MPT2321 is a 32-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), featuring high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and energy resolution, along with outstanding timing performance. Particularly for single-photon signals, the chip maintains a considerably high SNR. This article describes the fundamental architecture and key performance parameters of the chip. A series of measurements was conducted to evaluate the charge and time detection performance. First, the timing jitters of the analog and analog–digital mixed parts of the chip were measured by external charge injection. Then, a single photon spectrum was acquired by irradiating the SiPM (Hamamatsu S15639-1325PS, $1.3times 1.1$ mm, and pixel pitch of $25~mu $ m) with a high-precision pulsed laser, revealing clearly distinguishable peaks. Meanwhile, factors affecting timing jitter were also analyzed. Additionally, by utilizing light emitting diode (LED) emission, the single-photon spectra of different single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sizes (25, 35, and $40~mu $ m) were presented. Finally, the energy resolution was measured to be 8.7% $pm ~0.1$ % full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 511 keV using SiPM (Hamamatsu S14160-6050HS, $6times 6$ mm) coupled with lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals ($4times 4times 20$ mm). With time walk correction, a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of $289~pm ~6$ ps (FWHM) was achieved. Based on the results of these performance measurements, MPT2321 has been verified to be a qualified candidate for applications in several fields.
{"title":"Performance of a SiPM Readout ASIC Chip MPT2321","authors":"Qin Jiang;Yan Huang;Rong Zhou;Zhonghai Wang;Wei Shen","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3598055","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3598055","url":null,"abstract":"MPT2321 is a 32-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC) for silicon photomultiplier (SiPM), featuring high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) and energy resolution, along with outstanding timing performance. Particularly for single-photon signals, the chip maintains a considerably high SNR. This article describes the fundamental architecture and key performance parameters of the chip. A series of measurements was conducted to evaluate the charge and time detection performance. First, the timing jitters of the analog and analog–digital mixed parts of the chip were measured by external charge injection. Then, a single photon spectrum was acquired by irradiating the SiPM (Hamamatsu S15639-1325PS, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.3times 1.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, and pixel pitch of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$25~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m) with a high-precision pulsed laser, revealing clearly distinguishable peaks. Meanwhile, factors affecting timing jitter were also analyzed. Additionally, by utilizing light emitting diode (LED) emission, the single-photon spectra of different single-photon avalanche diode (SPAD) sizes (25, 35, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$40~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m) were presented. Finally, the energy resolution was measured to be 8.7% <inline-formula> <tex-math>$pm ~0.1$ </tex-math></inline-formula>% full width at half maximum (FWHM) at 511 keV using SiPM (Hamamatsu S14160-6050HS, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm) coupled with lutetium yttrium oxyorthosilicate (LYSO) crystals (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$4times 4times 20$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm). With time walk correction, a coincidence time resolution (CTR) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$289~pm ~6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> ps (FWHM) was achieved. Based on the results of these performance measurements, MPT2321 has been verified to be a qualified candidate for applications in several fields.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3094-3101"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090095","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Neutrons have extensive applications across a wide range of fields. Diamond, with its excellent physical properties, holds great promise for neutron detection. However, the probability of thermal neutron interaction with diamond is relatively low, leading to the common use of 6LiF as a conversion layer. Beyond the inherent properties of the conversion layer, the detection efficiency of a detector is influenced not only by the spatial collection of secondary particles but also by the electrical characteristics of the device. Theoretical simulations can extract important parameters of the device and reveal significant physical processes. This article establishes a simulation framework using technology computer-aided design (TCAD), stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM), and Garfield++. The simulation process involves using Sentaurus TCAD software to model the electrical characteristics of diamond detectors, employing SRIM to accurately simulate the deposition energy interaction of charged secondary particles with diamonds, and leveraging Garfield++ to generate detector signals accurately using electrical characteristics and nuclear reaction data. By simulating the signals of both planar and trench-type microstructure detectors, the research explores the impacts of various factors, including the applied voltage, the energy of secondary particles, and the angle of incidence on the dynamic response process. The proposed coupled simulation method plays a key role in the fabrication and experimental design of thermal neutron detectors, providing crucial insights and guidance to optimize detector performance and design readout circuits.
{"title":"A Novel Method for Simulating Transient Signals in Diamond Thermal Neutron Detectors","authors":"Hongyun Wang;Xiaochuan Xia;Yuhao Xie;Yang Liu;Xin Tan;Zeqi Huang;Jiale Zhang;Wei Jiang;Ruirui Fan;Hongwei Liang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3597369","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3597369","url":null,"abstract":"Neutrons have extensive applications across a wide range of fields. Diamond, with its excellent physical properties, holds great promise for neutron detection. However, the probability of thermal neutron interaction with diamond is relatively low, leading to the common use of <sup>6</sup>LiF as a conversion layer. Beyond the inherent properties of the conversion layer, the detection efficiency of a detector is influenced not only by the spatial collection of secondary particles but also by the electrical characteristics of the device. Theoretical simulations can extract important parameters of the device and reveal significant physical processes. This article establishes a simulation framework using technology computer-aided design (TCAD), stopping and range of ions in matter (SRIM), and Garfield++. The simulation process involves using Sentaurus TCAD software to model the electrical characteristics of diamond detectors, employing SRIM to accurately simulate the deposition energy interaction of charged secondary particles with diamonds, and leveraging Garfield++ to generate detector signals accurately using electrical characteristics and nuclear reaction data. By simulating the signals of both planar and trench-type microstructure detectors, the research explores the impacts of various factors, including the applied voltage, the energy of secondary particles, and the angle of incidence on the dynamic response process. The proposed coupled simulation method plays a key role in the fabrication and experimental design of thermal neutron detectors, providing crucial insights and guidance to optimize detector performance and design readout circuits.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"2991-2996"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090102","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-11DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3597733
Honglin Zhao;Jian Yang;Guoqiang Zeng;Fuquan Chen;Chengshuai Tian;Chuanhao Hu
Position-sensitive scintillator detectors are critical components in coded-aperture imaging and Compton imaging systems. Improving the position resolution and energy resolution of the detector is crucial for system performance. Traditional position sensitive scintillator detectors are constrained by the size of photoelectric readout devices and the number of readout channels, making it difficult to achieve both high position resolution and energy resolution at a low cost. This study presents a novel gamma-ray imaging detector that overcomes the traditional trade-off between position resolution, energy resolution, and cost. Using a high-resolution cerium-doped gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG:Ce) scintillator array ($0.5times 0.5times 5$ mm pixels) read out by a position-sensitive silicon photomultiplier (PS-SiPM) through its four anodes, we achieved direct position reconstruction without the use of a light-sharing technique. A 137Cs source was used to test the performance of this imaging detector. It demonstrated a clear segmentation of a $10times 10$ array with 7.2% [full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM)] energy resolution for 662 keV, significantly simplifying the design of electronic readout systems.
{"title":"A Gamma-Ray Imaging Detector Using Position-Sensitive SiPM Coupled to GAGG:Ce Scintillator Array","authors":"Honglin Zhao;Jian Yang;Guoqiang Zeng;Fuquan Chen;Chengshuai Tian;Chuanhao Hu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3597733","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3597733","url":null,"abstract":"Position-sensitive scintillator detectors are critical components in coded-aperture imaging and Compton imaging systems. Improving the position resolution and energy resolution of the detector is crucial for system performance. Traditional position sensitive scintillator detectors are constrained by the size of photoelectric readout devices and the number of readout channels, making it difficult to achieve both high position resolution and energy resolution at a low cost. This study presents a novel gamma-ray imaging detector that overcomes the traditional trade-off between position resolution, energy resolution, and cost. Using a high-resolution cerium-doped gadolinium aluminum gallium garnet (GAGG:Ce) scintillator array (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.5times 0.5times 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm pixels) read out by a position-sensitive silicon photomultiplier (PS-SiPM) through its four anodes, we achieved direct position reconstruction without the use of a light-sharing technique. A <sup>137</sup>Cs source was used to test the performance of this imaging detector. It demonstrated a clear segmentation of a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10times 10$ </tex-math></inline-formula> array with 7.2% [full-width-at-half-maximum (FWHM)] energy resolution for 662 keV, significantly simplifying the design of electronic readout systems.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3131-3137"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-08DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596969
Xinyu Zhao;Weiran Chen;Venkata Dinavahi
Molten salt breeder reactors (MSBRs), which utilize molten fluoride salts as both fuel and coolant, are currently being researched and designed worldwide, offering inherent safety features, efficient fuel utilization, and the potential for thorium-based fuel cycles. Given the advanced development status of MSBRs, real-time emulation is essential for dynamic analysis studies, accommodating more detailed models and advanced control strategies. This article proposes a real-time digital-twin (RTDT) based on a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) emulation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for a multi-domain two-fluid MSBR model with a designed controller for validation and testing. A nonlinear explicit numerical solution with an appropriate step-size and ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver is carried out in a non-iterative fashion to achieve the required accuracy and real-time execution. The MSBR hardware emulation and closed-loop controller tests have been implemented on the parallel hardware architecture of the FPGA in real-time for dynamic analysis and performance evaluation. The FPGA-based hardware emulation has achieved an ultralow latency of $2.34~mu $ s, providing a remarkable 427-fold acceleration in faster-than-real-time (FTRT) performance. The designed controller performs well under transient and steady-state operating conditions, effectively stabilizing the MSBR system under perturbations, as validated on the RTDT.
{"title":"Real-Time Digital-Twin of Thorium-Based Molten Salt Breeder Reactor for Closed-Loop Controller Testing Applications","authors":"Xinyu Zhao;Weiran Chen;Venkata Dinavahi","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596969","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596969","url":null,"abstract":"Molten salt breeder reactors (MSBRs), which utilize molten fluoride salts as both fuel and coolant, are currently being researched and designed worldwide, offering inherent safety features, efficient fuel utilization, and the potential for thorium-based fuel cycles. Given the advanced development status of MSBRs, real-time emulation is essential for dynamic analysis studies, accommodating more detailed models and advanced control strategies. This article proposes a real-time digital-twin (RTDT) based on a hardware-in-the-loop (HIL) emulation on a field-programmable gate array (FPGA) for a multi-domain two-fluid MSBR model with a designed controller for validation and testing. A nonlinear explicit numerical solution with an appropriate step-size and ordinary differential equation (ODE) solver is carried out in a non-iterative fashion to achieve the required accuracy and real-time execution. The MSBR hardware emulation and closed-loop controller tests have been implemented on the parallel hardware architecture of the FPGA in real-time for dynamic analysis and performance evaluation. The FPGA-based hardware emulation has achieved an ultralow latency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.34~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s, providing a remarkable 427-fold acceleration in faster-than-real-time (FTRT) performance. The designed controller performs well under transient and steady-state operating conditions, effectively stabilizing the MSBR system under perturbations, as validated on the RTDT.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"2997-3009"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090273","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596789
Girish Gokul;S. R. Shimjith;Bijnan Bandyopadhyay
Control of large nuclear reactors such as the advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) is challenging owing to spatial power oscillations. Boiling of the coolant and transport via natural circulation introduce challenges in the water level control of the steam drum due to subsurface steam. Models that capture both spatial kinetics of the neutron flux and thermal hydraulics due to pressure and water level changes are essential for accurate control of power generation. This article presents a model of the AHWR that can aid in control studies. It includes the pressure and water volume in the steam drum as additional state variables to a 17-node AHWR model. It is linearized around the full-power operating point to develop a 91st-order model. Using this model, an output feedback controller is designed to regulate the reactor core dynamics in terms of the distributions of total and spatial powers. The efficacy of the controller is demonstrated through nonlinear simulations.
{"title":"Output Feedback Stabilization of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor With Inclusion of Steam Drum Dynamics","authors":"Girish Gokul;S. R. Shimjith;Bijnan Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596789","url":null,"abstract":"Control of large nuclear reactors such as the advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) is challenging owing to spatial power oscillations. Boiling of the coolant and transport via natural circulation introduce challenges in the water level control of the steam drum due to subsurface steam. Models that capture both spatial kinetics of the neutron flux and thermal hydraulics due to pressure and water level changes are essential for accurate control of power generation. This article presents a model of the AHWR that can aid in control studies. It includes the pressure and water volume in the steam drum as additional state variables to a 17-node AHWR model. It is linearized around the full-power operating point to develop a 91st-order model. Using this model, an output feedback controller is designed to regulate the reactor core dynamics in terms of the distributions of total and spatial powers. The efficacy of the controller is demonstrated through nonlinear simulations.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3010-3022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596748
Yan Zhou;Zhenhua Xiong
Compared to directional radiation detection equipment, such as the gamma camera, the solution with a non-directional radiation sensor and a collimator has a lower cost and is applicable in scenes with strong radiation. Since the collimator can greatly improve the sensor’s ability to identify the direction of radiation sources, the collimator design is extremely important. In this article, aiming to address the misidentification problem of the existing Wall-Fin rotating scatter mask (RSM) collimator, a novel design (Gap-Fin) is proposed based on the optimized detector response curve (DRC). A model optimization method based on key parameters is proposed and quantitatively verified through simulations with Geant4. Simulations are also conducted to compare the optimized Gap-Fin design with the original design in scenarios with one and two sources, where different detection distances, particle energies, particle numbers, and shielding materials are used. Simulation results show that the optimized Gap-Fin design has better detection accuracy and anti-interference ability. In addition, the optimized collimator is applied to locate the radiation source both in simulation and a robot detection experiment, which shows the effectiveness of the novel collimator design in radiation source localization.
{"title":"A Novel Gap-Fin Design of Rotating Scatter Mask Collimator for Radiation Source Localization","authors":"Yan Zhou;Zhenhua Xiong","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596748","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to directional radiation detection equipment, such as the gamma camera, the solution with a non-directional radiation sensor and a collimator has a lower cost and is applicable in scenes with strong radiation. Since the collimator can greatly improve the sensor’s ability to identify the direction of radiation sources, the collimator design is extremely important. In this article, aiming to address the misidentification problem of the existing Wall-Fin rotating scatter mask (RSM) collimator, a novel design (Gap-Fin) is proposed based on the optimized detector response curve (DRC). A model optimization method based on key parameters is proposed and quantitatively verified through simulations with Geant4. Simulations are also conducted to compare the optimized Gap-Fin design with the original design in scenarios with one and two sources, where different detection distances, particle energies, particle numbers, and shielding materials are used. Simulation results show that the optimized Gap-Fin design has better detection accuracy and anti-interference ability. In addition, the optimized collimator is applied to locate the radiation source both in simulation and a robot detection experiment, which shows the effectiveness of the novel collimator design in radiation source localization.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3118-3130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An innovative method is proposed to generate a realistic functional neutron and gamma pulses model for a liquid scintillator-based detector. This approach analyzed neutron and gamma pulse shapes, electronic noise, and fit the model parameters that include the intrinsic properties of the scintillator and standard deviation of the transit time of the photomultiplier tube (PMT). The synthetic data are generated using Monte-Carlo (MC)-based statistical methods from the modeled functions, energy distributions of neutrons, gammas, and electronic noise. This work emulates realistic pulses that can be used to calibrate and test scintillation detectors used in nuclear physics experiments. This synthetic data library provides realistic labeled neutron and gamma pulses for liquid scintillators and PMTs, which may be used for improving radiation detection through supervised machine learning. This study provides a comprehensive framework for neutron-gamma discrimination, synthetic data generation, and data validation.
{"title":"Functional Analysis of Neutron-Gamma Pulses and Synthetic Pulse Generation for Liquid Scintillator","authors":"Ram Kumar Paul;Raj Bhattacherjee;Kaushik Banerjee;Sainath Bitragunta;Amitabha Das;Ayan Banerjee;Partha Dhara;Tapas Samanta;Sarbajit Pal;Daniel Cano-Ott","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596400","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative method is proposed to generate a realistic functional neutron and gamma pulses model for a liquid scintillator-based detector. This approach analyzed neutron and gamma pulse shapes, electronic noise, and fit the model parameters that include the intrinsic properties of the scintillator and standard deviation of the transit time of the photomultiplier tube (PMT). The synthetic data are generated using Monte-Carlo (MC)-based statistical methods from the modeled functions, energy distributions of neutrons, gammas, and electronic noise. This work emulates realistic pulses that can be used to calibrate and test scintillation detectors used in nuclear physics experiments. This synthetic data library provides realistic labeled neutron and gamma pulses for liquid scintillators and PMTs, which may be used for improving radiation detection through supervised machine learning. This study provides a comprehensive framework for neutron-gamma discrimination, synthetic data generation, and data validation.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"2980-2990"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596108
J. Kaplon;G. Wegrzyn;M. Obradovic;K. Shibin
We present the design and evaluation of the FBCM23 ASIC designed for the Fast Beam Condition Monitoring (FBCM) system intended for the luminosity measurements in the upgraded CMS experiment at CERN. The ASIC is implemented in a CMOS 65 nm technology and consists of six front-end channels with a binary architecture optimized to work with $1.7times 1.7$ mm2 area and 290 or $150 ,mu $ m thick silicon sensors. The presented ASIC will replace the existing system to comply with new, challenging specifications concerning the time resolution (1 ns rms) and noise, the latter related to the expected radiation damages of the sensors located at a radius close to 14.5 cm. The expected total ionizing dose (TID) and the fluence at the end of the experiment lifetime are 200 Mrad and $2.5times 10^{15}~text {n}/text {cm}^{2}$ , 1 MeV equivalent, respectively. We present the design and a complete characterization of the ASIC, including TID irradiation, single-event upset (SEU) tests, thermal drifts, and performance of the ASIC connected to the sensor.
{"title":"Design and Performance of the FBCM23 ASIC for the CMS Luminosity Measurement","authors":"J. Kaplon;G. Wegrzyn;M. Obradovic;K. Shibin","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596108","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design and evaluation of the FBCM23 ASIC designed for the Fast Beam Condition Monitoring (FBCM) system intended for the luminosity measurements in the upgraded CMS experiment at CERN. The ASIC is implemented in a CMOS 65 nm technology and consists of six front-end channels with a binary architecture optimized to work with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7times 1.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup> area and 290 or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$150 ,mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m thick silicon sensors. The presented ASIC will replace the existing system to comply with new, challenging specifications concerning the time resolution (1 ns rms) and noise, the latter related to the expected radiation damages of the sensors located at a radius close to 14.5 cm. The expected total ionizing dose (TID) and the fluence at the end of the experiment lifetime are 200 Mrad and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.5times 10^{15}~text {n}/text {cm}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, 1 MeV equivalent, respectively. We present the design and a complete characterization of the ASIC, including TID irradiation, single-event upset (SEU) tests, thermal drifts, and performance of the ASIC connected to the sensor.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3109-3117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11113498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the design and evaluation of the FIne GranUlarity detector Readout Electronics System (FIGURES), a versatile readout system developed for detectors used in muography. The system is designed to interface with tracking detectors composed of fine-grained micropattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), processing signals from thousands of detector channels with high-performance position-sensitive readout. Its modular architecture enables adaptability across a wide range of experimental configurations. This flexibility is realized through the development of position-encoding circuits, front-end electronics cards (FECs), a data acquisition (DAQ) board, and software for real-time tracking and visualization. The position-encoding circuit multiplexes the channels from the MPGD’s output onto fewer channels on the front-end electronics board, achieving a compression ratio of up to 16:1. The FEC supports multiple configurations, using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) such as ASIC for General Electronics for Tpc (AGET)/Second sTep AGET (STAGE) and commercial off-the-shelf components like the ADAS1128, to accommodate detectors of different types and sizes. The DAQ board interfaces with up to 32 FECs via optical fibers, aggregates data streams, and transfers them to the server while simultaneously distributing clock and trigger signals to FECs for synchronization. The performance of each component, as well as the integrated system, has been validated through experimental tests. The FIGURES enables scalable, high-resolution muon imaging with flexible front-end integration and has been successfully validated in multiple muography applications.
{"title":"FIGURES: A Versatile Readout System for High-Granularity Muography Detectors","authors":"Shubin Liu;Yu Wang;Ting Wang;Zhihang Yao;Jianguo Liu;Changqing Feng;Zhiyong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3595527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3595527","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and evaluation of the FIne GranUlarity detector Readout Electronics System (FIGURES), a versatile readout system developed for detectors used in muography. The system is designed to interface with tracking detectors composed of fine-grained micropattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), processing signals from thousands of detector channels with high-performance position-sensitive readout. Its modular architecture enables adaptability across a wide range of experimental configurations. This flexibility is realized through the development of position-encoding circuits, front-end electronics cards (FECs), a data acquisition (DAQ) board, and software for real-time tracking and visualization. The position-encoding circuit multiplexes the channels from the MPGD’s output onto fewer channels on the front-end electronics board, achieving a compression ratio of up to 16:1. The FEC supports multiple configurations, using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) such as ASIC for General Electronics for Tpc (AGET)/Second sTep AGET (STAGE) and commercial off-the-shelf components like the ADAS1128, to accommodate detectors of different types and sizes. The DAQ board interfaces with up to 32 FECs via optical fibers, aggregates data streams, and transfers them to the server while simultaneously distributing clock and trigger signals to FECs for synchronization. The performance of each component, as well as the integrated system, has been validated through experimental tests. The FIGURES enables scalable, high-resolution muon imaging with flexible front-end integration and has been successfully validated in multiple muography applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 10","pages":"3433-3441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145339725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3595803
B. Bansal;V. Anand;Naveen Kumar Tailor;V. Ranga;Soumitra Satapathi;P. J. Sellin;Mohit Tyagi;G. Anil Kumar
Metal halide perovskites have received great interest in developing scintillator materials. Among various types of perovskites, low dimensional metal halide perovskites have high exciton binding energy and photo-luminescence quantum yield (PLQY), making them suitable for X-ray and $gamma $ -ray detection. In this work, we report the growth and characterization (structural and optical) of 1-D CsCu2I3 single crystal (SC). The SC was grown using the solvent evaporation method at room temperature. The crystal exhibits an orthorhombic structure with Cmcm space group. The optical characterizations show a yellow photoluminescence (PL) with a large Stoke’s shift (~230 nm) that originate from self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the addition of oleic acid (OA) prevents the oxidation of Cu+. Further, we coupled the SC with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to study the scintillation properties. The grown crystal has been characterized for light output, energy resolution, linearity, and non-proportionality. The CsCu2I3 SC grown for this study exhibits a comparable light output of ~20000 ph/MeV to those grown using inverse temperature crystallization (ITC), as reported in the literature. However, the energy resolution reported in this study (11.57% at 662 keV) is better than the values reported for ITC-grown crystals in the literature. GEANT4 simulation toolkit has been used to perform the simulations, and the simulated intrinsic photopeak efficiencies for different volumes of CsCu2I3 scintillator have been obtained and compared with NaI:Tl and bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators.
{"title":"Scintillation Properties of CsCu2I3 Perovskite Single Crystal Grown by Room Temperature Solution Processing Method","authors":"B. Bansal;V. Anand;Naveen Kumar Tailor;V. Ranga;Soumitra Satapathi;P. J. Sellin;Mohit Tyagi;G. Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3595803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3595803","url":null,"abstract":"Metal halide perovskites have received great interest in developing scintillator materials. Among various types of perovskites, low dimensional metal halide perovskites have high exciton binding energy and photo-luminescence quantum yield (PLQY), making them suitable for X-ray and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ray detection. In this work, we report the growth and characterization (structural and optical) of 1-D CsCu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub> single crystal (SC). The SC was grown using the solvent evaporation method at room temperature. The crystal exhibits an orthorhombic structure with <italic>Cmcm</i> space group. The optical characterizations show a yellow photoluminescence (PL) with a large Stoke’s shift (~230 nm) that originate from self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the addition of oleic acid (OA) prevents the oxidation of Cu<sup>+</sup>. Further, we coupled the SC with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to study the scintillation properties. The grown crystal has been characterized for light output, energy resolution, linearity, and non-proportionality. The CsCu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub> SC grown for this study exhibits a comparable light output of ~20000 ph/MeV to those grown using inverse temperature crystallization (ITC), as reported in the literature. However, the energy resolution reported in this study (11.57% at 662 keV) is better than the values reported for ITC-grown crystals in the literature. GEANT4 simulation toolkit has been used to perform the simulations, and the simulated intrinsic photopeak efficiencies for different volumes of CsCu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub> scintillator have been obtained and compared with NaI:Tl and bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3169-3177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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