Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007040
Thomas Bruen, J. Marco, M. Gama
An electric vehicle battery pack may employ cells connected electrically in parallel to meet energy and power requirements. For the battery management system, cells connected in parallel are often treated as a single larger component. However, research has identified that the state of charge and cell current may not be equal due to differences in capacity, impedance and cell temperature. In this paper, the authors develop a parallel cell model validated against experimental data. The model is used to evaluate cell energy variation and the impact this can have on the design of highly parallelized battery systems.
{"title":"Current Variation in Parallelized Energy Storage Systems","authors":"Thomas Bruen, J. Marco, M. Gama","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007040","url":null,"abstract":"An electric vehicle battery pack may employ cells connected electrically in parallel to meet energy and power requirements. For the battery management system, cells connected in parallel are often treated as a single larger component. However, research has identified that the state of charge and cell current may not be equal due to differences in capacity, impedance and cell temperature. In this paper, the authors develop a parallel cell model validated against experimental data. The model is used to evaluate cell energy variation and the impact this can have on the design of highly parallelized battery systems.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131140376","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007138
Pedro Mota Santos, J. Trovão, P. Pereirinha
Coimbra's urban transportation system is the oldest system with trolleybuses currently in service at the Iberian Peninsula. Some of the infrastructure facilities date from the middle of last century and were not designed for today's energy concerns or energy-efficiency as is the case of "Montarroio" substation that still uses mercury arc rectifiers. Energy-efficiency substation's improvement is a key issue to maximize energy-savings. This paper describes the main studies and proposals made to achieve energy saving and cost reductions. One week long measurements at the two still active substations and the analysis of one year electricity bills were made. It was concluded that investments in new rectifiers are needed and that some of the studied options have a payback of just a few years. Implementing it can provide the rehabilitation of this means of transportation, assuming it as a real alternative to the currently mainstream systems, based on diesel bus.
{"title":"Sustainable Trolleybus System: Rectifier Substation Technology Improvement for Energy Efficiency and Operational Cost Reduction","authors":"Pedro Mota Santos, J. Trovão, P. Pereirinha","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007138","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007138","url":null,"abstract":"Coimbra's urban transportation system is the oldest system with trolleybuses currently in service at the Iberian Peninsula. Some of the infrastructure facilities date from the middle of last century and were not designed for today's energy concerns or energy-efficiency as is the case of \"Montarroio\" substation that still uses mercury arc rectifiers. Energy-efficiency substation's improvement is a key issue to maximize energy-savings. This paper describes the main studies and proposals made to achieve energy saving and cost reductions. One week long measurements at the two still active substations and the analysis of one year electricity bills were made. It was concluded that investments in new rectifiers are needed and that some of the studied options have a payback of just a few years. Implementing it can provide the rehabilitation of this means of transportation, assuming it as a real alternative to the currently mainstream systems, based on diesel bus.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"27 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133753381","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007036
F. Zenith, J. Tjønnås, I. Halvorsen
The aim of this work is how to analyse controllability and design a suitable control structure for a commercial stationary micro combined heat and power system (mchp) where the focus is to optimise the life time of the fuel cell, which is the central component in the system and the most critical with respect to durability. A three-layered control approach is proposed, building on the pre-existing low-level regulatory layer. A middle-level controller handles reversible degradation phenomena before they cause lasting damage, inducing temporary deviations from the steady state to recover from e.g. catalyst contamination or electrode flooding. A high-level optimising controller sets the nominal operating conditions to maximise a specific objective function, based on prognostics and health management, in which the lifetime of the stack is of pivotal importance.
{"title":"Control Structure of a Micro Combined Heat and Power Fuel-Cell System for Lifetime Maximisation","authors":"F. Zenith, J. Tjønnås, I. Halvorsen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007036","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007036","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this work is how to analyse controllability and design a suitable control structure for a commercial stationary micro combined heat and power system (mchp) where the focus is to optimise the life time of the fuel cell, which is the central component in the system and the most critical with respect to durability. A three-layered control approach is proposed, building on the pre-existing low-level regulatory layer. A middle-level controller handles reversible degradation phenomena before they cause lasting damage, inducing temporary deviations from the steady state to recover from e.g. catalyst contamination or electrode flooding. A high-level optimising controller sets the nominal operating conditions to maximise a specific objective function, based on prognostics and health management, in which the lifetime of the stack is of pivotal importance.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129165441","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006998
R. Hiwatari, T. Iwatsubo, T. Ikeya
The function to find an effective layout of quick charging stations (STs) is improved in a road traffic simulator "EV-OLYENTOR", and this new function is applied to the analysis on the layout of STs in the wide area of several prefectures in Japan. Based on the results of the effective layout of STs, several simple evaluation methods to select the location of ST are proposed in order to support the decision-making of a ST company or a local government. Those methods are contributed to develop the ST network as a Japanese model plan.
{"title":"A Layout Method of Quick Charging Infrastructure for Electric Vehicle by Road Traffic Simulation: Japanese Model Plan of Quick Charging Infrastructure Network","authors":"R. Hiwatari, T. Iwatsubo, T. Ikeya","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006998","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006998","url":null,"abstract":"The function to find an effective layout of quick charging stations (STs) is improved in a road traffic simulator \"EV-OLYENTOR\", and this new function is applied to the analysis on the layout of STs in the wide area of several prefectures in Japan. Based on the results of the effective layout of STs, several simple evaluation methods to select the location of ST are proposed in order to support the decision-making of a ST company or a local government. Those methods are contributed to develop the ST network as a Japanese model plan.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"56 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133306576","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007076
Emanuel G. Marques, D. Abreu, M. Perdigão, J. Trovão, A. Mendes
This paper presents the behaviour of a full-bridge topology for an IPT system, considering misalignment impacts, and the design of a full-bridge isolated converter for an EV on-board charger fed by this IPT system. The double galvanic isolation is required since this on-board charger is expected to work also directly from the mains. The paper presents a brief description of the proposed IPT system and magnetic core structure, the strategy for the converter operation and the design of the isolating transformer. It also analyses the impact of misalignments of the IPT system on the on-board charger behaviour and control in terms of charging capability. A simulation analysis is included to verify some of the appointed considerations.
{"title":"Full-Bridge Topology for IPT System On-Board Charger","authors":"Emanuel G. Marques, D. Abreu, M. Perdigão, J. Trovão, A. Mendes","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007076","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007076","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents the behaviour of a full-bridge topology for an IPT system, considering misalignment impacts, and the design of a full-bridge isolated converter for an EV on-board charger fed by this IPT system. The double galvanic isolation is required since this on-board charger is expected to work also directly from the mains. The paper presents a brief description of the proposed IPT system and magnetic core structure, the strategy for the converter operation and the design of the isolating transformer. It also analyses the impact of misalignments of the IPT system on the on-board charger behaviour and control in terms of charging capability. A simulation analysis is included to verify some of the appointed considerations.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129396058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007062
M. Camara, A. Tani, B. Dakyo
This paper presents a comparative study between the frequency approach and dynamic component method for energy management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). An auxiliary energy system based on ultracapacitors (U), and the High Energy Storage system focused on lithium-battery are used to share the requested energy by a vehicle. Ultracapacitors are linked to DC-bus through a bidirectional converter, and the lithium-battery is directly linked to DC-bus without a converter. An inverter and Electrical Machine (EM) are used to emulate the energetic demand of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The contribution of this paper is focused on a HEV power sharing between the ultracapacitors and the battery according to the dynamic responses of the sources. The performances of the proposed methods are evaluated through some simulations and experimental tests using United States drive cycle.
{"title":"Energy Management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles Based on Frequency Approach Compared to Dynamic Component Method -Lithium-Battery and Ultracapacitors","authors":"M. Camara, A. Tani, B. Dakyo","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007062","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007062","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative study between the frequency approach and dynamic component method for energy management in Hybrid Electric Vehicles (HEVs). An auxiliary energy system based on ultracapacitors (U), and the High Energy Storage system focused on lithium-battery are used to share the requested energy by a vehicle. Ultracapacitors are linked to DC-bus through a bidirectional converter, and the lithium-battery is directly linked to DC-bus without a converter. An inverter and Electrical Machine (EM) are used to emulate the energetic demand of the Hybrid Electric Vehicle (HEV). The contribution of this paper is focused on a HEV power sharing between the ultracapacitors and the battery according to the dynamic responses of the sources. The performances of the proposed methods are evaluated through some simulations and experimental tests using United States drive cycle.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"235 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123259815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007127
O. Lehmann, J. Schuster, J. Roth-Stielow
For the field oriented current control of permanent magnet synchronous machines in electric vehicles the knowledge of the rotor position is necessary. The position information is typically measured with a resolver. Therefore a failure of this resolver is critical. This paper describes several possibilities to use sensorless control techniques as redundancy to a resolver with the focus on the requirements for the use in electric vehicles.
{"title":"Sensorless Control Techniques as Redundancy for the Control of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Machines in Electric Vehicles","authors":"O. Lehmann, J. Schuster, J. Roth-Stielow","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007127","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007127","url":null,"abstract":"For the field oriented current control of permanent magnet synchronous machines in electric vehicles the knowledge of the rotor position is necessary. The position information is typically measured with a resolver. Therefore a failure of this resolver is critical. This paper describes several possibilities to use sensorless control techniques as redundancy to a resolver with the focus on the requirements for the use in electric vehicles.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"26 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123525411","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007061
Jochen Barthel, Daniel Gőrges, Markus Bell, P. Munch
Political regulations to increase the fuel efficiency of vehicles are leading to hybrid electric vehicles offering more flexibility for operating the internal combustion engine and increasing the performance. In this paper an energy management for hybrid electric vehicles combining load point shifting based on optimization with regeneration and boost based on heuristics is introduced and the real-time implementation on a hybrid electric tractor is discussed. Simulation results indicate an increased fuel efficiency for transportation tasks.
{"title":"Energy Management for Hybrid Electric Tractors Combining Load Point Shifting, Regeneration and Boost","authors":"Jochen Barthel, Daniel Gőrges, Markus Bell, P. Munch","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007061","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007061","url":null,"abstract":"Political regulations to increase the fuel efficiency of vehicles are leading to hybrid electric vehicles offering more flexibility for operating the internal combustion engine and increasing the performance. In this paper an energy management for hybrid electric vehicles combining load point shifting based on optimization with regeneration and boost based on heuristics is introduced and the real-time implementation on a hybrid electric tractor is discussed. Simulation results indicate an increased fuel efficiency for transportation tasks.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"2 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128192141","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007131
L. Horrein, A. Bouscayrol, Y. Cheng
Electric vehicle (EV) are one solution for the next decades to face the greenhouse gases emission issue. The most important drawbacks about the EV concern the limited range depending of the battery performances and the charging time. The vehicle range is estimated with standard drive cycles and ideal conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose a simulation tool to calculate the energy distribution in the EV including the thermal exchange between the heating system and the cabin. Indeed, the heating system (using thermal resistance) is an important energy consumer in the vehicle. All models are organized using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR).
{"title":"Simulation Tool of an Electric Vehicle Including Thermal Aspect Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation","authors":"L. Horrein, A. Bouscayrol, Y. Cheng","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007131","url":null,"abstract":"Electric vehicle (EV) are one solution for the next decades to face the greenhouse gases emission issue. The most important drawbacks about the EV concern the limited range depending of the battery performances and the charging time. The vehicle range is estimated with standard drive cycles and ideal conditions. The objective of this paper is to propose a simulation tool to calculate the energy distribution in the EV including the thermal exchange between the heating system and the cabin. Indeed, the heating system (using thermal resistance) is an important energy consumer in the vehicle. All models are organized using Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR).","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129169768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007125
R. Fernandes, C. Premebida, P. Peixoto, D. Wolf, U. Nunes
This paper proposes a road detection approach based solely on dense 3D-LIDAR data. The approach is built up of four stages: (1) 3D-LIDAR points are projected to a 2D reference plane; then, (2) dense height maps are computed using an upsampling method; (3) applying a sliding-window technique in the upsampled maps, probability distributions of neighbouring regions are compared according to a similarity measure; finally, (4) morphological operations are used to enhance performance against disturbances. Our detection approach does not depend on road marks, thus it is suitable for applications on rural areas and inner-city with unmarked roads. Experiments have been carried out in a wide variety of scenarios using the recent KITTI-ROAD benchmark, obtaining promising results when compared to other state-of-art approaches.
{"title":"Road Detection Using High Resolution LIDAR","authors":"R. Fernandes, C. Premebida, P. Peixoto, D. Wolf, U. Nunes","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007125","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a road detection approach based solely on dense 3D-LIDAR data. The approach is built up of four stages: (1) 3D-LIDAR points are projected to a 2D reference plane; then, (2) dense height maps are computed using an upsampling method; (3) applying a sliding-window technique in the upsampled maps, probability distributions of neighbouring regions are compared according to a similarity measure; finally, (4) morphological operations are used to enhance performance against disturbances. Our detection approach does not depend on road marks, thus it is suitable for applications on rural areas and inner-city with unmarked roads. Experiments have been carried out in a wide variety of scenarios using the recent KITTI-ROAD benchmark, obtaining promising results when compared to other state-of-art approaches.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"33 4","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120974075","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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