva, A. Bouscayrol, C. D. de Angelo, P. Delarue, J. Verhille
The present paper deals with the simulation and control design of the traction system of the VAL subway. The traction system is ensured by two DC machines connected in series. A common chopper supplies the armature windings and a double-chopper supplies the field windings. The novelty consists on modeling the physical system using Bond Graph, a structural formalism, whereas the control structure is deduced from the Energetic Macroscopic Representation which is a functional formalism. The combination of Bond Graph and Energetic Macroscopic Representation in the same simulation environment allows exploiting the advantages of both approaches. Simulation results are provided in order to illustrate the proposal and to analyze the performance of the closed-loop system.
{"title":"A Novel Approach for Simulating the Control of the Traction System of an Automatic Subway","authors":"L. I. Silva, A. Bouscayrol, C. D. de Angelo, P. Delarue, J. Verhille","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007003","url":null,"abstract":"The present paper deals with the simulation and control design of the traction system of the VAL subway. The traction system is ensured by two DC machines connected in series. A common chopper supplies the armature windings and a double-chopper supplies the field windings. The novelty consists on modeling the physical system using Bond Graph, a structural formalism, whereas the control structure is deduced from the Energetic Macroscopic Representation which is a functional formalism. The combination of Bond Graph and Energetic Macroscopic Representation in the same simulation environment allows exploiting the advantages of both approaches. Simulation results are provided in order to illustrate the proposal and to analyze the performance of the closed-loop system.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131083916","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007082
P. Baptista, Gonçalo Duarte, Gonçalo Gonçalves, Catarina Rolim
The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) may provide additional opportunities for energy savings and avoided emissions in the transportation sector, namely by using on-board devices for large scale urban sensing on the road network. This research work presents a preliminary analysis, using an on-board device, of the mobility patterns of a five driver sample in Lisbon, Portugal. The results for the average driver are: 54 km traveled and 5 trips per day; average trip distance of 11 km; and average speed of 31 km/h. Weekdays are characterized with higher vehicle usage (7% more distance, 28% more time and 10% more trips). Aggressiveness indicators are concentrated 80% on weekdays and the comparison of driving patterns indicates up to 58% of variations on fuel consumption. The monitoring technology used allows a seamless transition to longer monitoring periods and sample enlarging with more robust and accurate results.
{"title":"ICT for Mobility Pattern and Driver Behavior Characterization: Trial Case-Study in the City of Lisbon, Portugal","authors":"P. Baptista, Gonçalo Duarte, Gonçalo Gonçalves, Catarina Rolim","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007082","url":null,"abstract":"The use of information and communication technologies (ICT) may provide additional opportunities for energy savings and avoided emissions in the transportation sector, namely by using on-board devices for large scale urban sensing on the road network. This research work presents a preliminary analysis, using an on-board device, of the mobility patterns of a five driver sample in Lisbon, Portugal. The results for the average driver are: 54 km traveled and 5 trips per day; average trip distance of 11 km; and average speed of 31 km/h. Weekdays are characterized with higher vehicle usage (7% more distance, 28% more time and 10% more trips). Aggressiveness indicators are concentrated 80% on weekdays and the comparison of driving patterns indicates up to 58% of variations on fuel consumption. The monitoring technology used allows a seamless transition to longer monitoring periods and sample enlarging with more robust and accurate results.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129206975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007042
O. Wallmark, M. Nybacka, Daniel Malmquist, M. Burman, Per Wennhage, Peter Georén
This paper introduces the Research Concept Vehicle (RCV), an experimental research and demonstration vehicle developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The vehicle is intended as a platform to implement, validate, and demonstrate research results from different research projects carried out at KTH. In its first generation, the RCV is a pure electric vehicle where each wheel is equipped with an in-wheel motor and individual steering and camber actuators. This high level of over actuation allows for a wide range of experimental evaluation in several fields of research, which is listed in this paper. Results from initial experimental test drives are also included.
{"title":"Design and Implementation of an Experimental Research and Concept Demonstration Vehicle","authors":"O. Wallmark, M. Nybacka, Daniel Malmquist, M. Burman, Per Wennhage, Peter Georén","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007042","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces the Research Concept Vehicle (RCV), an experimental research and demonstration vehicle developed at KTH Royal Institute of Technology. The vehicle is intended as a platform to implement, validate, and demonstrate research results from different research projects carried out at KTH. In its first generation, the RCV is a pure electric vehicle where each wheel is equipped with an in-wheel motor and individual steering and camber actuators. This high level of over actuation allows for a wide range of experimental evaluation in several fields of research, which is listed in this paper. Results from initial experimental test drives are also included.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130203040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007118
Yasuhiro Ueeda, Koichiro Taniguchi, S. Inami, G. Kaneko, T. Hirota, Wei-hsiang Yang, Y. Kamiya, Y. Daisho
Various studies were conducted from the aspects of both the battery cells and the module with the aim of making more effective use of the battery capacity. As a result, after 77 cycles of driving and rapid charging, the capacity degradation of the battery module as a whole was 7.7 % and it was determined that the cause of this additional 0.7 % degradation of the capacity was the loss of cell balance. In addition, by adopting module balance coefficient (945;) that was proposed as an indicator to show the available percentage of the lowest capacity cell in the module, new cell balancing rules were created that do not significantly affect the convenience of vehicle operation.
{"title":"Performance Degradation Prediction and Cell Balance Control Algorithm Construction of Lithium Iron Phosphate Battery","authors":"Yasuhiro Ueeda, Koichiro Taniguchi, S. Inami, G. Kaneko, T. Hirota, Wei-hsiang Yang, Y. Kamiya, Y. Daisho","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007118","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007118","url":null,"abstract":"Various studies were conducted from the aspects of both the battery cells and the module with the aim of making more effective use of the battery capacity. As a result, after 77 cycles of driving and rapid charging, the capacity degradation of the battery module as a whole was 7.7 % and it was determined that the cause of this additional 0.7 % degradation of the capacity was the loss of cell balance. In addition, by adopting module balance coefficient (945;) that was proposed as an indicator to show the available percentage of the lowest capacity cell in the module, new cell balancing rules were created that do not significantly affect the convenience of vehicle operation.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121277831","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007059
Y. Firouz, N. Omar, P. Bossche, J. Mierlo
Due to increasing demand of using high energy and high power storages applicable in different applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid Lithium Ion Capacitors have been taken into account more than ever. In this paper a second order model is considered for and based on that model and HPPC (hybrid pulse power characterization) test, parameters have been identified. Then based on evaluation of internal resistance total power losses have been calculated. Regarding to the cell temperature prediction, a first order model has been considered and based on measured surface temperature and also calculated power losses, parameters of thermal model have been identified. At the end both electrical and thermal models have been merged and final model has been validated.
{"title":"Electro-Thermal Modeling of New Prismatic Lithium-Ion Capacitors","authors":"Y. Firouz, N. Omar, P. Bossche, J. Mierlo","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007059","url":null,"abstract":"Due to increasing demand of using high energy and high power storages applicable in different applications such as hybrid electric vehicles, hybrid Lithium Ion Capacitors have been taken into account more than ever. In this paper a second order model is considered for and based on that model and HPPC (hybrid pulse power characterization) test, parameters have been identified. Then based on evaluation of internal resistance total power losses have been calculated. Regarding to the cell temperature prediction, a first order model has been considered and based on measured surface temperature and also calculated power losses, parameters of thermal model have been identified. At the end both electrical and thermal models have been merged and final model has been validated.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"81 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121005411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007140
A. Gonçalves, S. Cruz, F. Ferreira, A. Mendes, A. D. de Almeida
This paper proposes a high-efficiency synchronous reluctance motor drive for the traction system of an electric vehicle. A vector control system, along with a maximum torque per ampere strategy was implemented taking into account the cross-magnetic saturation in the motor, to achieve a high- efficiency drive with a good dynamic behavior. Experimental results obtained in the laboratory, both in steady-state and transient regimes, demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the developed control system for the target application.
{"title":"Synchronous Reluctance Motor Drive for Electric Vehicles Including Cross-Magnetic Saturation","authors":"A. Gonçalves, S. Cruz, F. Ferreira, A. Mendes, A. D. de Almeida","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007140","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007140","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a high-efficiency synchronous reluctance motor drive for the traction system of an electric vehicle. A vector control system, along with a maximum torque per ampere strategy was implemented taking into account the cross-magnetic saturation in the motor, to achieve a high- efficiency drive with a good dynamic behavior. Experimental results obtained in the laboratory, both in steady-state and transient regimes, demonstrate the feasibility and applicability of the developed control system for the target application.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"104 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124743409","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007111
P. Dost, M. Schael, A. Bouabana, P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis
This paper describes a modern sensor technology for utilization within both electric vehicles and charging stations. The robustness in both mechanical and electrical influence are stated. The multifunctional technique is explained and results for numerous electric vehicle applications are shown. The paper concludes that the multifunctional sensor technology allows a wide range of demands such as robustness (mechanical and electromagnetic influence) and high resolution (in time and value) application.
{"title":"On Multifunctional and Robust Sensor Technology Used in Electric Vehicle Applications","authors":"P. Dost, M. Schael, A. Bouabana, P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007111","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007111","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes a modern sensor technology for utilization within both electric vehicles and charging stations. The robustness in both mechanical and electrical influence are stated. The multifunctional technique is explained and results for numerous electric vehicle applications are shown. The paper concludes that the multifunctional sensor technology allows a wide range of demands such as robustness (mechanical and electromagnetic influence) and high resolution (in time and value) application.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"90 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115111353","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006999
L. Kere, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, Y. Dubé
This paper presents a Linear Quadratic with Integrator (LQI) controller for a hydrogen genset (internal-combustion combustion engine generator) which is used to extend electric vehicle range. Since the genset efficiency depends mostly on generator rotor speed and produced power, a maximum efficiency tracking method is required. The optimal operating conditions provided by the efficiency tracking module must be imposed to the genset. Thus, we proposed a LQI controller for dynamically driving genset operating conditions toward the optimal one. This controller is based on a state space model in which the genset parameters are identified offline using the Least-Square (RLS) algorithm. Preliminary evaluation using real genset data with this type of controller demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.
{"title":"A Linear Quadratic Integrator Approach for a Hydrogen Genset Control","authors":"L. Kere, S. Kelouwani, K. Agbossou, Y. Dubé","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006999","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006999","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a Linear Quadratic with Integrator (LQI) controller for a hydrogen genset (internal-combustion combustion engine generator) which is used to extend electric vehicle range. Since the genset efficiency depends mostly on generator rotor speed and produced power, a maximum efficiency tracking method is required. The optimal operating conditions provided by the efficiency tracking module must be imposed to the genset. Thus, we proposed a LQI controller for dynamically driving genset operating conditions toward the optimal one. This controller is based on a state space model in which the genset parameters are identified offline using the Least-Square (RLS) algorithm. Preliminary evaluation using real genset data with this type of controller demonstrated the effectiveness of the proposed approach.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124491787","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007132
F. Altaf, L. Johannesson, B. Egardt
The battery pack lifetime is severely affected by the State-of-Charge (SOC) and thermal imbalance among its cells, which is inevitable in large automotive batteries. In this review paper, the need of simultaneous thermal and SOC balancing is emphasized. Thermal and SOC balancing are two tightly coupled objectives. However, we argue here that it is possible to achieve these simultaneously by using a balancing device that enables the non- uniform use of cells, optimally using the brake regeneration phases and load variations in the drive cycle, and exploiting cell redundancy in the battery pack. The balancer must provide extra degree-of- freedom in control by distributing a large battery pack into smaller units to enable an independent cell/module-level control of a battery system.
{"title":"Simultaneous Thermal and State-of-Charge Balancing of Batteries: A Review","authors":"F. Altaf, L. Johannesson, B. Egardt","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007132","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007132","url":null,"abstract":"The battery pack lifetime is severely affected by the State-of-Charge (SOC) and thermal imbalance among its cells, which is inevitable in large automotive batteries. In this review paper, the need of simultaneous thermal and SOC balancing is emphasized. Thermal and SOC balancing are two tightly coupled objectives. However, we argue here that it is possible to achieve these simultaneously by using a balancing device that enables the non- uniform use of cells, optimally using the brake regeneration phases and load variations in the drive cycle, and exploiting cell redundancy in the battery pack. The balancer must provide extra degree-of- freedom in control by distributing a large battery pack into smaller units to enable an independent cell/module-level control of a battery system.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"77 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122315821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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