Pub Date : 2025-10-14DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3614881
E. A. Schneider;T. E. Maurer;K. L. Meagher;S. D. Clarke;P. L. Feng;S. A. Pozzi
Organic glass scintillators (OGSs) are useful tools in nuclear engineering for their ability to detect both fast neutrons and gamma rays. However, over time, this material can undergo recrystallization which can impact detection efficiency and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities. An understanding of such changes is necessary for long-term applications of these materials. The University of Michigan Scintillator Laboratory is equipped with capabilities to melt-cast Sandia National Laboratories’ small-molecule OGSs. Fifteen $6.35times ~6.35times 6.35$ mm3 OGS cube scintillators were melt-cast from OGS powder. Half of these were exposed to $50~^{circ }$ C for 448 h to induce surface crystallization through accelerated aging. PVA coatings were used to help slow this process in several of these scintillators. Using the same readout and electronic system of a DT5730S CAEN digitizer and a 7.62-cm diameter photomultiplier tube, we measured a Cf-252 source with each cube individually to evaluate their PSD capabilities. These measurements showed less than a 6% decrease in light output across all samples following aging. PSD capabilities are not greatly impacted with an average percent change of figure of merit in the 0.25–0.75-MeVee energy range.
{"title":"Assessing Age Effects on Pulse Shape Discrimination Capabilities of Organic Glass Scintillators","authors":"E. A. Schneider;T. E. Maurer;K. L. Meagher;S. D. Clarke;P. L. Feng;S. A. Pozzi","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3614881","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3614881","url":null,"abstract":"Organic glass scintillators (OGSs) are useful tools in nuclear engineering for their ability to detect both fast neutrons and gamma rays. However, over time, this material can undergo recrystallization which can impact detection efficiency and pulse shape discrimination (PSD) capabilities. An understanding of such changes is necessary for long-term applications of these materials. The University of Michigan Scintillator Laboratory is equipped with capabilities to melt-cast Sandia National Laboratories’ small-molecule OGSs. Fifteen <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6.35times ~6.35times 6.35$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>3</sup> OGS cube scintillators were melt-cast from OGS powder. Half of these were exposed to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50~^{circ }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>C for 448 h to induce surface crystallization through accelerated aging. PVA coatings were used to help slow this process in several of these scintillators. Using the same readout and electronic system of a DT5730S CAEN digitizer and a 7.62-cm diameter photomultiplier tube, we measured a Cf-252 source with each cube individually to evaluate their PSD capabilities. These measurements showed less than a 6% decrease in light output across all samples following aging. PSD capabilities are not greatly impacted with an average percent change of figure of merit in the 0.25–0.75-MeVee energy range.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 12","pages":"3830-3834"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145772063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this study, we subjected reverse-bias $beta $ -Ga2O3 Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) to 473-MeV Kr heavy ion irradiation. The results show that heavy ion irradiation under reverse bias conditions causes degradation of the Schottky interface and increases the resistivity of the bulk region. The notable rise in leakage current after irradiation is associated with the formation of E$2^{ast } $ ($E_{C}-0.71$ eV) and E3 ($E_{C}-1.03$ eV) traps near the Schottky interface. The proliferation of these traps causes a shift in the charge carrier transport mechanism from Poole–Frenkel (P–F) emission before irradiation to trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) after irradiation. This change in emission mechanism is a key factor driving the increased leakage current in $beta $ -Ga2O3 SBDs, ultimately leading to single-event burnout (SEB) under heavy ion irradiation. These results highlight the urgent need for further research into the radiation tolerance of $beta $ -Ga2O3 devices and the development of design strategies to enhance the resilience of $beta $ -Ga2O3 SBDs in space environments.
{"title":"Trap-Induced Leakage Current Increase in β-Ga2O3 Schottky Barrier Diodes Under 473-MeV Kr Ion Irradiation","authors":"Zhengliang Zhang;Xinao Lin;Tianqi Wang;Chaoming Liu;Jianli Liu;Lei Shu;Yi Sun;Mingxue Huo;Liyi Xiao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3620821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3620821","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we subjected reverse-bias <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> Schottky barrier diodes (SBDs) to 473-MeV Kr heavy ion irradiation. The results show that heavy ion irradiation under reverse bias conditions causes degradation of the Schottky interface and increases the resistivity of the bulk region. The notable rise in leakage current after irradiation is associated with the formation of E<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2^{ast } $ </tex-math></inline-formula> (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{C}-0.71$ </tex-math></inline-formula> eV) and E3 (<inline-formula> <tex-math>$E_{C}-1.03$ </tex-math></inline-formula> eV) traps near the Schottky interface. The proliferation of these traps causes a shift in the charge carrier transport mechanism from Poole–Frenkel (P–F) emission before irradiation to trap-assisted tunneling (TAT) after irradiation. This change in emission mechanism is a key factor driving the increased leakage current in <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs, ultimately leading to single-event burnout (SEB) under heavy ion irradiation. These results highlight the urgent need for further research into the radiation tolerance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> devices and the development of design strategies to enhance the resilience of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-Ga<sub>2</sub>O<sub>3</sub> SBDs in space environments.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3543-3550"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510059","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Alpha-emitting actinides pose critical environmental risks due to their high ionizing potential and potential for internal exposure via aerosol inhalation. However, conventional detection methods are constrained by the short attenuation length of $alpha $ -rays (<5> $alpha $ -imaging by exploiting nitrogen–oxygen radioluminescence in air. A lens-coupled single-photon detection system was developed, integrating the Galilean telescope-optimized optical assembly with Monte Carlo-based numerical integration modeling to refine the mechanistic understanding of radioluminescence photon distribution in scanned images. Our innovation achieves a 328% enhancement in photon collection efficiency and reduces measurement time by 2.78 times through optimized optical design and Monte Carlo-driven signal calibration, enabled by the fully simulated 2-D scanning system for radioluminescence imaging. More importantly, experimental validation using 239Pu sources demonstrates sub-1.5% relative error in mapping complex “C”-shaped contamination patterns through improved image reconstruction algorithms, with a spatial resolution of 0.031 m2. The adaptive efficiency calibration algorithm further enables real-time quantification of surface activity under variable scanning angles by optimizing the translation from raw scan data to contamination maps, addressing critical limitations in nuclear emergency response by enabling rapid, noncontact contamination mapping, and establishing a framework for high-precision actinide monitoring in decommissioning scenarios.
{"title":"Standoff α-Radioactive Contamination Imaging via Enhanced Radioluminescence Detection","authors":"Zeqian Wu;Mei Xu;Qingbo Wang;Biao Yuan;Sheng Qi;Weiqi Huang;Jiangfeng Wu;Yonghong Wang;Kun Shan;Zhiling Hou;Jinxing Cheng","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3620131","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3620131","url":null,"abstract":"Alpha-emitting actinides pose critical environmental risks due to their high ionizing potential and potential for internal exposure via aerosol inhalation. However, conventional detection methods are constrained by the short attenuation length of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-rays (<5> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-imaging by exploiting nitrogen–oxygen radioluminescence in air. A lens-coupled single-photon detection system was developed, integrating the Galilean telescope-optimized optical assembly with Monte Carlo-based numerical integration modeling to refine the mechanistic understanding of radioluminescence photon distribution in scanned images. Our innovation achieves a 328% enhancement in photon collection efficiency and reduces measurement time by 2.78 times through optimized optical design and Monte Carlo-driven signal calibration, enabled by the fully simulated 2-D scanning system for radioluminescence imaging. More importantly, experimental validation using <sup>239</sup>Pu sources demonstrates sub-1.5% relative error in mapping complex “C”-shaped contamination patterns through improved image reconstruction algorithms, with a spatial resolution of 0.031 m<sup>2</sup>. The adaptive efficiency calibration algorithm further enables real-time quantification of surface activity under variable scanning angles by optimizing the translation from raw scan data to contamination maps, addressing critical limitations in nuclear emergency response by enabling rapid, noncontact contamination mapping, and establishing a framework for high-precision actinide monitoring in decommissioning scenarios.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3568-3577"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510062","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-08DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3619065
Bolin Huang;Fan Zhang;Xinyue Wang;Tianzhuo Cheng;Yaozhen Guo;Bo Liu
Conventional photonic nanostructures with fixed shapes are capable of enhancing the light output of scintillators based on the partial elimination of internal total reflection. However, the enhancement effects are limited due to the relatively narrow design space. In this work, a 2-D freeform metasurface is proposed to achieve a light output enhancement effect exceeding the conventional fixed-shaped photonic structures. The freeform metasurface is designed by the exploration of a deep $Q$ -network (DQN) agent in reinforcement learning. As a proof-of-concept, the widely used (Lu,Y)2SiO5:Ce3+ (LYSO) scintillator is chosen. Simulated results show that the LYSO coating with an optimal freeform metasurface yields a maximum light output enhancement of 4.7-fold and an average enhancement of 2.1-fold over the full emission angle, exceeding the previously reported enhancements from nanostructures with fixed-shape. The method efficiently explores the vast configuration space by searching only approximately 10 000 of $10^{17}$ configurations and surpasses the feasibility of exhaustive search while overcoming limitations of genetic algorithms (GAs) and adjoint-based optimization in high-dimensional design, thereby establishing a useful paradigm for designing high-performance scintillator metasurfaces.
{"title":"Reinforcement Learning-Optimized Freeform Metasurface for Light Output Enhancement of Scintillators","authors":"Bolin Huang;Fan Zhang;Xinyue Wang;Tianzhuo Cheng;Yaozhen Guo;Bo Liu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3619065","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3619065","url":null,"abstract":"Conventional photonic nanostructures with fixed shapes are capable of enhancing the light output of scintillators based on the partial elimination of internal total reflection. However, the enhancement effects are limited due to the relatively narrow design space. In this work, a 2-D freeform metasurface is proposed to achieve a light output enhancement effect exceeding the conventional fixed-shaped photonic structures. The freeform metasurface is designed by the exploration of a deep <inline-formula> <tex-math>$Q$ </tex-math></inline-formula>-network (DQN) agent in reinforcement learning. As a proof-of-concept, the widely used (Lu,Y)<sub>2</sub>SiO<sub>5</sub>:Ce<sup>3+</sup> (LYSO) scintillator is chosen. Simulated results show that the LYSO coating with an optimal freeform metasurface yields a maximum light output enhancement of 4.7-fold and an average enhancement of 2.1-fold over the full emission angle, exceeding the previously reported enhancements from nanostructures with fixed-shape. The method efficiently explores the vast configuration space by searching only approximately 10 000 of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{17}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> configurations and surpasses the feasibility of exhaustive search while overcoming limitations of genetic algorithms (GAs) and adjoint-based optimization in high-dimensional design, thereby establishing a useful paradigm for designing high-performance scintillator metasurfaces.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3523-3529"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510056","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Compared to traditional SLAC energy doublers (SLEDs), spherical pulse compressors are more compact while maintaining a high energy gain. This article presents the design, fabrication, and tests of a compact C-band pulse compressor for the linear injector of the proposed Jinhua Light Source (JHLS) project and high-power measurements on a 1-m C-band accelerating structure. It consists of a dual-mode polarized coupler for producing two orthogonal TE11 modes simultaneously, and a spherical resonant cavity working at TE114 modes for storing the energy. Through optimizations, an equivalent power amplification factor of 4.49 can be expected for an input pulsewidth of $2.5~mu $ s and a compression ratio of 8.33. Based on simulation studies, a prototype of this C-band spherical pulse compressor was then fabricated. Results from low-power radio frequency (RF) measurements and preliminary high-power tests are in good agreement with simulated values.
{"title":"Design, Fabrication, and Tests of a C-Band Spherical Pulse Compressor","authors":"Zexin Cao;Yelong Wei;Yihao Zhang;Zhicheng Huang;Li Sun;Guangyao Feng;Shimin Jiang;Hui Zhang;Xingguang Liu;Luigi Faillace;David Alesini","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3616219","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3616219","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to traditional SLAC energy doublers (SLEDs), spherical pulse compressors are more compact while maintaining a high energy gain. This article presents the design, fabrication, and tests of a compact C-band pulse compressor for the linear injector of the proposed Jinhua Light Source (JHLS) project and high-power measurements on a 1-m C-band accelerating structure. It consists of a dual-mode polarized coupler for producing two orthogonal TE<sub>11</sub> modes simultaneously, and a spherical resonant cavity working at TE<sub>114</sub> modes for storing the energy. Through optimizations, an equivalent power amplification factor of 4.49 can be expected for an input pulsewidth of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.5~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s and a compression ratio of 8.33. Based on simulation studies, a prototype of this C-band spherical pulse compressor was then fabricated. Results from low-power radio frequency (RF) measurements and preliminary high-power tests are in good agreement with simulated values.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3452-3461"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11185191","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510149","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The LC voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit has been widely used in high-speed applications. While significant research has advanced the understanding of single-event effects (SEEs) in LC VCOs, this study provides further experimental investigation into their radiation sensitivity. The sensitivity of an LC VCO-based CDR circuit to SEEs was evaluated through heavy-ion irradiation and laser testing. Results indicate that the analog modules exhibit greater sensitivity than digital modules, with the analog latch circuits in the frequency divider being the most susceptible. The primary sensitive nodes were identified as the root node of the current mirror and the storage node of the latch. Simulations using a double-exponential current source confirm these experimental results and clarify the failure mechanisms of the sensitive nodes. It is recommended that radiation hardening efforts focus on the analog module to improve the overall stability and reliability of CDR circuits.
{"title":"Analysis of Single-Event Effects in Clock and Data Recovery Circuits Based on an LC Voltage-Controlled Oscillator","authors":"Yahao Fang;Jianjun Chen;Bin Liang;Yaqing Chi;Deng Luo;Hanhan Sun;Qian Sun;Bo Yu;Yang Guo","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3616494","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3616494","url":null,"abstract":"The <italic>LC</i> voltage-controlled oscillator (VCO)-based clock and data recovery (CDR) circuit has been widely used in high-speed applications. While significant research has advanced the understanding of single-event effects (SEEs) in <italic>LC</i> VCOs, this study provides further experimental investigation into their radiation sensitivity. The sensitivity of an <italic>LC</i> VCO-based CDR circuit to SEEs was evaluated through heavy-ion irradiation and laser testing. Results indicate that the analog modules exhibit greater sensitivity than digital modules, with the analog latch circuits in the frequency divider being the most susceptible. The primary sensitive nodes were identified as the root node of the current mirror and the storage node of the latch. Simulations using a double-exponential current source confirm these experimental results and clarify the failure mechanisms of the sensitive nodes. It is recommended that radiation hardening efforts focus on the analog module to improve the overall stability and reliability of CDR circuits.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3530-3542"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510058","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3616427
Zeyang Zhang;Canyu Wang;Wei Ma;Yulin Ge;Liping Zou;Zhen Yang;Chaopeng Wang;Jian Shi;Liang Lu
A radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator for a heavy-ion cancer therapy has been developed by CAS Ion Medical Technology Company Ltd., to advance domestic heavy-ion cancer therapy in China. The RFQ is designed to accelerate particles with a mass-to-charge ratio of 3 from 10 to 600 keV/u, operating at a frequency of 200 MHz. The detailed physical design process is systematically introduced in this article, including the beam dynamics design, RF electromagnetic design, and multi-physics analysis. The beam dynamics design adopts a lower inter-vane voltage scheme to reduce power loss, while adopting a reduced average aperture to compensate for the weakened transverse focusing caused by the high frequency and low voltage. Beam simulations are also carried out to analyze the effects of beam errors on transmission efficiency and the output transverse and longitudinal emittance. The RF electromagnetic structure has been optimized for higher performance and achieving the field distribution required by the beam dynamics design. The beam transmission simulation verifies that the field obtained in the electromagnetic structure agrees well with that required by the beam dynamics design. The multi-physics analysis is also carried out for the high-duty operation in the future, and the beam dynamics transmission with a deformed structure at a 100% duty-factor demonstrates that the high duty-factor operation is feasible for this RFQ. In addition, the required coolant temperature ranges for achieving zero-frequency-shifting under different duty factor conditions are presented to provide a reference for the practical operation. At the end of the article, a brief introduction is given to the cold test results, high-power conditioning, and preliminary beam measurements of the RFQ. The measurements indicate that the RFQ meets the requirements of the design objectives.
{"title":"Physical Design of a High-Intensity Radio Frequency Quadrupole Accelerator for Heavy-Ion Cancer Therapy","authors":"Zeyang Zhang;Canyu Wang;Wei Ma;Yulin Ge;Liping Zou;Zhen Yang;Chaopeng Wang;Jian Shi;Liang Lu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3616427","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3616427","url":null,"abstract":"A radio frequency quadrupole (RFQ) accelerator for a heavy-ion cancer therapy has been developed by CAS Ion Medical Technology Company Ltd., to advance domestic heavy-ion cancer therapy in China. The RFQ is designed to accelerate particles with a mass-to-charge ratio of 3 from 10 to 600 keV/u, operating at a frequency of 200 MHz. The detailed physical design process is systematically introduced in this article, including the beam dynamics design, RF electromagnetic design, and multi-physics analysis. The beam dynamics design adopts a lower inter-vane voltage scheme to reduce power loss, while adopting a reduced average aperture to compensate for the weakened transverse focusing caused by the high frequency and low voltage. Beam simulations are also carried out to analyze the effects of beam errors on transmission efficiency and the output transverse and longitudinal emittance. The RF electromagnetic structure has been optimized for higher performance and achieving the field distribution required by the beam dynamics design. The beam transmission simulation verifies that the field obtained in the electromagnetic structure agrees well with that required by the beam dynamics design. The multi-physics analysis is also carried out for the high-duty operation in the future, and the beam dynamics transmission with a deformed structure at a 100% duty-factor demonstrates that the high duty-factor operation is feasible for this RFQ. In addition, the required coolant temperature ranges for achieving zero-frequency-shifting under different duty factor conditions are presented to provide a reference for the practical operation. At the end of the article, a brief introduction is given to the cold test results, high-power conditioning, and preliminary beam measurements of the RFQ. The measurements indicate that the RFQ meets the requirements of the design objectives.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3462-3472"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510150","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-06DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3618274
Lingyun Li;Yonggang Wang;Xin Lin;Ruiyang Wang
The next generation of high-energy physics (HEP) experiments require clock distribution and synchronization systems with synchronization precision better than 10 ps. Recent studies have shown that the multigigabit transceivers (MGTs) in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can embed the clock into the serial data stream for transmission over appropriate optical links to achieve this level of precision. However, due to the inherent limitations of FPGA MGTs, the clock frequency that can be distributed over such links is restricted to a specific range, which may not meet the requirements of certain physics experiments whose distributed clock frequencies fall outside this interval. In addition, it is highly desirable for the system to automatically maintain synchronization stability after link initialization or reset and during ambient temperature variations, without significantly increasing overall system complexity. To address these two challenges, this article presents a complete FPGA implementation that enables the distribution of clocks over a wide frequency range with self-regulating synchronization. Since the proposed scheme relies on vendor-specific MGT architecture, it is applicable only to Xilinx FPGAs equipped with GTP, GTH, or GTY transceivers. However, as the implementation is fully FPGA firmware-based and does not require any external devices, it significantly reduces system complexity, making it easier to integrate into a variety of experiments that use these FPGAs.
{"title":"A Full FPGA Implementation of Wide-Range Clock Distribution and Self-Regulating Synchronization","authors":"Lingyun Li;Yonggang Wang;Xin Lin;Ruiyang Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3618274","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3618274","url":null,"abstract":"The next generation of high-energy physics (HEP) experiments require clock distribution and synchronization systems with synchronization precision better than 10 ps. Recent studies have shown that the multigigabit transceivers (MGTs) in field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) can embed the clock into the serial data stream for transmission over appropriate optical links to achieve this level of precision. However, due to the inherent limitations of FPGA MGTs, the clock frequency that can be distributed over such links is restricted to a specific range, which may not meet the requirements of certain physics experiments whose distributed clock frequencies fall outside this interval. In addition, it is highly desirable for the system to automatically maintain synchronization stability after link initialization or reset and during ambient temperature variations, without significantly increasing overall system complexity. To address these two challenges, this article presents a complete FPGA implementation that enables the distribution of clocks over a wide frequency range with self-regulating synchronization. Since the proposed scheme relies on vendor-specific MGT architecture, it is applicable only to Xilinx FPGAs equipped with GTP, GTH, or GTY transceivers. However, as the implementation is fully FPGA firmware-based and does not require any external devices, it significantly reduces system complexity, making it easier to integrate into a variety of experiments that use these FPGAs.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3603-3612"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-03DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3617856
A. C. Jones;M. S. Bandstra;S. Faaland;Y. Lai;N. Abgrall;S. Suchyta;R. J. Cooper
Spectroscopic anomaly detection and isotope identification algorithms are integral components in nuclear nonproliferation applications such as search operations. The task is especially challenging in the case of mobile detector systems because the observed gamma-ray background changes more than for a static detector system, and a pretrained background model can easily find itself out of domain. The result is that algorithms may exceed their intended false alarm rate or sacrifice detection sensitivity to maintain the desired false alarm rate. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a powerful tool for spectral anomaly detection and identification, but, like many similar algorithms that rely on data-driven background models, in its conventional implementation, it is unable to update in real time to account for environmental changes that affect the background spectroscopic signature. We have developed a novel NMF-based algorithm that periodically updates its background model to accommodate changing environmental conditions. The adaptive NMF algorithm involves fewer assumptions about its environment, making it more generalizable than existing NMF-based methods while maintaining or exceeding detection performance on simulated and real-world datasets.
{"title":"Real-Time, Adaptive Radiological Anomaly Detection and Isotope Identification Using Non-Negative Matrix Factorization","authors":"A. C. Jones;M. S. Bandstra;S. Faaland;Y. Lai;N. Abgrall;S. Suchyta;R. J. Cooper","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3617856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3617856","url":null,"abstract":"Spectroscopic anomaly detection and isotope identification algorithms are integral components in nuclear nonproliferation applications such as search operations. The task is especially challenging in the case of mobile detector systems because the observed gamma-ray background changes more than for a static detector system, and a pretrained background model can easily find itself out of domain. The result is that algorithms may exceed their intended false alarm rate or sacrifice detection sensitivity to maintain the desired false alarm rate. Non-negative matrix factorization (NMF) is a powerful tool for spectral anomaly detection and identification, but, like many similar algorithms that rely on data-driven background models, in its conventional implementation, it is unable to update in real time to account for environmental changes that affect the background spectroscopic signature. We have developed a novel NMF-based algorithm that periodically updates its background model to accommodate changing environmental conditions. The adaptive NMF algorithm involves fewer assumptions about its environment, making it more generalizable than existing NMF-based methods while maintaining or exceeding detection performance on simulated and real-world datasets.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3473-3483"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510148","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work describes the architecture and the experimental results from the characterization of the lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detector module, which constitutes the building block of the tracker in the general antiparticle spectrometer (GAPS) experiment to search for dark matter. The instrument is designed for the identification of low-energy cosmic anti-nuclei (antiprotons, antideuterons, and antihelium) to be performed during an Antarctic long-duration balloon flight scheduled for late 2025. The GAPS Si(Li) tracker, that is the core of the instrument, is the assembly of 252 modules, each comprised of four Si(Li) detectors and a full custom-integrated circuit designed for detector readout and produced in a commercial 180-nm planar CMOS technology. A general overview of the detector module architecture and its components is provided, together with a description of the test setup and the experimental results obtained from the characterization of the low-noise analog readout channel. In order to verify the effective operation of the entire module, results concerning the detection of X-rays from a 241Am source and cosmic muons are also provided.
{"title":"X-Ray and Particle Detection With the Si(Li) Tracker Module of the GAPS Experiment","authors":"Massimo Manghisoni;Luca Ghislotti;Paolo Lazzaroni;Valerio Re;Elisa Riceputi;Lodovico Ratti;Lorenzo Fabris;Mirko Boezio;Gianluigi Zampa;Mengjiao Xiao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3616408","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3616408","url":null,"abstract":"This work describes the architecture and the experimental results from the characterization of the lithium-drifted silicon (Si(Li)) detector module, which constitutes the building block of the tracker in the general antiparticle spectrometer (GAPS) experiment to search for dark matter. The instrument is designed for the identification of low-energy cosmic anti-nuclei (antiprotons, antideuterons, and antihelium) to be performed during an Antarctic long-duration balloon flight scheduled for late 2025. The GAPS Si(Li) tracker, that is the core of the instrument, is the assembly of 252 modules, each comprised of four Si(Li) detectors and a full custom-integrated circuit designed for detector readout and produced in a commercial 180-nm planar CMOS technology. A general overview of the detector module architecture and its components is provided, together with a description of the test setup and the experimental results obtained from the characterization of the low-noise analog readout channel. In order to verify the effective operation of the entire module, results concerning the detection of X-rays from a <sup>241</sup>Am source and cosmic muons are also provided.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3578-3586"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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