Pub Date : 2014-10-27DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007047
A. Castaings, W. Lhomme, R. Trigui, A. Bouscayrol
This paper deals with energy management for electric vehicle using SuperCapacitors (SCs) and battery. SCs are connected to the DC bus through a converter whereas battery is directly connected to the DC bus. Using the inversion-based rules of Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), a systematic control structure can be deduced. Some differences can be shown in comparison with classical control schemes. This paper aims to compare a control scheme deduced from EMR and another control structure designed thanks to a more classical way. It can be noticed that some differences appear. As far as the structure is concerned, the number of sensor can be reduced in the EMR case. In terms of performances, some control errors appear in the classical scheme case.
{"title":"Different Control Schemes of a Battery/Supercapacitor System in Electric Vehicle","authors":"A. Castaings, W. Lhomme, R. Trigui, A. Bouscayrol","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007047","url":null,"abstract":"This paper deals with energy management for electric vehicle using SuperCapacitors (SCs) and battery. SCs are connected to the DC bus through a converter whereas battery is directly connected to the DC bus. Using the inversion-based rules of Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR), a systematic control structure can be deduced. Some differences can be shown in comparison with classical control schemes. This paper aims to compare a control scheme deduced from EMR and another control structure designed thanks to a more classical way. It can be noticed that some differences appear. As far as the structure is concerned, the number of sensor can be reduced in the EMR case. In terms of performances, some control errors appear in the classical scheme case.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"24 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114629515","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-27DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007098
V. Reinbold, E. Vinot, L. Garbuio, L. Gerbaud
Numerous researches about hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) deal with topologies, technologies, sizing and control. These aspects allows to reduce transportation cost and environmental impacts. The paper focuses on the modeling of the electrical motor of the HEV in a global sizing context, taking into account: the hybrid system, the driving cycle and an optimal energy management. In the paper, the parallel hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) will be our study case. In a classical HEV design process, a scaling model is usually used to fix the standard power of the electrical machine. The efficiency and the maximum torque power are scaled using a linear dependency on the rated maximum power. The paper compares two sizing models: a scaling model based on an efficiency map and a scaling model based on a magnetic circuit model (MCM). A comparison is performed using both models in an optimization process. This optimization process is a global sizing process using dynamic programming as an optimal energy management. Optimal sizings of the hybrid vehicle are compared, depending on whether they use a classical sizing method or a MCM scaling method.
{"title":"Magnetic Circuit Model: A Quick and Accurate Sizing Model for Electrical Machine Optimization in Hybrid Vehicles","authors":"V. Reinbold, E. Vinot, L. Garbuio, L. Gerbaud","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007098","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007098","url":null,"abstract":"Numerous researches about hybrid electrical vehicles (HEV) deal with topologies, technologies, sizing and control. These aspects allows to reduce transportation cost and environmental impacts. The paper focuses on the modeling of the electrical motor of the HEV in a global sizing context, taking into account: the hybrid system, the driving cycle and an optimal energy management. In the paper, the parallel hybrid electrical vehicle (HEV) will be our study case. In a classical HEV design process, a scaling model is usually used to fix the standard power of the electrical machine. The efficiency and the maximum torque power are scaled using a linear dependency on the rated maximum power. The paper compares two sizing models: a scaling model based on an efficiency map and a scaling model based on a magnetic circuit model (MCM). A comparison is performed using both models in an optimization process. This optimization process is a global sizing process using dynamic programming as an optimal energy management. Optimal sizings of the hybrid vehicle are compared, depending on whether they use a classical sizing method or a MCM scaling method.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"55 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128939391","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-27DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007079
Y. Gaoua, S. Caux, P. Lopez, C. Raga, A. Barrado, A. Lázaro
This paper focus on offline energy management strategy based on dynamic losses computation made on accurate sources models. Hybrid energy systems (mainly Hybrid Electric Vehicle) should now be managed globally to reach the optimal operation minimizing a global cost criterion, such as hydrogen consumption. The presented operational research method is applied to a Fuel Cell based Vehicle (FCV) powertrain, and it has been adapted to the mathematical model depending on the sources characteristics (fuel cell and battery). In this paper losses and efficiency curves are issued from an accurate nonlinear model using experiments for both sources providing data representing the sources behavior to feed the optimization algorithm. Consumption comparisons on actual mission profiles demonstrate the optimal power splitting obtained.
{"title":"Hybrid Systems Energy Management Using Optimization Method Based on Dynamic Sources Models","authors":"Y. Gaoua, S. Caux, P. Lopez, C. Raga, A. Barrado, A. Lázaro","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007079","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focus on offline energy management strategy based on dynamic losses computation made on accurate sources models. Hybrid energy systems (mainly Hybrid Electric Vehicle) should now be managed globally to reach the optimal operation minimizing a global cost criterion, such as hydrogen consumption. The presented operational research method is applied to a Fuel Cell based Vehicle (FCV) powertrain, and it has been adapted to the mathematical model depending on the sources characteristics (fuel cell and battery). In this paper losses and efficiency curves are issued from an accurate nonlinear model using experiments for both sources providing data representing the sources behavior to feed the optimization algorithm. Consumption comparisons on actual mission profiles demonstrate the optimal power splitting obtained.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"85 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125749196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007130
D. Montesinos-Miracle, Cristian Fontan-Tebar, Humbert Vidal-Salvia
Formula Student is a university competition around the world where students are required to design, construct and compete with a race car in static and dynamic tests. Since few years ago, this competition has moved to electric propulsion. ETSEIB Motorsport Team at Barcelona, Spain has develop an electric race car and this paper presents the EMR and IBC developed for that in order to analyze the car and further improve the braking and traction system.
{"title":"Simulation of an Electric Racing Car Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation","authors":"D. Montesinos-Miracle, Cristian Fontan-Tebar, Humbert Vidal-Salvia","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007130","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007130","url":null,"abstract":"Formula Student is a university competition around the world where students are required to design, construct and compete with a race car in static and dynamic tests. Since few years ago, this competition has moved to electric propulsion. ETSEIB Motorsport Team at Barcelona, Spain has develop an electric race car and this paper presents the EMR and IBC developed for that in order to analyze the car and further improve the braking and traction system.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"72 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115626516","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007115
J. Donadee, M. Ilić, O. Karabasoglu
This paper proposes the application of the Markov decision problem (MDP) framework for optimizing the autonomous charging of individual plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). Two infinite horizon average cost MDP formulations are described, one for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and one for battery only electric vehicles (BEVs). In both formulations, we assume no direct input from the driver to the smart charger about the driver's travel schedule. Instead, we use stochastic models of plug-in and unplug behaviors as well as energy required for transportation to represent a driver's charging requirements. We also assume that electric energy prices follow a Markov random process. These stochastic models can be built from historical data on vehicle usage. The objective of the MDPs is to minimize the sum of electric energy charging costs, driving costs, and the cost of any driver inconvenience. We demonstrate the solution of the MDPs with assumed parameter values and analyze the results. This work presents a new approach to minimizing EV charging costs while reducing the need for trip planning by a driver.
{"title":"Optimal Autonomous Charging of Electric Vehicles with Stochastic Driver Behavior","authors":"J. Donadee, M. Ilić, O. Karabasoglu","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007115","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007115","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes the application of the Markov decision problem (MDP) framework for optimizing the autonomous charging of individual plug-in electric vehicles (EVs). Two infinite horizon average cost MDP formulations are described, one for plug-in hybrid electric vehicles (PHEVs) and one for battery only electric vehicles (BEVs). In both formulations, we assume no direct input from the driver to the smart charger about the driver's travel schedule. Instead, we use stochastic models of plug-in and unplug behaviors as well as energy required for transportation to represent a driver's charging requirements. We also assume that electric energy prices follow a Markov random process. These stochastic models can be built from historical data on vehicle usage. The objective of the MDPs is to minimize the sum of electric energy charging costs, driving costs, and the cost of any driver inconvenience. We demonstrate the solution of the MDPs with assumed parameter values and analyze the results. This work presents a new approach to minimizing EV charging costs while reducing the need for trip planning by a driver.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"53 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121346423","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007015
P. Caillard, F. Gillon, M. Hecquet, S. Randi, N. Janiaud
In this paper, a global optimization methodology is described to pre-design an electric vehicle powertrain in order to find the best compromises between components. The modeled system includes a transmission, an electric machine, an inverter and a battery pack. The challenge is to find the dedicated formulations, with the vehicle performance requirements, electric range, and cost calculation that include the whole system without exploding computational time. Bi-objective, range/costs, optimizations with performance constraints are performed to find the potential gain with the system model.
{"title":"An Optimization Methodology to Pre Design an Electric Vehicle Powertrain","authors":"P. Caillard, F. Gillon, M. Hecquet, S. Randi, N. Janiaud","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007015","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007015","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, a global optimization methodology is described to pre-design an electric vehicle powertrain in order to find the best compromises between components. The modeled system includes a transmission, an electric machine, an inverter and a battery pack. The challenge is to find the dedicated formulations, with the vehicle performance requirements, electric range, and cost calculation that include the whole system without exploding computational time. Bi-objective, range/costs, optimizations with performance constraints are performed to find the potential gain with the system model.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"76 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127287708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007078
A. Szumanowski, Yuhua Chang, Zhiyin Liu, P. Krawczyk
Hybrid power train with planetary transmission equipped with clutch-brake systems, which employ one electric machine, is more effective and more economical than other existing series-parallel hybrid power trains which need two electric machines as motor and generator. This paper presents the control method of zero steady-states electrical energy consumption clutch-brake systems in hybrid power train with planetary transmission. For different functions, the electromagnetically controlled clutch-brake systems in hybrid power train are modified into brake and dual-clutch based on the same basic structure. The control method of such clutch-brake systems as well as other components in hybrid power train is proposed for internal combustion engine starting and gear shifting. The dynamic simulation model of hybrid power train with clutch-brake systems is built in Matlab/Simulink environment. By analyzing the simulation results, the control methods of clutch- brake systems are validated and the proper control are selected to get better performance for ICE starting and gear shifting.
{"title":"Hybrid Power Train with Planetary Transmission Equipped with Clutch-Brake Systems","authors":"A. Szumanowski, Yuhua Chang, Zhiyin Liu, P. Krawczyk","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007078","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007078","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid power train with planetary transmission equipped with clutch-brake systems, which employ one electric machine, is more effective and more economical than other existing series-parallel hybrid power trains which need two electric machines as motor and generator. This paper presents the control method of zero steady-states electrical energy consumption clutch-brake systems in hybrid power train with planetary transmission. For different functions, the electromagnetically controlled clutch-brake systems in hybrid power train are modified into brake and dual-clutch based on the same basic structure. The control method of such clutch-brake systems as well as other components in hybrid power train is proposed for internal combustion engine starting and gear shifting. The dynamic simulation model of hybrid power train with clutch-brake systems is built in Matlab/Simulink environment. By analyzing the simulation results, the control methods of clutch- brake systems are validated and the proper control are selected to get better performance for ICE starting and gear shifting.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"289 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116206597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007037
Yoshihiko Takahashi
We are proposing a new hybrid electric vehicle with a plant oil electric generator. The intention of the proposed system is to avoid the use of non- renewable fossil fuels. Plant oil is more ecological, and allows for a carbon neutral system to be created in its production. Plant oils, such as straight vegetable oil (SVO) and waste vegetable oil (WVO), are promising alternatives used in order to reduce fuel cost. A series hybrid system is proposed in which a diesel engine rotates an electric generator using SVO and WVO. The electric vehicle operates using the generated electricity. The generated electricity is also able to be charged in batteries, which can also power the electric vehicle. Other natural energy sources may also be used to charge the batteries. In this paper, we will discuss the concept and control system of the proposed series hybrid electric vehicle system using plant oil, and will provide the some experimental results.
{"title":"Control System of Series Hybrid Electric Vehicle with Plant Oil Electric Generator","authors":"Yoshihiko Takahashi","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007037","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007037","url":null,"abstract":"We are proposing a new hybrid electric vehicle with a plant oil electric generator. The intention of the proposed system is to avoid the use of non- renewable fossil fuels. Plant oil is more ecological, and allows for a carbon neutral system to be created in its production. Plant oils, such as straight vegetable oil (SVO) and waste vegetable oil (WVO), are promising alternatives used in order to reduce fuel cost. A series hybrid system is proposed in which a diesel engine rotates an electric generator using SVO and WVO. The electric vehicle operates using the generated electricity. The generated electricity is also able to be charged in batteries, which can also power the electric vehicle. Other natural energy sources may also be used to charge the batteries. In this paper, we will discuss the concept and control system of the proposed series hybrid electric vehicle system using plant oil, and will provide the some experimental results.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"280 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124488688","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007033
Emanuel G. Marques, A. Mendes
This paper proposes a single controller placed on the primary side of an inductive power transfer (IPT) system to deliver a constant current to the electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The magnetic coupling structure model was developed in a finite element analysis software coupled to Simulink. Both theoretical and simulated results are presented to evaluate the proposed controller.
{"title":"Constant Current Controller for Electric Vehicles Chargers Based on IPT Systems","authors":"Emanuel G. Marques, A. Mendes","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007033","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007033","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a single controller placed on the primary side of an inductive power transfer (IPT) system to deliver a constant current to the electric vehicle (EV) batteries. The magnetic coupling structure model was developed in a finite element analysis software coupled to Simulink. Both theoretical and simulated results are presented to evaluate the proposed controller.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132518839","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007091
V. Santos, J. Trovão, Telmo P. Branco, José Gonçalves
This paper presents a novel Information and Communication Technology solution that enables the implementation of the vehicle to grid concept. The integration of electric vehicles in smart grids introduces new challenges taking into account their intrinsic mobility beyond the reach of the home area network. In order to overcome this problem, new communication applications were developed to monitor the batteries' state of charge and the electric power demand along the vehicle journey. The GPRS network was selected to perform that information exchange in accordance with proprietary protocols. The collected data are recorded in a database that is accessible to the energy scheduler, aggregator and grid operator applications. In order to validate the designed ICT architecture, pertinent results retrieved from a field trial, were analyzed. The trials were performed in Coimbra using a 2012 Chevrolet Volt.
{"title":"Information and Communication Technology Solution for the V2G Concept Implementation","authors":"V. Santos, J. Trovão, Telmo P. Branco, José Gonçalves","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007091","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007091","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel Information and Communication Technology solution that enables the implementation of the vehicle to grid concept. The integration of electric vehicles in smart grids introduces new challenges taking into account their intrinsic mobility beyond the reach of the home area network. In order to overcome this problem, new communication applications were developed to monitor the batteries' state of charge and the electric power demand along the vehicle journey. The GPRS network was selected to perform that information exchange in accordance with proprietary protocols. The collected data are recorded in a database that is accessible to the energy scheduler, aggregator and grid operator applications. In order to validate the designed ICT architecture, pertinent results retrieved from a field trial, were analyzed. The trials were performed in Coimbra using a 2012 Chevrolet Volt.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"8 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131417286","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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