Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007050
S. Rothgang, T. Baumhofer, D. Sauer
Automotive battery systems for hybrid or full battery electric vehicles have a voltage level of up to 400 V and therefore consist of a vast serial connection of battery cells. Hence, the worst cell in the string defines the overall pack performance and lifetime. A fact nowadays mostly neglected in system design is the spread in cell aging and also their initial behavior due to the production process, the cooling gradient and the position within the pack. This paper will show that it is mandatory to consider the diversification of the cells in system layout and packaging to optimize the lifetime on system level tremendously. Results of aging experiments with hundreds of cells regarding pack architectures under laboratory and therefore comparable conditions are given.
{"title":"Diversion of Aging of Battery Cells in Automotive Systems","authors":"S. Rothgang, T. Baumhofer, D. Sauer","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007050","url":null,"abstract":"Automotive battery systems for hybrid or full battery electric vehicles have a voltage level of up to 400 V and therefore consist of a vast serial connection of battery cells. Hence, the worst cell in the string defines the overall pack performance and lifetime. A fact nowadays mostly neglected in system design is the spread in cell aging and also their initial behavior due to the production process, the cooling gradient and the position within the pack. This paper will show that it is mandatory to consider the diversification of the cells in system layout and packaging to optimize the lifetime on system level tremendously. Results of aging experiments with hundreds of cells regarding pack architectures under laboratory and therefore comparable conditions are given.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"60 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123569949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007000
E. Bentley, G. Putrus, G. Lacey
The increased deployment of low carbon technologies in power distribution networks, particularly at the distribution level, is expected to cause significant problems to network operation unless existing networks are appropriately adapted and actively controlled as part of a smart grid. This paper describes the development of a modelling tool to examine Smart Grid solutions to a number of issues affecting low voltage power distribution networks. Use of the tool in the context of transformer overload, line overvoltage, active load control, Grid storage and Black Start analysis is examined.
{"title":"A Modelling Tool for Distribution Networks to Demonstrate Smart Grid Solutions","authors":"E. Bentley, G. Putrus, G. Lacey","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007000","url":null,"abstract":"The increased deployment of low carbon technologies in power distribution networks, particularly at the distribution level, is expected to cause significant problems to network operation unless existing networks are appropriately adapted and actively controlled as part of a smart grid. This paper describes the development of a modelling tool to examine Smart Grid solutions to a number of issues affecting low voltage power distribution networks. Use of the tool in the context of transformer overload, line overvoltage, active load control, Grid storage and Black Start analysis is examined.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123878898","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007031
Nuno Faria, J. Trovão, A. Ramos, P. Pereirinha
This paper presents a comparative usability analysis between two different battery chemistries based on energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) simulation of an electric minibus. Considering as a case study the Coimbra's electric minibuses, which currently use lead-acid batteries, a minibus model based on EMR is developed. The control scheme of the minibus power train is directly deduced from the EMR representation. To correctly analyze the minibus behavior, route data was collected by GPS with special attention to slopes and road constraints. Li-ion batteries' pack alternative is selected considering the same voltage and available space in minibus for the energy storage system. The main objective of the present study is to compare this alterative solution in terms of efficiency and autonomy.
{"title":"Comparison of Different Battery Technologies for Electric Minibuses Using Energetic Macroscopic Representation","authors":"Nuno Faria, J. Trovão, A. Ramos, P. Pereirinha","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007031","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents a comparative usability analysis between two different battery chemistries based on energetic macroscopic representation (EMR) simulation of an electric minibus. Considering as a case study the Coimbra's electric minibuses, which currently use lead-acid batteries, a minibus model based on EMR is developed. The control scheme of the minibus power train is directly deduced from the EMR representation. To correctly analyze the minibus behavior, route data was collected by GPS with special attention to slopes and road constraints. Li-ion batteries' pack alternative is selected considering the same voltage and available space in minibus for the energy storage system. The main objective of the present study is to compare this alterative solution in terms of efficiency and autonomy.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"16 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130171290","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007105
V. Oleschuk, V. Ermuratskii, F. Barrero
This paper presents description of peculiarities of operation (under specific control strategy) of multi-inverter six-phase drive with open-end windings, spatially shifted by 30 electric degrees. The control of four inverters of this system is based on the use of special switching sequences, allows insuring cancellation of common-mode voltage. In this case it is possible to use only two insulated dc sources in this multi-inverter topology. Symbiosis of specific control scheme with algorithms of synchronized space-vector modulation ensures voltage waveform symmetries during entire control range for any operation conditions of systems.
{"title":"Modified Algorithms of Synchronized PWM for Six-Phase Traction Drive with Two DC Sources","authors":"V. Oleschuk, V. Ermuratskii, F. Barrero","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007105","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents description of peculiarities of operation (under specific control strategy) of multi-inverter six-phase drive with open-end windings, spatially shifted by 30 electric degrees. The control of four inverters of this system is based on the use of special switching sequences, allows insuring cancellation of common-mode voltage. In this case it is possible to use only two insulated dc sources in this multi-inverter topology. Symbiosis of specific control scheme with algorithms of synchronized space-vector modulation ensures voltage waveform symmetries during entire control range for any operation conditions of systems.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129302847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007039
S. Geng, Manuel Brose, T. Schulte
Hybrid electric powertrains are developed for reducing the fuel consumption and consequently the emission of carbon dioxide. The fuel consumption of those systems depends significantly on the topology of the powertrain and the applied control strategy. Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation can be used for improving the control strategy, where a real-time model of the powertrain with accurate consideration of the power losses is required. Developing those models is a time-consuming task due to the high dynamics and switching frequencies of the electrical subsystem and the various configurations of the mechanical subsystem. In this contribution methods for an efficient modeling of transmission systems and electric drives are presented. Real-Time capability as well as the correct power flows and losses are considered. Finally, simulation results are shown.
{"title":"Correct Power Flow and Losses in Real-Time Simulation of HEV Powertrains","authors":"S. Geng, Manuel Brose, T. Schulte","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007039","url":null,"abstract":"Hybrid electric powertrains are developed for reducing the fuel consumption and consequently the emission of carbon dioxide. The fuel consumption of those systems depends significantly on the topology of the powertrain and the applied control strategy. Hardware-in-the-Loop simulation can be used for improving the control strategy, where a real-time model of the powertrain with accurate consideration of the power losses is required. Developing those models is a time-consuming task due to the high dynamics and switching frequencies of the electrical subsystem and the various configurations of the mechanical subsystem. In this contribution methods for an efficient modeling of transmission systems and electric drives are presented. Real-Time capability as well as the correct power flows and losses are considered. Finally, simulation results are shown.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"64 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121424485","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007027
M. Caspar, T. Eiler, S. Hohmann
A quantitative model-based comparison of 10 active balancing circuits is presented for equalizing imbalanced cell energies of lithium-ion batteries. A mean current model approach is introduced for active balancing to describe energy transfers between battery cells for long charge/discharge operation. A Th233;venin model for 96 battery cells is used as a subsystem of a mid-size electric vehicle. In quasi-static simulations, FTP75 driving cycles are continuously repeated until the first cell is discharged from initial full charge. Simulation results are compared for cases of new and aged cells with different capacity distributions concerning equalization speeds and final differences of cell energy.
{"title":"Comparison of Active Battery Balancing Systems","authors":"M. Caspar, T. Eiler, S. Hohmann","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007027","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007027","url":null,"abstract":"A quantitative model-based comparison of 10 active balancing circuits is presented for equalizing imbalanced cell energies of lithium-ion batteries. A mean current model approach is introduced for active balancing to describe energy transfers between battery cells for long charge/discharge operation. A Th233;venin model for 96 battery cells is used as a subsystem of a mid-size electric vehicle. In quasi-static simulations, FTP75 driving cycles are continuously repeated until the first cell is discharged from initial full charge. Simulation results are compared for cases of new and aged cells with different capacity distributions concerning equalization speeds and final differences of cell energy.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115183669","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007012
C. Dufour, S. Cense, J. Bélanger
This paper explains a real-time simulator configured for the testing of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives and Induction Motor Drives along with the associated power electronics, like boost and buck converters. The technology is based on FPGA and is coded in a way that a unique bitstream can be used for all power electronic topology and parameters, therefore avoiding the typically very long compilation time of FPGAs. This paper highlights one such solver called eHS that enables test engineers to model user defined power electronic topologies and simulate them on the real-time simulator in a matter of minutes.
{"title":"An FPGA HIL Reconfigurable Testing Platform for Vehicular Traction Systems","authors":"C. Dufour, S. Cense, J. Bélanger","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007012","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007012","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explains a real-time simulator configured for the testing of Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Drives, Switched Reluctance Motor Drives and Induction Motor Drives along with the associated power electronics, like boost and buck converters. The technology is based on FPGA and is coded in a way that a unique bitstream can be used for all power electronic topology and parameters, therefore avoiding the typically very long compilation time of FPGAs. This paper highlights one such solver called eHS that enables test engineers to model user defined power electronic topologies and simulate them on the real-time simulator in a matter of minutes.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"101 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127514540","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007041
David Camilo Toquica Cardenas, Neigel Marx, L. Boulon, F. Gustin, D. Hissel
Multi stack fuel cell systems provide higher performances and reliability than single stack fuel cell systems. The aim of this paper is to investigate the degraded mode operation of multi- stack fuel cell systems upon the loss of one of its stack. The different power allocation strategies impact the behavior of the multi-stack fuel cell system. Fuel consumption results on a driving cycle acquired on the Hydrogen Research Institute's (HRI) test vehicle also depends on the chosen allocation strategy. The simulations have been conducted in MATLAB - Simulink. The results show that with a simple reconfiguration of the system the multistack system can still complete the driving cycle. The fuel consumption results during normal and degraded mode operation are compared and show acceptable efficiency loss during degraded mode operation.
{"title":"Degraded Mode Operation of Multi-Stack Fuel Cell Systems","authors":"David Camilo Toquica Cardenas, Neigel Marx, L. Boulon, F. Gustin, D. Hissel","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007041","url":null,"abstract":"Multi stack fuel cell systems provide higher performances and reliability than single stack fuel cell systems. The aim of this paper is to investigate the degraded mode operation of multi- stack fuel cell systems upon the loss of one of its stack. The different power allocation strategies impact the behavior of the multi-stack fuel cell system. Fuel consumption results on a driving cycle acquired on the Hydrogen Research Institute's (HRI) test vehicle also depends on the chosen allocation strategy. The simulations have been conducted in MATLAB - Simulink. The results show that with a simple reconfiguration of the system the multistack system can still complete the driving cycle. The fuel consumption results during normal and degraded mode operation are compared and show acceptable efficiency loss during degraded mode operation.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114612566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007102
R. Mignot, C. Espanet, D. Chamagne, Thierry Martin
This paper is related to the French project TRAX, whose aim is to develop a new direct drive electric motorization for "all electric" vehicles. The final objective of this project is to develop an innovative motorization industrially feasible for massive production. In this context, we have proposed to design an original axial flux permanent magnet motor with using an Analytical Model (AM) based on a Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC). The development of an MEC will take into account the magnetic saturation and complex 3D shapes of the stator. A strong attention is paid on magnetic leakages between the rotor and the stator, which are modelized in 3D. The model and the obtained results are presented with details. To validate the MEC model, the results are compared with those obtained from 3D Finite Element Model (FEM). The MEC should be able to replace the 3D FEM if a compromise between computation time and the accuracy is accepted.
{"title":"Modeling of an Axial Flux PM Motor Using a 3D Magnetic Equivalent Circuit","authors":"R. Mignot, C. Espanet, D. Chamagne, Thierry Martin","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007102","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007102","url":null,"abstract":"This paper is related to the French project TRAX, whose aim is to develop a new direct drive electric motorization for \"all electric\" vehicles. The final objective of this project is to develop an innovative motorization industrially feasible for massive production. In this context, we have proposed to design an original axial flux permanent magnet motor with using an Analytical Model (AM) based on a Magnetic Equivalent Circuit (MEC). The development of an MEC will take into account the magnetic saturation and complex 3D shapes of the stator. A strong attention is paid on magnetic leakages between the rotor and the stator, which are modelized in 3D. The model and the obtained results are presented with details. To validate the MEC model, the results are compared with those obtained from 3D Finite Element Model (FEM). The MEC should be able to replace the 3D FEM if a compromise between computation time and the accuracy is accepted.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116082190","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-10-01DOI: 10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007070
Ramsha Karampuri, J. Prieto, F. Barrero, Sachin Jain
The interest of Direct Torque Control (DTC) methods in conventional three-phase induction motor drives has been stated by the scientific community and the industry in the very recent decades. Multiphase electric drives have also been recently proposed for applications where the highest overall system reliability and power distribution per phase are required, being transportation systems one of these applications. The DTC technique has been extended to the multiphase drive case at a higher computational cost than in the three-phase case, particularly the symmetrical five-phase and asymmetrical six-phase induction machines. This paper extends for the first time the use of DTC in n-phase induction machines, being 'n' any odd number higher than three. The strategy for this extension to any n-phase induction machine is presented, and simulation results are provided to illustrate the interest of the proposed technique.
{"title":"Extension of the DTC Technique to Multiphase Induction Motor Drives Using Any Odd Number of Phases","authors":"Ramsha Karampuri, J. Prieto, F. Barrero, Sachin Jain","doi":"10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007070","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/VPPC.2014.7007070","url":null,"abstract":"The interest of Direct Torque Control (DTC) methods in conventional three-phase induction motor drives has been stated by the scientific community and the industry in the very recent decades. Multiphase electric drives have also been recently proposed for applications where the highest overall system reliability and power distribution per phase are required, being transportation systems one of these applications. The DTC technique has been extended to the multiphase drive case at a higher computational cost than in the three-phase case, particularly the symmetrical five-phase and asymmetrical six-phase induction machines. This paper extends for the first time the use of DTC in n-phase induction machines, being 'n' any odd number higher than three. The strategy for this extension to any n-phase induction machine is presented, and simulation results are provided to illustrate the interest of the proposed technique.","PeriodicalId":133160,"journal":{"name":"2014 IEEE Vehicle Power and Propulsion Conference (VPPC)","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124270012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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