Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007142
Yongjin Yu, N. Ku, D. Hyun
This paper performs the control algorithm of three-level Neutral-point-clamped (3L-NPC) inverter system including the neutral point voltage balance control under unbalanced voltage conditions because the 3L-NPC inverter as compared with a conventional two-level inverter has an inherent problem of neutral point potential variation. The control of 3L-NPC inverter system under unbalanced input supply conditions is as follows. First, the reference input currents are selected to eliminate the constant component of reactive power and the second-order harmonics of active power, and these are induced by the dc-link voltage control. Second, to operate the inverter system under unbalanced conditions, both positive-and negative sequence component of grid currents should be controlled simultaneously. Finally, to neutral point voltage control, the simplified neutral point voltage balancing method is used to control the neutral point voltage. This method is achieved by the calculated off-set voltage including the neutral point balancing factor. So, the overall control algorithm is composed with a dc-link voltage control, a current control, and neutral point voltage control. The validity of overall control algorithm with the neutral point voltage balancing control method has been proven through the simulation results.
{"title":"The Control Algorithm of Three-Level NPC Inverter under Unbalanced Input Voltage Conditions","authors":"Yongjin Yu, N. Ku, D. Hyun","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007142","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007142","url":null,"abstract":"This paper performs the control algorithm of three-level Neutral-point-clamped (3L-NPC) inverter system including the neutral point voltage balance control under unbalanced voltage conditions because the 3L-NPC inverter as compared with a conventional two-level inverter has an inherent problem of neutral point potential variation. The control of 3L-NPC inverter system under unbalanced input supply conditions is as follows. First, the reference input currents are selected to eliminate the constant component of reactive power and the second-order harmonics of active power, and these are induced by the dc-link voltage control. Second, to operate the inverter system under unbalanced conditions, both positive-and negative sequence component of grid currents should be controlled simultaneously. Finally, to neutral point voltage control, the simplified neutral point voltage balancing method is used to control the neutral point voltage. This method is achieved by the calculated off-set voltage including the neutral point balancing factor. So, the overall control algorithm is composed with a dc-link voltage control, a current control, and neutral point voltage control. The validity of overall control algorithm with the neutral point voltage balancing control method has been proven through the simulation results.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130986462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007126
D. Karbowski, N. Kim, A. Rousseau
In this paper, we present a method of optimizing the energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) using GIS-assisted stochastic trip prediction. A process was developed to synthesize speed profiles through a combination of Markov chains and information from a geographical information system (GIS) about the future route. In a potential real-world scenario, the future trip (speed, grade, stops, etc.) can be estimated, but not deterministically known. The stochastic trip prediction process models such uncertainty. The route-based energy management presented in this paper uses the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP). A PMP strategy was implemented in a Simulink controller for a model of Prius-like PHEV and compared to a baseline strategy using Autonomie, an automotive modeling environment. An itinerary was defined, and several speed profiles were synthesized. It was then possible to evaluate the sensitivity of PMP tuning to the speed profile, providing insights about the applicability of PMP control in real-world situations.
{"title":"Route-Based Online Energy Management of a PHEV and Sensitivity to Trip Prediction","authors":"D. Karbowski, N. Kim, A. Rousseau","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007126","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007126","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, we present a method of optimizing the energy management of a plug-in hybrid electric vehicle (PHEV) using GIS-assisted stochastic trip prediction. A process was developed to synthesize speed profiles through a combination of Markov chains and information from a geographical information system (GIS) about the future route. In a potential real-world scenario, the future trip (speed, grade, stops, etc.) can be estimated, but not deterministically known. The stochastic trip prediction process models such uncertainty. The route-based energy management presented in this paper uses the Pontryagin Minimum Principle (PMP). A PMP strategy was implemented in a Simulink controller for a model of Prius-like PHEV and compared to a baseline strategy using Autonomie, an automotive modeling environment. An itinerary was defined, and several speed profiles were synthesized. It was then possible to evaluate the sensitivity of PMP tuning to the speed profile, providing insights about the applicability of PMP control in real-world situations.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132386445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007129
T. Bauml, D. Dvorak, A. Frohner, D. Simić
In full electric vehicles, the energy for heating the passenger compartment has to be taken, contrary to conventional vehicles, from other sources than the waste heat from the internal combustion engine. If the energy is taken from the traction battery, the driving range of the vehicle can in the worst case be reduced by up to 50 %. Other heating concepts require complex additional heating equipment and sometimes even storage tanks and can increase the weight of the vehicle significantly. The topic of this paper is to describe a system of heating up the vehicle interior with reduced energy consumption by using a special heating coating, which can be attached to any carrier material in a vehicle cabin. This coating emits infrared radiation, which is commonly reckoned as very comfortable and an energy efficient alternative to conventional heating concepts.
{"title":"Simulation and Measurement of an Energy Efficient Infrared Radiation Heating of a Full Electric Vehicle","authors":"T. Bauml, D. Dvorak, A. Frohner, D. Simić","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007129","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007129","url":null,"abstract":"In full electric vehicles, the energy for heating the passenger compartment has to be taken, contrary to conventional vehicles, from other sources than the waste heat from the internal combustion engine. If the energy is taken from the traction battery, the driving range of the vehicle can in the worst case be reduced by up to 50 %. Other heating concepts require complex additional heating equipment and sometimes even storage tanks and can increase the weight of the vehicle significantly. The topic of this paper is to describe a system of heating up the vehicle interior with reduced energy consumption by using a special heating coating, which can be attached to any carrier material in a vehicle cabin. This coating emits infrared radiation, which is commonly reckoned as very comfortable and an energy efficient alternative to conventional heating concepts.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"51 3","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132836505","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007089
P. Dost, F. Einwachter, P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis
Most of the recent studies dealing with electric vehicles (EVs) use assumptions to describe EV load curves in their simulations. To enhance the precision of these studies, data sets based on real measurements are required. This paper shows EV load curves which are based on measurements from a field test. The boundary conditions of the field test are explained in detail before the results are presented and discussed. The variations between the different days of the week as well as during the day are demonstrated. Additionally the differences between private use and the use in industry is shown. Finally, the grid impact as well as compensation possibilities are discussed.
{"title":"Influence of Electric Vehicle Charging Demands on the Grid Load Based on Fleet Measurements","authors":"P. Dost, F. Einwachter, P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007089","url":null,"abstract":"Most of the recent studies dealing with electric vehicles (EVs) use assumptions to describe EV load curves in their simulations. To enhance the precision of these studies, data sets based on real measurements are required. This paper shows EV load curves which are based on measurements from a field test. The boundary conditions of the field test are explained in detail before the results are presented and discussed. The variations between the different days of the week as well as during the day are demonstrated. Additionally the differences between private use and the use in industry is shown. Finally, the grid impact as well as compensation possibilities are discussed.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"128 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132056408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007135
Reinhold Koch, A. Jossen
The knowledge of the state of a battery is a prerequisite for the battery management system to be able to increase the reliability, lifetime and safety of the entire energy storage system. Impedance spectroscopy is a well-known measurement technique for electrochemical systems. Once the method is implemented in the battery management system and performed online during operation it could provide a monitoring system for the battery pack. In order to perform the measurement online, the time necessary for it has to be as low as possible, which is best achieved with a multisine excitation signal. The distribution of the stimuli frequencies including their amplitudes and phases for such a broadband signal is presented. A reduction of the measurement time to the period of the lowest measurement frequency and an increase in measurement accuracy is achieved. The presented approach assumes that some kind of switched mode amplification is used to generate the stimuli current necessary to perform an impedance spectroscopy. Special attention has been given to narrowband distortions caused by the modulation process when selecting the stimuli frequencies.
{"title":"Speed Optimized Multisine Stimuli for Electrochemical Impedance Spectroscopy with a Switched Mode Excitation","authors":"Reinhold Koch, A. Jossen","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007135","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007135","url":null,"abstract":"The knowledge of the state of a battery is a prerequisite for the battery management system to be able to increase the reliability, lifetime and safety of the entire energy storage system. Impedance spectroscopy is a well-known measurement technique for electrochemical systems. Once the method is implemented in the battery management system and performed online during operation it could provide a monitoring system for the battery pack. In order to perform the measurement online, the time necessary for it has to be as low as possible, which is best achieved with a multisine excitation signal. The distribution of the stimuli frequencies including their amplitudes and phases for such a broadband signal is presented. A reduction of the measurement time to the period of the lowest measurement frequency and an increase in measurement accuracy is achieved. The presented approach assumes that some kind of switched mode amplification is used to generate the stimuli current necessary to perform an impedance spectroscopy. Special attention has been given to narrowband distortions caused by the modulation process when selecting the stimuli frequencies.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"127 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130484386","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007106
L. Mathe, E. Schaltz, R. Teodorescu, Marcos Rejas Haddioui
In order to reduce the fuel consumption and the acoustical noise generated by refuse lorries, electrification of the waste compactor unit is a very promising solution. For the electrical energy storage Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) battery technology has been selected with potential for reducing the cost, weight and volume in comparison with other Li-Ion based chemistries. The control of the energy flow has been done through a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), which has demonstrated advantages over 2 level converters in terms of efficiency, fault tolerant operation, flexible operation modes. It has been used successfully in HVDC/FACTS and large drive applications. In this paper the use of MMC for a battery driven waste compactor unit addressed with integrated functionality including: motor driver, battery charge and active balancing is presented. The challenges addressed here are related to the design of control strategy and current ripple reduction through the battery for life time extension.
{"title":"Multi-Functional Converter with Integrated Motor Control, Battery Charging and Active Module Balancing for Electric Vehicular Application","authors":"L. Mathe, E. Schaltz, R. Teodorescu, Marcos Rejas Haddioui","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007106","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007106","url":null,"abstract":"In order to reduce the fuel consumption and the acoustical noise generated by refuse lorries, electrification of the waste compactor unit is a very promising solution. For the electrical energy storage Lithium-Sulfur (Li-S) battery technology has been selected with potential for reducing the cost, weight and volume in comparison with other Li-Ion based chemistries. The control of the energy flow has been done through a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC), which has demonstrated advantages over 2 level converters in terms of efficiency, fault tolerant operation, flexible operation modes. It has been used successfully in HVDC/FACTS and large drive applications. In this paper the use of MMC for a battery driven waste compactor unit addressed with integrated functionality including: motor driver, battery charge and active balancing is presented. The challenges addressed here are related to the design of control strategy and current ripple reduction through the battery for life time extension.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131342850","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007054
C. Mayet, P. Delarue, A. Bouscayrol, E. Chattot, J. Verhille
The aim of this paper is to propose an Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) of the dynamic model of a traction power substation based on 6- pulse diode rectifier. This model is validated by comparing the wave forms with PSIM169; software. Furthermore, it is applied to the energetic simulation of a subway line by combining the substation model with supply rail and vehicle models. This last part allows a good representation and comprehension of the real system.
{"title":"Dynamic Model and Causal Description of a Traction Power Substation Based on 6-Pulse Diode Rectifier","authors":"C. Mayet, P. Delarue, A. Bouscayrol, E. Chattot, J. Verhille","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007054","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this paper is to propose an Energetic Macroscopic Representation (EMR) of the dynamic model of a traction power substation based on 6- pulse diode rectifier. This model is validated by comparing the wave forms with PSIM169; software. Furthermore, it is applied to the energetic simulation of a subway line by combining the substation model with supply rail and vehicle models. This last part allows a good representation and comprehension of the real system.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"14 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126442913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006997
S. De Pinto, P. Camocardi, A. Sorniotti, G. Mantriota, P. Perlo, F. Viotto
This paper presents a novel fully electric vehicle layout, consisting of two drivetrains, each of them including a two-speed transmission, for improving vehicle acceleration and gradeability performance. The adoption of two-speed transmissions allows eight different gear state combinations, increasing the possibility of selecting a high-efficiency state for each operating condition. A torque-fill controller is developed for the compensation of the torque gap during gearshift through the variation of the torque on the other axle. Finally, a simulation-based analysis of the acceleration, gradeability and gearshift performance of this vehicle layout is discussed, in comparison with alternative fully electric vehicle configurations.
{"title":"A Four-Wheel-Drive Fully Electric Vehicle Layout with Two-Speed Transmissions","authors":"S. De Pinto, P. Camocardi, A. Sorniotti, G. Mantriota, P. Perlo, F. Viotto","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006997","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7006997","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a novel fully electric vehicle layout, consisting of two drivetrains, each of them including a two-speed transmission, for improving vehicle acceleration and gradeability performance. The adoption of two-speed transmissions allows eight different gear state combinations, increasing the possibility of selecting a high-efficiency state for each operating condition. A torque-fill controller is developed for the compensation of the torque gap during gearshift through the variation of the torque on the other axle. Finally, a simulation-based analysis of the acceleration, gradeability and gearshift performance of this vehicle layout is discussed, in comparison with alternative fully electric vehicle configurations.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"70 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122853307","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007069
Z. H. Che Daud, D. Chrenko, E. Aglzim, A. Kéromnès, L. Le Moyne
An experimental study of lithium-ion battery thermal behaviour for automotive applications is presented. Experiments are conducted for a pack of three battery cells which encounter a series of different discharge and cooling conditions. Results show the different temperature distribution on different locations of the battery cell surface with the highest temperature increase near the positive and negative electrode. The temperature increases sharply if the state of charge (SOC) is too small (less then 20%). Higher discharge rate contributes to higher temperature increase and bigger maximum and minimum temperature difference. Higher cooling air velocity helps to decrease the overall temperature and create better cell surface temperature distribution. Battery utilisation under real vehicle driving conditions is simulated using NEDC and Artemis rural driving cycle with different cooling strategies. Various information collected throughout this project are important in understanding the battery thermal behaviour and help in the design of better cooling systems and strategies for a better used of lithium-ion batteries in automotive applications.
{"title":"Experimental Study of Lithium-Ion Battery Thermal Behaviour for Electric and Hybrid Electric Vehicles","authors":"Z. H. Che Daud, D. Chrenko, E. Aglzim, A. Kéromnès, L. Le Moyne","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007069","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007069","url":null,"abstract":"An experimental study of lithium-ion battery thermal behaviour for automotive applications is presented. Experiments are conducted for a pack of three battery cells which encounter a series of different discharge and cooling conditions. Results show the different temperature distribution on different locations of the battery cell surface with the highest temperature increase near the positive and negative electrode. The temperature increases sharply if the state of charge (SOC) is too small (less then 20%). Higher discharge rate contributes to higher temperature increase and bigger maximum and minimum temperature difference. Higher cooling air velocity helps to decrease the overall temperature and create better cell surface temperature distribution. Battery utilisation under real vehicle driving conditions is simulated using NEDC and Artemis rural driving cycle with different cooling strategies. Various information collected throughout this project are important in understanding the battery thermal behaviour and help in the design of better cooling systems and strategies for a better used of lithium-ion batteries in automotive applications.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"120 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131586414","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007067
P. Dost, P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis
Improvement on the cruising range is one of the main research challenges regarding fully electric vehicles, as the comparably low range is seen as one of the major disadvantages and therefore prevents sales. An optimised recuperation strategy can help to increase the range without an extension of the accumulator capacity. In this paper the possible range depending on various trip situations in (a) urban traffic, (b) regional traffic and (c) regional traffic with cruise control is accessed. With this, the recuperation energy of currently available electric vehicles is measured as well as the achieved range.
{"title":"Examination of Potential for Range Extension in Electric Vehicles Based on Fleet Measurements","authors":"P. Dost, P. Spichartz, C. Sourkounis","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007067","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007067","url":null,"abstract":"Improvement on the cruising range is one of the main research challenges regarding fully electric vehicles, as the comparably low range is seen as one of the major disadvantages and therefore prevents sales. An optimised recuperation strategy can help to increase the range without an extension of the accumulator capacity. In this paper the possible range depending on various trip situations in (a) urban traffic, (b) regional traffic and (c) regional traffic with cruise control is accessed. With this, the recuperation energy of currently available electric vehicles is measured as well as the achieved range.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"29 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121270836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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