Medical teachers need to use different pedagogical approaches to enhance student learning. Students are exposed to the flipped classroom (FC) in addition to the other teaching approaches which may enhance the comprehension, interpretation, and analytic skills of the students. The objective of this study was to compare the test scores obtained after the FC teaching session with the test scores obtained after a traditional classroom teaching session on a topic in skeletal muscle physiology delivered to 1st-year undergraduate medical students. Twenty-one 1st-year undergraduate medical students, undergoing a musculoskeletal system module at a private medical college were involved in this study. Students in the flipped pedagogical method were required to read the notes and power-point slides provided in addition to watching the prerecorded lecture videos before class. During the class, there was a topic review session followed by a small case discussion in groups. In the traditional classroom, students were advised to attend the lectures but there were no recorded videos to watch before the session. The effectiveness of the two types of pedagogical approaches was tested through pre-test and post-test using multiple-choice questions. The students’ perception of FC was collected through a semi-structured validated questionnaire. The pre-test mean score was higher for FC (5.48 ± 1.44) when compared to the traditional classroom (3.19 ± 1.4). In our study, the scores from pre-test to post-test in a traditional classroom showed statistically significant improvement (P = 0.0014) but were not statistically significant in the FC. In the flipped pedagogical approach, the difference between mean correct responses for question number 5 (P = 0.031) in pre-test and post-test was statistically significant. There was an improvement in the mean scores in all the eight questions between pre-test and post-tests in the traditional pedagogical method of teaching. About 79.6% of students agreed that they watched all the assigned videos and 78.6% of students completed reading the assigned power-point presentation slides before coming to the FC. About 78.5% agreed to learn more topics in FC format and 78.6% of students agreed that FC was more engaging and interesting in comparison to a traditional class. Our study showed that flipped and traditional pedagogical approaches both enhance student learning.
{"title":"Flipped pedagogical approach in teaching skeletal muscle physiology for undergraduate medical students","authors":"Rekha Prabhu, Girish Prabhu","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_63_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_63_2021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Medical teachers need to use different pedagogical approaches to enhance student learning. Students are exposed to the flipped classroom (FC) in addition to the other teaching approaches which may enhance the comprehension, interpretation, and analytic skills of the students. The objective of this study was to compare the test scores obtained after the FC teaching session with the test scores obtained after a traditional classroom teaching session on a topic in skeletal muscle physiology delivered to 1st-year undergraduate medical students.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Twenty-one 1st-year undergraduate medical students, undergoing a musculoskeletal system module at a private medical college were involved in this study. Students in the flipped pedagogical method were required to read the notes and power-point slides provided in addition to watching the prerecorded lecture videos before class. During the class, there was a topic review session followed by a small case discussion in groups. In the traditional classroom, students were advised to attend the lectures but there were no recorded videos to watch before the session. The effectiveness of the two types of pedagogical approaches was tested through pre-test and post-test using multiple-choice questions. The students’ perception of FC was collected through a semi-structured validated questionnaire.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The pre-test mean score was higher for FC (5.48 ± 1.44) when compared to the traditional classroom (3.19 ± 1.4). In our study, the scores from pre-test to post-test in a traditional classroom showed statistically significant improvement (P = 0.0014) but were not statistically significant in the FC. In the flipped pedagogical approach, the difference between mean correct responses for question number 5 (P = 0.031) in pre-test and post-test was statistically significant. There was an improvement in the mean scores in all the eight questions between pre-test and post-tests in the traditional pedagogical method of teaching. About 79.6% of students agreed that they watched all the assigned videos and 78.6% of students completed reading the assigned power-point presentation slides before coming to the FC. About 78.5% agreed to learn more topics in FC format and 78.6% of students agreed that FC was more engaging and interesting in comparison to a traditional class.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Our study showed that flipped and traditional pedagogical approaches both enhance student learning.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43167943","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Pant, Rajalakshmi Rajasegaran, B. Dubashi, P. Jagadesan, S. Ganapathy
Oncology caregivers often endure a significant amount of psychosocial stress while going through the experience of caregiving for their dependents. Exposure to chronic stress disrupts the cardiac autonomic balance and increases the risk of cardiovascular events. There is a paucity of research on the association between caregiving strain and cardiac autonomic status of primary oncology caregivers. This study aimed to assess the cardiac autonomic balance and its association with the levels of perceived strain and quality of life (QOL) of primary oncology caregivers. Forty-six individuals (30 males and 16 females) who have been primary caregivers of patients under the treatment for cancer at the Regional Cancer Centre over the past 3 months–1 year were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Cardiac autonomic status was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) technique. The level of strain perceived and QOL of the study participants were assessed using the Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI) and Caregiver QOL-Cancer (CQOL-C) questionnaires, respectively. Comparison of study parameters based on MCSI scores (low strain vs. moderate-high strain) was done using the Independent Student’s t-test. Spearman rank correlation coefficient test was performed to assess the correlation between sympathovagal balance (Low frequency [LF]/high frequency [HF]) and other study parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict the LF/HF ratio with independent variables MCSI score and CQOL-C score. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant. Significantly high blood pressure, LF power, LF nu (LF normalised units) and LF/HF ratio were observed among caregivers with moderate-to-high caregiving strain as compared to those with low strain levels, while significantly low HF nu (HF normalised units) and CQOL-C scores were noted among the moderate-to-high caregiving strain subgroup as compared to the low caregiving strain subgroup. LF/HF ratio revealed a significant positive correlation with the level of caregiving strain (r = 0.563, P < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation with the QOL (r = −0.489, P = 0.001) of caregivers. However, on regression analysis, the level of caregiving strain was found to be a significant predictor of autonomic dysfunction unlike the caregivers’ QOL. Increased caregiving strain is associated with cardiac autonomic imbalance in primary oncology caregivers.
{"title":"Caregiving strain is associated with cardiac autonomic imbalance in primary oncology caregivers: A cross-sectional analytical study","authors":"A. Pant, Rajalakshmi Rajasegaran, B. Dubashi, P. Jagadesan, S. Ganapathy","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_307_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_307_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Oncology caregivers often endure a significant amount of psychosocial stress while going through the experience of caregiving for their dependents. Exposure to chronic stress disrupts the cardiac autonomic balance and increases the risk of cardiovascular events. There is a paucity of research on the association between caregiving strain and cardiac autonomic status of primary oncology caregivers. This study aimed to assess the cardiac autonomic balance and its association with the levels of perceived strain and quality of life (QOL) of primary oncology caregivers.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Forty-six individuals (30 males and 16 females) who have been primary caregivers of patients under the treatment for cancer at the Regional Cancer Centre over the past 3 months–1 year were recruited in this cross-sectional study. Cardiac autonomic status was assessed by heart rate variability (HRV) technique. The level of strain perceived and QOL of the study participants were assessed using the Modified Caregiver Strain Index (MCSI) and Caregiver QOL-Cancer (CQOL-C) questionnaires, respectively. Comparison of study parameters based on MCSI scores (low strain vs. moderate-high strain) was done using the Independent Student’s t-test. Spearman rank correlation coefficient test was performed to assess the correlation between sympathovagal balance (Low frequency [LF]/high frequency [HF]) and other study parameters. Multiple linear regression analysis was performed to predict the LF/HF ratio with independent variables MCSI score and CQOL-C score. P < 0.05 was considered statistically significant.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Significantly high blood pressure, LF power, LF nu (LF normalised units) and LF/HF ratio were observed among caregivers with moderate-to-high caregiving strain as compared to those with low strain levels, while significantly low HF nu (HF normalised units) and CQOL-C scores were noted among the moderate-to-high caregiving strain subgroup as compared to the low caregiving strain subgroup. LF/HF ratio revealed a significant positive correlation with the level of caregiving strain (r = 0.563, P < 0.001) and a significant negative correlation with the QOL (r = −0.489, P = 0.001) of caregivers. However, on regression analysis, the level of caregiving strain was found to be a significant predictor of autonomic dysfunction unlike the caregivers’ QOL.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Increased caregiving strain is associated with cardiac autonomic imbalance in primary oncology caregivers.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49354949","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study aims to assess the magnitude of anxiety, stress, and depression among private practitioners during the COVID pandemic 2020. A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was done using a semi-structured questionnaire through electronic media in the form of Google Forms. Patient health questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) and Perceived Stress Scale-10 were incorporated into the questionnaire to assess the psychological status in November 2020. A total of 157 private practitioners participated in the study. Males constituted 60%. Participants have mean age (SD) of 44.2 (6.9) years with work experience and a mean (SD) of 16.3 (6.78) years. The anxiety and depression subscales of the PHQ-4 scale showed that 54.7% of the private practitioners have anxiety subscale ≥3 and 28% have depression subscale >3 needing further psychiatric evaluation. Significant predictors of anxiety and depression were female gender, younger and less experienced, and those providing inpatient services in COVID care isolation facilities. There is a high prevalence of anxiety, stress, and depression among private practitioners comparable with other countries.
{"title":"A study to assess anxiety, stress and depression among private medical practitioners during COVID-19 pandemic: An observational study","authors":"Sanju Goel, A. Patra, Vishal Malhotra, S. Kaura","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_102_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_102_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000This study aims to assess the magnitude of anxiety, stress, and depression among private practitioners during the COVID pandemic 2020.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A descriptive, observational and cross-sectional study was done using a semi-structured questionnaire through electronic media in the form of Google Forms. Patient health questionnaire 4 (PHQ-4) and Perceived Stress Scale-10 were incorporated into the questionnaire to assess the psychological status in November 2020.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000A total of 157 private practitioners participated in the study. Males constituted 60%. Participants have mean age (SD) of 44.2 (6.9) years with work experience and a mean (SD) of 16.3 (6.78) years. The anxiety and depression subscales of the PHQ-4 scale showed that 54.7% of the private practitioners have anxiety subscale ≥3 and 28% have depression subscale >3 needing further psychiatric evaluation. Significant predictors of anxiety and depression were female gender, younger and less experienced, and those providing inpatient services in COVID care isolation facilities.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000There is a high prevalence of anxiety, stress, and depression among private practitioners comparable with other countries.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46739462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that affects many organs. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Thus, the present study aimed to use oxidative stress markers as early predictors for the progression of diabetic complications. The study sample included 400 individuals (300 T2DM and 100 non-diabetic controls) aged from 35 to 59 years randomly selected from the outpatient clinic of the National Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology. T2DM patients were divided into subgroups: Subgroup (1) patients without any complications, Subgroup (2) patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and Subgroup (3) patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD). Biochemical markers of fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate, arginase, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), haemoglobin (Hb), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and nitric oxide (NO) were performed. DM patients showed significant increases in body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, FBS, HbA1C, cholesterol, TG, LDL-C and glomerular filtration rate, while HDL-C decreased. Significant increases were observed in HO-1, MDA and NO, while G6PD/lactate, GSH and CAT decreased in DM patients. The DN and CVD patients exhibited a significant increase in HO-1, MDA and NO; while G6PD/lactate, GSH and CAT decreased compared with DM patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of oxidative stress markers were 66.67–100%. Hexose monophosphate (HMP)/glycolysis pathways are shifted during DM near glycolysis rather than HMP pathway to produce energy where the amount of glucose enters the cells is low, causing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress markers could be used as early predictors of diabetes complications.
{"title":"Oxidative stress markers as early predictors of diabetes complications in Type 2 diabetic patients","authors":"A. Abdel-Raheem, H. Hamed, E. Fahim, A. Mohamed","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_120_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_120_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a complex disease that affects many organs. Oxidative stress plays a key role in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and β-cell dysfunction. Thus, the present study aimed to use oxidative stress markers as early predictors for the progression of diabetic complications.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The study sample included 400 individuals (300 T2DM and 100 non-diabetic controls) aged from 35 to 59 years randomly selected from the outpatient clinic of the National Institute for Diabetes and Endocrinology. T2DM patients were divided into subgroups: Subgroup (1) patients without any complications, Subgroup (2) patients with diabetic nephropathy (DN) and Subgroup (3) patients with cardiovascular disorders (CVD). Biochemical markers of fasting blood glucose, glycated haemoglobin (HbA1C), glucose-6-phosphate dehydrogenase (G6PD), lactate, arginase, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1), haemoglobin (Hb), triglycerides (TG), cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), urea, creatinine, malondialdehyde (MDA), reduced glutathione (GSH), catalase (CAT) and nitric oxide (NO) were performed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000DM patients showed significant increases in body mass index, systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, FBS, HbA1C, cholesterol, TG, LDL-C and glomerular filtration rate, while HDL-C decreased. Significant increases were observed in HO-1, MDA and NO, while G6PD/lactate, GSH and CAT decreased in DM patients. The DN and CVD patients exhibited a significant increase in HO-1, MDA and NO; while G6PD/lactate, GSH and CAT decreased compared with DM patients. Receiver operating characteristic analysis showed that the sensitivity and specificity of oxidative stress markers were 66.67–100%.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Hexose monophosphate (HMP)/glycolysis pathways are shifted during DM near glycolysis rather than HMP pathway to produce energy where the amount of glucose enters the cells is low, causing oxidative stress. Oxidative stress markers could be used as early predictors of diabetes complications.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46237482","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Padmini Thalanjeri, Grrishma Balakrishnan, B. Kalpana, S. I. Ali
The present study aims to document the effectiveness of self-directed activity-based Autonomous Learning for Advanced Acquisition of Physiology (ALAAP) module for endocrine learning among undergraduate physical therapy students. Fifty-five second semester students (28 males and 27 females) of the physical therapy course of a private healthcare university were recruited and the traditional didactic method of teaching-learning was compared with that of the newly developed ALAAP module. The triad approach employed to compare the scores of pre-test and post-test after the ALAAP module intervention showed P < 0.001 and Hedges’ g effect size of 0.75 with a 95% CI of –3.41 to –1.5 implying the effectiveness of the module to be strong. Furthermore, the feedback obtained was favourable toward this module and showed that there was an increase in both the affective and cognitive domains of learning. ALAAP module for endocrine physiology is effective and positively targeted all types of learners. It helped their transition from pedagogy to andragogy type of deep learning. The group work done by the students as a part of this module instilled collaborative and cooperative learning in them.
{"title":"Impact of Autonomous Learning for Advanced Acquisition of Physiology (ALAAP) module among undergraduate health-care professional students","authors":"Padmini Thalanjeri, Grrishma Balakrishnan, B. Kalpana, S. I. Ali","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_252_2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_252_2020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The present study aims to document the effectiveness of self-directed activity-based Autonomous Learning for Advanced Acquisition of Physiology (ALAAP) module for endocrine learning among undergraduate physical therapy students.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Fifty-five second semester students (28 males and 27 females) of the physical therapy course of a private healthcare university were recruited and the traditional didactic method of teaching-learning was compared with that of the newly developed ALAAP module.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The triad approach employed to compare the scores of pre-test and post-test after the ALAAP module intervention showed P < 0.001 and Hedges’ g effect size of 0.75 with a 95% CI of –3.41 to –1.5 implying the effectiveness of the module to be strong. Furthermore, the feedback obtained was favourable toward this module and showed that there was an increase in both the affective and cognitive domains of learning.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000ALAAP module for endocrine physiology is effective and positively targeted all types of learners. It helped their transition from pedagogy to andragogy type of deep learning. The group work done by the students as a part of this module instilled collaborative and cooperative learning in them.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46648085","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antidepressants, when prescribed to treat adolescent depression tend to induce adverse effects, including suicidal tendencies. This is because the adolescent brain circuitry is still maturing and is therefore extremely vulnerable. As such, the search is on for compounds for use in complementary/alternative medicine. Polyherbal formulations are widely used as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of depression. Such formulations and plant extracts are being studied in adult rodent models using standard pharmacological parameters, but not much emphasis has been given to testing the same in adolescents and endogenous animal models of depression. Therefore, the present study was focused on testing out the effect of the polyherbal formulation Mentone® on depression- and anxiety-like profiles and brain neurochemistry in the adolescent Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY), a putative model of endogenous and treatment-resistant depression (TRD). Mentone®, a polyherbal formulation comprising of four different plant species: Centella asiatica (Brahmi), Evolvulus alsinoides (Shankapushpi), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Yashtimadhu) was tested at two (18 and 36 mg/kg body weight) doses from the post-natal day (pnd) 25 to pnd 42 using standard neurobehavioral paradigms. Vehicular controls were intubated with saline and positive controls with 10 mg/kg body weight of conventional antidepressant, Fluoxetine. From pnd 35 onwards, animals were tested on a battery of tests, including sucrose preference, novel open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim or Porsolt’s learned helplessness test. On pnd 42, animals were sacrificed and brain regional tissues such as the Prefrontal cortex (PFC), Striatum (Str), Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), and Hippocampus were microdissected out and subjected to reverse phase HPLC for the separation and quantification of monoamines: Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in reference to external standards. Mentone® reversed anhedonia by increasing sucrose consumption in Mentone®-treated as compared to Fluoxetine-treated groups. However, there was no effect on anxiety-related parameters in the novel open field or elevated plus-maze. Mentone® exhibited significant anti-depressant-like effects as indicated by its ability to reduce swim stress-induced immobility in Porsolt’s behavioural despair test with a concomitant increase in climbing or struggling behaviour, signifying reversal of depressive-like symptomatology. HPLC-based separation and quantification of brain regional levels of monoamines and their metabolites revealed increased DA levels in NAc and Str in treated groups with decreased levels of metabolite DOPAC in Mentone®-treated groups indicating increased DA tone. Significantly reduced 5-HT metabolite 5-HIAA levels in both PFC and Str is indicative of increased 5-HT tone in both Mentone®- and
{"title":"Effect of Mentone® on depression- and anxiety-like profiles and regional brain neurochemistry in the adolescent Wistar Kyoto rat, a putative model of endogenous depression","authors":"Reshma A. Shetty, M. Sadananda","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_464_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_464_2021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Antidepressants, when prescribed to treat adolescent depression tend to induce adverse effects, including suicidal tendencies. This is because the adolescent brain circuitry is still maturing and is therefore extremely vulnerable. As such, the search is on for compounds for use in complementary/alternative medicine. Polyherbal formulations are widely used as therapeutic alternatives for the treatment of depression. Such formulations and plant extracts are being studied in adult rodent models using standard pharmacological parameters, but not much emphasis has been given to testing the same in adolescents and endogenous animal models of depression. Therefore, the present study was focused on testing out the effect of the polyherbal formulation Mentone® on depression- and anxiety-like profiles and brain neurochemistry in the adolescent Wistar Kyoto rat (WKY), a putative model of endogenous and treatment-resistant depression (TRD).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Mentone®, a polyherbal formulation comprising of four different plant species: Centella asiatica (Brahmi), Evolvulus alsinoides (Shankapushpi), Tinospora cordifolia (Guduchi), and Glycyrrhiza glabra (Yashtimadhu) was tested at two (18 and 36 mg/kg body weight) doses from the post-natal day (pnd) 25 to pnd 42 using standard neurobehavioral paradigms. Vehicular controls were intubated with saline and positive controls with 10 mg/kg body weight of conventional antidepressant, Fluoxetine. From pnd 35 onwards, animals were tested on a battery of tests, including sucrose preference, novel open field, elevated plus maze, and forced swim or Porsolt’s learned helplessness test. On pnd 42, animals were sacrificed and brain regional tissues such as the Prefrontal cortex (PFC), Striatum (Str), Nucleus Accumbens (NAc), and Hippocampus were microdissected out and subjected to reverse phase HPLC for the separation and quantification of monoamines: Norepinephrine (NE), dopamine (DA), serotonin (5-HT) and their metabolites, 3,4-Dihydroxyphenylacetic acid (DOPAC) and 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (5-HIAA) in reference to external standards.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Mentone® reversed anhedonia by increasing sucrose consumption in Mentone®-treated as compared to Fluoxetine-treated groups. However, there was no effect on anxiety-related parameters in the novel open field or elevated plus-maze. Mentone® exhibited significant anti-depressant-like effects as indicated by its ability to reduce swim stress-induced immobility in Porsolt’s behavioural despair test with a concomitant increase in climbing or struggling behaviour, signifying reversal of depressive-like symptomatology. HPLC-based separation and quantification of brain regional levels of monoamines and their metabolites revealed increased DA levels in NAc and Str in treated groups with decreased levels of metabolite DOPAC in Mentone®-treated groups indicating increased DA tone. Significantly reduced 5-HT metabolite 5-HIAA levels in both PFC and Str is indicative of increased 5-HT tone in both Mentone®- and ","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44790415","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Krishan Singh, A. Shekhar, Santoshkumar Singh, Rakesh Kumar, A. Yadav, P. Manimaran, N. Sethy
The present study was planned to delineate the blood pressure (BP) response of the lowlanders during initial 6 days of acclimatisation to high altitude. 398 normotensive sojourners at sea level ascended to HA (3,500 m). Blood pressure response of these subjects were analysed for 6 consecutive days at HA. Based on the BP response of these subjects on the 6th day at HA they were divided into two groups: HBP-high BP group and NBP- normal BP group. It showed that on 6th day at HA, 51 out of 398 subjects presented with BP≥140/90 mmHg (HBP) while others remained normotensive (NBP). Comparative systolic BP of HBP and NBP groups during successive days at HA were as follows: HA day 1 (146.8 ± 13.7 mmHg vs 146.3 ± 8.8 mmHg, p>0.05), HA day 4 (144.5 ± 8.7 mmHg vs 135.0 ± 7.0 mmHg, p<0.05) and HA day 6 (148.1 ± 7.9 mmHg vs 131.7 ± 5.3 mmHg, p<0.05). Whereas, diastolic BP of HBP and NBP groups were: HA day 1 (94.0 ± 8.1 mmHg vs 93.2 ± 6.6 mmHg, p>0.05), HA day 4 (88.9 ± 6.0 mmHg vs 85.3 ± 5.1 mmHg, p<0.05) and HA day 6 (93.8 ± 6.3 mmHg vs 83.7 ± 3.8 mmHg, p<0.05). It was found that NBP had initially raised BP which returned to normal levels after acclimatisation period of 6 days, but in HBP, it started rising after 4th day. It can be concluded that those individuals whose BP on 6th day at HA does not return to normal after acclimatisation period needs regular follow up as these individuals can have a delayed acclimatisation normalising BP later on or can become hypertensive subsequently.
本研究旨在描述低地人在适应高原的最初6天内的血压（BP）反应。398名血压正常的旅居者在海平面上升到HA（3500米）。在HA连续6天分析这些受试者的血压反应。根据这些受试者在HA第6天的BP反应，将他们分为两组：HBP高BP组和NBP正常BP组。结果显示，在HA治疗的第6天，398名受试者中有51人出现血压≥140/90mmHg（HBP），而其他受试者则保持血压正常（NBP）。HBP组和NBP组在HA连续几天的收缩压比较如下：HA第1天（146.8±13.7 mmHg vs 146.3±8.8 mmHg，p>0.05）、HA第4天（144.5±8.7 mmHg vs 135.0±7.0 mmHg，p0.05），HA第4天（88.9±6.0 mmHg vs 85.3±5.1 mmHg，p＜0.05）和HA第6天（93.8±6.3 mmHg vs 83.7±3.8 mmHg，p＜0.05）。可以得出的结论是，那些在HA第6天的血压在适应期后没有恢复正常的个体需要定期随访，因为这些个体可能会出现延迟的适应期，使血压稍后恢复正常，或者随后可能患上高血压。
{"title":"Blood pressure trend of lowlanders during first 6 days of acclimatisation to high altitude","authors":"Krishan Singh, A. Shekhar, Santoshkumar Singh, Rakesh Kumar, A. Yadav, P. Manimaran, N. Sethy","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_446_2021","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_446_2021","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The present study was planned to delineate the blood pressure (BP) response of the lowlanders during initial 6 days of acclimatisation to high altitude.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000398 normotensive sojourners at sea level ascended to HA (3,500 m). Blood pressure response of these subjects were analysed for 6 consecutive days at HA. Based on the BP response of these subjects on the 6th day at HA they were divided into two groups: HBP-high BP group and NBP- normal BP group.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000It showed that on 6th day at HA, 51 out of 398 subjects presented with BP≥140/90 mmHg (HBP) while others remained normotensive (NBP). Comparative systolic BP of HBP and NBP groups during successive days at HA were as follows: HA day 1 (146.8 ± 13.7 mmHg vs 146.3 ± 8.8 mmHg, p>0.05), HA day 4 (144.5 ± 8.7 mmHg vs 135.0 ± 7.0 mmHg, p<0.05) and HA day 6 (148.1 ± 7.9 mmHg vs 131.7 ± 5.3 mmHg, p<0.05). Whereas, diastolic BP of HBP and NBP groups were: HA day 1 (94.0 ± 8.1 mmHg vs 93.2 ± 6.6 mmHg, p>0.05), HA day 4 (88.9 ± 6.0 mmHg vs 85.3 ± 5.1 mmHg, p<0.05) and HA day 6 (93.8 ± 6.3 mmHg vs 83.7 ± 3.8 mmHg, p<0.05).\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000It was found that NBP had initially raised BP which returned to normal levels after acclimatisation period of 6 days, but in HBP, it started rising after 4th day. It can be concluded that those individuals whose BP on 6th day at HA does not return to normal after acclimatisation period needs regular follow up as these individuals can have a delayed acclimatisation normalising BP later on or can become hypertensive subsequently.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47673054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Kumar Gandharva, S. Sharma, M. Aggithaya, S. Narahari, Sruthi Mol Valliyodan, S. Telles
{"title":"Heart rate variability following an integrative treatment consisting of Ayurveda, biomedicine, and yoga in patients with lymphedema","authors":"Kumar Gandharva, S. Sharma, M. Aggithaya, S. Narahari, Sruthi Mol Valliyodan, S. Telles","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_139_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_139_2022","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47552115","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Hypertension (HTN) is an inherited disorder and these patients manifest with cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD). The present study intends to assess the presence of pre HTN, clinical and subclinical CAD in adolescents with a family history of HTN, and to obtain its correlation with anthropometric values. After obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent, three groups containing 50 subjects each, of age 17–19 years were included in the study. (Group-I: Normotensives without a family history of HTN; Group-II: Normotensives with a family history of HTN and Group-III: prehypertensives). CAD was done by performing (1) resting tachycardia, (2) loss of sinus arrhythmia, and (3) heart rate response to the Valsalva manoeuvre. If any two of them are positive then the presence of CAD was confirmed. Height, weight, BMI, SBP and DBP was significantly higher in group 3 (prehypertensives). Confirmed CAD findings was seen in 36% of group 2 and 46% of group 3 participants. Of the anthropometric parameters, a significant positive correlation was seen between weight and SBP, DBP and CAD parameters, and height with SBP and DBP. Clinical and subclinical CAD exists in adolescents with risk factors for HTN including heredity, obesity, and pre-HTN values. These risk factors show multiplicative effects for disease genesis and indicate high sympathetic and low parasympathetic drives. Extra care should be taken to curb the onset of clinical HTN and CAD in these young adults. Additional work needs to be done on pathophysiological mechanisms for the same.
{"title":"To assess the prevalence of clinical and subclinical cardiac autonomic dysfunction in adolescent with family history of hypertension and adolescent with prehypertension; correlating with adolescent anthropometric parameters","authors":"S. Herlekar, Deeksha Kapparrad","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_349_2020","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_349_2020","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000Hypertension (HTN) is an inherited disorder and these patients manifest with cardiac autonomic dysfunction (CAD). The present study intends to assess the presence of pre HTN, clinical and subclinical CAD in adolescents with a family history of HTN, and to obtain its correlation with anthropometric values.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000After obtaining ethical clearance and informed consent, three groups containing 50 subjects each, of age 17–19 years were included in the study. (Group-I: Normotensives without a family history of HTN; Group-II: Normotensives with a family history of HTN and Group-III: prehypertensives). CAD was done by performing (1) resting tachycardia, (2) loss of sinus arrhythmia, and (3) heart rate response to the Valsalva manoeuvre. If any two of them are positive then the presence of CAD was confirmed.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Height, weight, BMI, SBP and DBP was significantly higher in group 3 (prehypertensives). Confirmed CAD findings was seen in 36% of group 2 and 46% of group 3 participants. Of the anthropometric parameters, a significant positive correlation was seen between weight and SBP, DBP and CAD parameters, and height with SBP and DBP.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Clinical and subclinical CAD exists in adolescents with risk factors for HTN including heredity, obesity, and pre-HTN values. These risk factors show multiplicative effects for disease genesis and indicate high sympathetic and low parasympathetic drives. Extra care should be taken to curb the onset of clinical HTN and CAD in these young adults. Additional work needs to be done on pathophysiological mechanisms for the same.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44939858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this article is to explain the detailed methodology to record Motor evoked potential (MEP) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) in adult albino Wistar rat, male (200–250 g) which has not been defined previously. We have standardised recording of both MEP and SSEP in these rats under anaesthesia on ADI digital polyrite system. Evoked potentials have been widely studied in spinal cord injured patients to estimate the degree of injury and to establish a predictive measure of functional recovery. MEPs and SSEPs, arising from the motor cortex or peripheral nerve and generated either by direct electrical stimulation or by transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been advocated as a reliable indicator of descending and ascending pathway integrity. In the rat brain, there is a physical overlap between the motor and somatosensory cortex. Hence, our objective was to identify the exact area for stimulation in the cortex where we could record maximum response with the application of minimum electrical stimulation. The recording of MEP and SSEP together provides a powerful neurological technique to monitor the tracts of the spinal cord.
{"title":"Recording of motor and somatosensory evoked potential in an anaesthetised Wistar rat using digital polyrite system","authors":"Supti Bhattacharyya, K. Kochhar, S. Jain","doi":"10.25259/ijpp_78_2022","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25259/ijpp_78_2022","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000\u0000The aim of this article is to explain the detailed methodology to record Motor evoked potential (MEP) and somatosensory evoked potential (SSEP) in adult albino Wistar rat, male (200–250 g) which has not been defined previously.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000We have standardised recording of both MEP and SSEP in these rats under anaesthesia on ADI digital polyrite system.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000Evoked potentials have been widely studied in spinal cord injured patients to estimate the degree of injury and to establish a predictive measure of functional recovery. MEPs and SSEPs, arising from the motor cortex or peripheral nerve and generated either by direct electrical stimulation or by transcranial magnetic stimulation, have been advocated as a reliable indicator of descending and ascending pathway integrity. In the rat brain, there is a physical overlap between the motor and somatosensory cortex. Hence, our objective was to identify the exact area for stimulation in the cortex where we could record maximum response with the application of minimum electrical stimulation.\u0000\u0000\u0000\u0000The recording of MEP and SSEP together provides a powerful neurological technique to monitor the tracts of the spinal cord.\u0000","PeriodicalId":13367,"journal":{"name":"Indian journal of physiology and pharmacology","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47468487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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