Pub Date : 2024-11-15DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3497293
{"title":"TechRxiv: Share Your Preprint Research with the World!","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3497293","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3497293","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2484-2484"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10754785","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645500","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An embedded system (ES) for gamma and neutron discrimination in mixed radiation environments is proposed, validated with an off-the-shelf detector consisting of a Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) crystal coupled to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) cell array. This solution employs a machine learning classification model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) running on a commercial field-programmable gate array (FPGA), providing online single-event identification with 98.2% overall accuracy at rates higher than 200 kilocounts/s. Thermal neutrons and fast neutrons up to 5 MeV can be detected and discriminated from gamma events, even under pile-up scenarios with a dead-time lower than $2.5~mu $ s. The system exhibits excellent size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP) characteristics, packed in a volume smaller than 0.6 l and weighing less than 0.5 kg, while ensuring continuous operation with only 1.5 W. These features render our proposal suitable for embedded applications where low SWaP is critical and radiation levels manifest large count rates variability, such as space exploration, portable dosimeters, radiation surveillance on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), and soil moisture monitoring.
{"title":"Gamma/Neutron Online Discrimination Based on Machine Learning With CLYC Detectors","authors":"Iván René Morales;Romina Soledad Molina;Mladen Bogovac;Nikola Jovalekic;Maria Liz Crespo;Kalliopi Kanaki;Giovanni Ramponi;Sergio Carrato","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3498321","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3498321","url":null,"abstract":"An embedded system (ES) for gamma and neutron discrimination in mixed radiation environments is proposed, validated with an off-the-shelf detector consisting of a Cs2LiYCl6:Ce (CLYC) crystal coupled to a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) cell array. This solution employs a machine learning classification model based on a multilayer perceptron (MLP) running on a commercial field-programmable gate array (FPGA), providing online single-event identification with 98.2% overall accuracy at rates higher than 200 kilocounts/s. Thermal neutrons and fast neutrons up to 5 MeV can be detected and discriminated from gamma events, even under pile-up scenarios with a dead-time lower than \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000s. The system exhibits excellent size, weight, and power consumption (SWaP) characteristics, packed in a volume smaller than 0.6 l and weighing less than 0.5 kg, while ensuring continuous operation with only 1.5 W. These features render our proposal suitable for embedded applications where low SWaP is critical and radiation levels manifest large count rates variability, such as space exploration, portable dosimeters, radiation surveillance on uncrewed aerial vehicles (UAVs), and soil moisture monitoring.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2602-2614"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10753073","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859010","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-05DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3491853
Yongbo Yu;Daming Yuan
This study aims to develop positivity-preserving techniques to solve the steady neutron transport equation for a heterogeneous planar slab. Positivity-preserving properties are important and challenging issues. In particular, in regions where both the total cross section and the source-free are zero, the linear scaling limiter may be invalid when the “worst” cases, that is, both the cell average and the cell edge fluxes may be negative in the linear discontinuous (LD) method. This study aims to develop positivity-preserving techniques to solve the steady neutron transport equation for a heterogeneous planar slab. To cope with the “worst” situation, we use a modification to the linear scaling limiter by selecting the inflow or average in the adjacent cell to define the limiter factor, called “inflow preferred” and “average preferred.” These limiters maintain the accuracy of the original polynomial. Numerical results are provided to solve the Reed-like problem to verify the efficiency of the proposed schemes and to compare them with other positivity-preserving techniques.
{"title":"Positivity-Preserving Linear Discontinuous Scheme for Solving Neutron Transport Equation in Heterogeneous Slabs","authors":"Yongbo Yu;Daming Yuan","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3491853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3491853","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to develop positivity-preserving techniques to solve the steady neutron transport equation for a heterogeneous planar slab. Positivity-preserving properties are important and challenging issues. In particular, in regions where both the total cross section and the source-free are zero, the linear scaling limiter may be invalid when the “worst” cases, that is, both the cell average and the cell edge fluxes may be negative in the linear discontinuous (LD) method. This study aims to develop positivity-preserving techniques to solve the steady neutron transport equation for a heterogeneous planar slab. To cope with the “worst” situation, we use a modification to the linear scaling limiter by selecting the inflow or average in the adjacent cell to define the limiter factor, called “inflow preferred” and “average preferred.” These limiters maintain the accuracy of the original polynomial. Numerical results are provided to solve the Reed-like problem to verify the efficiency of the proposed schemes and to compare them with other positivity-preserving techniques.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2493-2498"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859074","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-11-01DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3489713
Fabio Acerbi;Diego Tanagni;Tommaso Marchi;Benito Gongora Servin;Andrea Celentano;Riccardo Bolzonella;Alain Goasduff;J. J. Valiente Dobon;Fabiana Gramegna;Gianmaria Collazuol;Alberto Gola
Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are solid-state single-photon-sensitive detectors more and more used in a large variety of applications, like in high-energy physics (HEP) and space experiments. Recently, one of the main requirements is to cover larger active areas, possibly with a reduced number of channels. In such a scenario, position-sensitive SiPMs have been developed, in which the interaction position is provided by the amplitudes (or charge) of a few output signals. This is commonly done at the single-chip level. Inspired by this concept, in this contribution, we developed a tile of $10times 1$ SiPMs ( $sim 3times 3$ mm2 each) with two output channels, properly spaced to read out an array of ten scintillator bars, covering a total length of 51 mm. Despite being developed to be used in a particle-detection telescope, the concept is general. In the $10times 1$ tile, each SiPM is connected to two amplifiers (integrated on the backside of the board) through a couple of position-weighted resistors (conductance gradually varying between the first channel and the last channel). With such an approach, it is possible to recover the total energy deposited through the sum of the two signal amplitudes, while their normalized difference determines the triggered SiPM, i.e., the coordinate of the scintillating bar within the array. We detail the design, the dimensioning of the $10times 1$ tile, the preliminary characterization with pulsed light, and the final measurements when coupled to the scintillator bar array detecting electrons or alpha particles.
{"title":"Reduced-Channels Position-Sensitive 10×1 SiPM Tile for Scintillator-Bars Readout","authors":"Fabio Acerbi;Diego Tanagni;Tommaso Marchi;Benito Gongora Servin;Andrea Celentano;Riccardo Bolzonella;Alain Goasduff;J. J. Valiente Dobon;Fabiana Gramegna;Gianmaria Collazuol;Alberto Gola","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3489713","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3489713","url":null,"abstract":"Silicon photomultipliers (SiPMs) are solid-state single-photon-sensitive detectors more and more used in a large variety of applications, like in high-energy physics (HEP) and space experiments. Recently, one of the main requirements is to cover larger active areas, possibly with a reduced number of channels. In such a scenario, position-sensitive SiPMs have been developed, in which the interaction position is provided by the amplitudes (or charge) of a few output signals. This is commonly done at the single-chip level. Inspired by this concept, in this contribution, we developed a tile of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 SiPMs (\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 3times 3$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 mm2 each) with two output channels, properly spaced to read out an array of ten scintillator bars, covering a total length of 51 mm. Despite being developed to be used in a particle-detection telescope, the concept is general. In the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 tile, each SiPM is connected to two amplifiers (integrated on the backside of the board) through a couple of position-weighted resistors (conductance gradually varying between the first channel and the last channel). With such an approach, it is possible to recover the total energy deposited through the sum of the two signal amplitudes, while their normalized difference determines the triggered SiPM, i.e., the coordinate of the scintillating bar within the array. We detail the design, the dimensioning of the \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times 1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 tile, the preliminary characterization with pulsed light, and the final measurements when coupled to the scintillator bar array detecting electrons or alpha particles.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2588-2596"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-11-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859054","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-28DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3487524
Brett L. Ringel;Jeffrey W. Teng;Delgermaa Nergui;Zachary R. Brumbach;Mozhgan Hosseinzadeh;Kan Li;En Xia Zhang;Daniel M. Fleetwood;John D. Cressler
The operability and total-ionizing-dose (TID) response of 45-nm annular RF silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nFETs are evaluated and compared with standard layouts. All devices were exposed to 10-keV X-rays, up to a dose of 1 Mrad(SiO2), at both high-gate/low-drain and low-gate/high-drain irradiation conditions. Differences in damage response to dc and small-signal performance between samples are observed as a result of TID-sensitive oxides and their proximity to key transport regions of the devices. Annular FETs are more TID tolerant than standard nFETs while showing small RF performance tradeoffs as well as lower drive currents and higher threshold voltages. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) is used to isolate critical oxides and damage mechanisms in annular and standard layouts to help confirm experimental data and observed damage trends. Taken together, these results suggest that annular FETs represent a valid TID-hardening approach in small-lithography RF silicon-on-insulator complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology platforms for both dc and RF applications.
{"title":"RF Performance and TID Hardness Tradeoffs in Annular 45-nm RF SOI CMOS Devices","authors":"Brett L. Ringel;Jeffrey W. Teng;Delgermaa Nergui;Zachary R. Brumbach;Mozhgan Hosseinzadeh;Kan Li;En Xia Zhang;Daniel M. Fleetwood;John D. Cressler","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3487524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3487524","url":null,"abstract":"The operability and total-ionizing-dose (TID) response of 45-nm annular RF silicon-on-insulator (SOI) nFETs are evaluated and compared with standard layouts. All devices were exposed to 10-keV X-rays, up to a dose of 1 Mrad(SiO2), at both high-gate/low-drain and low-gate/high-drain irradiation conditions. Differences in damage response to dc and small-signal performance between samples are observed as a result of TID-sensitive oxides and their proximity to key transport regions of the devices. Annular FETs are more TID tolerant than standard nFETs while showing small RF performance tradeoffs as well as lower drive currents and higher threshold voltages. Technology computer-aided design (TCAD) is used to isolate critical oxides and damage mechanisms in annular and standard layouts to help confirm experimental data and observed damage trends. Taken together, these results suggest that annular FETs represent a valid TID-hardening approach in small-lithography RF silicon-on-insulator complementary metal-oxide semiconductor technology platforms for both dc and RF applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 2","pages":"154-163"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430520","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low-energy X-ray polarization detector (LPD) is a large-area and wide-field-of-view (FoV) X-ray polarimeter planned to be installed on the China Space Station. The LPD is designed to measure the polarization of gamma bursts and their early X-ray afterglows, facilitating studies of celestial bodies and radiation mechanisms at the centers of gamma bursts. The LPD consists of 15 detection units with identical structure and function. A detection unit prototype was developed, featuring six pixel detectors compactly placed on a bonding and front-end electronics (BFE) board with an effective detection area of $27.36~rm cm^{2}$ . Each pixel detector has 16 analog output channels, after which data are amplified, digitized, and transmitted via the board-to-board (BTB) connector to the data acquisition (DAQ) board for processing. The prototype also includes an internal high-voltage circuit with up to −4-kV voltages. The test results indicate that the detection unit prototype can simultaneously read data from 96 channels of pixel detectors with an equivalent charge noise of 49.49 e $^{-}$ . It features comprehensive power management, offers configurable data compression, storage, and encoding, and meets all functional requirements of the detection unit.
低能x射线偏振探测器（LPD）是计划安装在中国空间站上的一种大面积、宽视场（FoV） x射线偏振计。LPD旨在测量伽马暴及其早期x射线余辉的极化，促进伽玛暴中心天体和辐射机制的研究。LPD由15个结构和功能相同的检测单元组成。开发了一个检测单元原型，将六个像素探测器紧凑地放置在键合和前端电子（BFE）板上，有效检测面积为27.36~rm cm^{2}$。每个像素检测器有16个模拟输出通道，之后数据被放大、数字化，并通过板对板（BTB）连接器传输到数据采集（DAQ）板进行处理。该原型还包括一个内部高压电路，电压高达- 4千伏。测试结果表明，该检测单元样机可同时读取96路像素探测器的数据，等效电荷噪声为49.49 e $^{-}$。它具有全面的电源管理，提供可配置的数据压缩，存储和编码，并满足检测单元的所有功能要求。
{"title":"Low-Energy X-Ray Polarization Detector Detection Unit Prototype","authors":"Hui Wang;Dong Wang;Muxian Li;Ran Chen;Kai Chen;Hongbang Liu;Huanbo Feng;Qian Liu;Difan Yi;Jin Li;Ni Fang;Shiqiang Zhou;Zhuo Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3484990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3484990","url":null,"abstract":"The low-energy X-ray polarization detector (LPD) is a large-area and wide-field-of-view (FoV) X-ray polarimeter planned to be installed on the China Space Station. The LPD is designed to measure the polarization of gamma bursts and their early X-ray afterglows, facilitating studies of celestial bodies and radiation mechanisms at the centers of gamma bursts. The LPD consists of 15 detection units with identical structure and function. A detection unit prototype was developed, featuring six pixel detectors compactly placed on a bonding and front-end electronics (BFE) board with an effective detection area of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$27.36~rm cm^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Each pixel detector has 16 analog output channels, after which data are amplified, digitized, and transmitted via the board-to-board (BTB) connector to the data acquisition (DAQ) board for processing. The prototype also includes an internal high-voltage circuit with up to −4-kV voltages. The test results indicate that the detection unit prototype can simultaneously read data from 96 channels of pixel detectors with an equivalent charge noise of 49.49 e\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. It features comprehensive power management, offers configurable data compression, storage, and encoding, and meets all functional requirements of the detection unit.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2578-2587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3476050
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science information for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3476050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3476050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10722902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first deflector circuitry at the extraction of the 88-in Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been modified to enable switching within a few hundreds of nanoseconds. This modification, along with the pre-chopper, allows the cyclotron to achieve single-bunch extraction. The novel procedure involves adjusting the pre-chopper to control the number of ion bunches injected into the cyclotron, thus managing ion energy deposition. These bunches are then accelerated until they reach the electrostatic deflectors, which control their extraction. After the deflectors are adjusted to transport the beam, the first deflector voltage is decreased until no beam current is extracted. Finally, through switching and selective phase adjustment of the first deflector to match the transit time of a bunch, the cyclotron is capable of extracting a single bunch. This capability is crucial for time-sensitive experiments and allows control over dose distribution in previously inaccessible regimes. The straightforward and cost-efficient implementation of this technique makes it an attractive option for many cyclotron facilities and medical cyclotron manufacturers.
{"title":"Chopped Deflector Technique for Single-Bunch Extraction at the 88-in Cyclotron","authors":"M. Kireeff Covo;D. Todd;P. Bloemhard;J. Benitez;M. Johnson;J. Cruz Duran;J. Garcia;B. Ninemire;L. Phair","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3483452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3483452","url":null,"abstract":"The first deflector circuitry at the extraction of the 88-in Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been modified to enable switching within a few hundreds of nanoseconds. This modification, along with the pre-chopper, allows the cyclotron to achieve single-bunch extraction. The novel procedure involves adjusting the pre-chopper to control the number of ion bunches injected into the cyclotron, thus managing ion energy deposition. These bunches are then accelerated until they reach the electrostatic deflectors, which control their extraction. After the deflectors are adjusted to transport the beam, the first deflector voltage is decreased until no beam current is extracted. Finally, through switching and selective phase adjustment of the first deflector to match the transit time of a bunch, the cyclotron is capable of extracting a single bunch. This capability is crucial for time-sensitive experiments and allows control over dose distribution in previously inaccessible regimes. The straightforward and cost-efficient implementation of this technique makes it an attractive option for many cyclotron facilities and medical cyclotron manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2487-2492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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