Pub Date : 2024-10-14DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3479291
Yi Ge;Jingang Liang;Qiong Zhang;Decheng Niu;Ya Jin;Quanwen Zhang;Liming Lv
Compact pulsed neutron generators emit fast neutrons that interact with the medium by inelastic scattering, producing characteristic gamma rays that reflect the concentrations of important elements, such as carbon and oxygen. The detection of these elements is crucial for applications such as detecting explosives, organic carbon, and density. In actual measurement, a proportion of the capture gamma rays is subtracted from the gamma rays collected during the neutron burst to obtain a net inelastic gamma spectrum. However, the different shapes of pulsed neutron burst due to hardware limitations can affect the subtraction factors of capture gamma rays. To address this challenge, an adaptive method for acquiring the net inelastic gamma energy spectra based on pulsed neutron burst shape modeling is proposed. The distribution function of capture gamma ray over time in the pulse period is derived based on modeling of the pulsed neutron burst shape and convolution. The fall and stable point on the pulsed neutron burst shape are adaptively identified through gradients and autocorrelation coefficients. Finally, a more accurate net inelastic gamma spectrum is obtained by calculating the subtraction factors during the burst based on the fit capture gamma time spectra. The different pulsed neutron burst shapes and environmental parameters are considered, and the adaptability and accuracy of our proposed method are verified through the Monte Carlo simulation.
{"title":"Adaptive Modeling Pulsed Neutron Burst Shape for Acquiring Net Inelastic Gamma Spectra","authors":"Yi Ge;Jingang Liang;Qiong Zhang;Decheng Niu;Ya Jin;Quanwen Zhang;Liming Lv","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3479291","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3479291","url":null,"abstract":"Compact pulsed neutron generators emit fast neutrons that interact with the medium by inelastic scattering, producing characteristic gamma rays that reflect the concentrations of important elements, such as carbon and oxygen. The detection of these elements is crucial for applications such as detecting explosives, organic carbon, and density. In actual measurement, a proportion of the capture gamma rays is subtracted from the gamma rays collected during the neutron burst to obtain a net inelastic gamma spectrum. However, the different shapes of pulsed neutron burst due to hardware limitations can affect the subtraction factors of capture gamma rays. To address this challenge, an adaptive method for acquiring the net inelastic gamma energy spectra based on pulsed neutron burst shape modeling is proposed. The distribution function of capture gamma ray over time in the pulse period is derived based on modeling of the pulsed neutron burst shape and convolution. The fall and stable point on the pulsed neutron burst shape are adaptively identified through gradients and autocorrelation coefficients. Finally, a more accurate net inelastic gamma spectrum is obtained by calculating the subtraction factors during the burst based on the fit capture gamma time spectra. The different pulsed neutron burst shapes and environmental parameters are considered, and the adaptability and accuracy of our proposed method are verified through the Monte Carlo simulation.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2350-2360"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-07DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3474746
Lorenzo Gonzales;Salvatore Danzeca;Salvatore Fiore;Iztok Kramberger
This article presents the results of dynamic measurements of 3-D multilevel cell (MLC) NAND flash memories in a mixed-field radiation facility CERN High-energy AcceleRator Mixed field/facility (CHARM), CERN. The results show that the behavior of devices is comparable to tests with specific high energy particles, such as high energy protons, heavy ions, and to TID tests. The observed TID and single-event effects (SEEs) in flash memories from the existing relevant work are also observed in mixed field, making the environment suitable for an accelerated system level test. As the CHARM hadron energy spectrum is comparable to the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment, the facility is appropriate as an accelerated test for space applications. Furthermore, the volumetric characteristics of the devices can be observed in this 3-D radiation facility. Additionally, bad bit (BB) spread was observed, and the necessary radiation induced errors in NAND devices are discussed.
本文介绍了在欧洲核子研究中心（CERN）的混合场辐射设施 CERN High-energy AcceleRator Mixed Field/facility（CHARM）中对三维多级单元（MLC）NAND 闪存进行动态测量的结果。结果表明，器件的行为可与特定高能粒子（如高能质子、重离子）的测试以及 TID 测试相媲美。从现有相关工作中观察到的闪存中的 TID 和单事件效应 (SEE) 也在混合场中观察到，这使得环境适合于加速系统级测试。由于 CHARM 强子能谱与低地球轨道（LEO）环境相当，因此该设施适合作为空间应用的加速测试。此外，在这种三维辐射设施中还可以观察到设备的体积特性。此外，还观察到了坏位（BB）扩散，并讨论了必要的辐射诱导 NAND 器件中的误差。
{"title":"Mixed-Field Radiation of 3-D MLC Flash Memories for Space Applications","authors":"Lorenzo Gonzales;Salvatore Danzeca;Salvatore Fiore;Iztok Kramberger","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3474746","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3474746","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the results of dynamic measurements of 3-D multilevel cell (MLC)\u0000<sc>NAND</small>\u0000 flash memories in a mixed-field radiation facility CERN High-energy AcceleRator Mixed field/facility (CHARM), CERN. The results show that the behavior of devices is comparable to tests with specific high energy particles, such as high energy protons, heavy ions, and to TID tests. The observed TID and single-event effects (SEEs) in flash memories from the existing relevant work are also observed in mixed field, making the environment suitable for an accelerated system level test. As the CHARM hadron energy spectrum is comparable to the low Earth orbit (LEO) environment, the facility is appropriate as an accelerated test for space applications. Furthermore, the volumetric characteristics of the devices can be observed in this 3-D radiation facility. Additionally, bad bit (BB) spread was observed, and the necessary radiation induced errors in\u0000<sc>NAND</small>\u0000 devices are discussed.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2400-2408"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10706133","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645501","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3471863
Sen Zhao;Keqi Wang;Kaibo Xie;Chenxi Fu;Chengwei Wang;Suyu Xiao;Xiyuan Zhang;Xin Shi;Congcong Wang
The 4H-SiC material exhibits good detection performance, but there are still many problems like signal distortion and poor signal quality compared with silicon. The 4H-SiC low-gain avalanche detector (LGAD) device can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio and signal quality due to the presence of internal amplification. A 4H-SiC low-gain avalanche detector has been fabricated and named SIlicon CARbide (SICAR). The results of electrical characteristics and charge collection performance of the 4H-SiC LGAD are reported. The influence of different metal thicknesses on the leakage current of the device is studied. By optimizing the fabrication process, the leakage current of the detector is reduced by four orders of magnitude. Experimental results confirm that this 4H-SiC LGAD exhibits a distinct gain structure. The gain factor was analyzed using $alpha $ particle incidence of 5.54 MeV, and the gain factor is about 3@350 V. This study provides a novel 4H-SiC LGAD radiation detector for applications in the field of high-energy particle physics.
{"title":"Electrical Properties and Gain Performance of 4H-SiC LGAD (SICAR)","authors":"Sen Zhao;Keqi Wang;Kaibo Xie;Chenxi Fu;Chengwei Wang;Suyu Xiao;Xiyuan Zhang;Xin Shi;Congcong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3471863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3471863","url":null,"abstract":"The 4H-SiC material exhibits good detection performance, but there are still many problems like signal distortion and poor signal quality compared with silicon. The 4H-SiC low-gain avalanche detector (LGAD) device can effectively improve the signal-to-noise ratio and signal quality due to the presence of internal amplification. A 4H-SiC low-gain avalanche detector has been fabricated and named SIlicon CARbide (SICAR). The results of electrical characteristics and charge collection performance of the 4H-SiC LGAD are reported. The influence of different metal thicknesses on the leakage current of the device is studied. By optimizing the fabrication process, the leakage current of the detector is reduced by four orders of magnitude. Experimental results confirm that this 4H-SiC LGAD exhibits a distinct gain structure. The gain factor was analyzed using \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 particle incidence of 5.54 MeV, and the gain factor is about 3@350 V. This study provides a novel 4H-SiC LGAD radiation detector for applications in the field of high-energy particle physics.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2417-2421"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645566","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-01DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3471570
Kai Chen;Lei Lang;Dou Zhu;Xinyue Song;Yongqiang Yang;Tianyu Liang;Hongtao Li;Ziyi He;Chaosong Gao;Jun Liu;Chengui Lu;Yichen Yang;Chengxin Zhao;Le Xiao;Dongliang Zhang;Hulin Wang
N $nu $ DEx is an upcoming neutrino-less double-beta decay experiment. A first small-scale prototype, named N $nu $ DEx-100, features a readout plane with a 0.9 m diameter situated at one end-cap of its time projection chamber (TPC). This plane hosts around 10000 charge measurement sensors requiring dedicated readout electronics. This paper introduces the prototype design of the readout electronics and its integration with the back-end data acquisition (DAQ) system, which is composed of dedicated firmware and software to handle the system control and data readout. In the front-end, the demonstration system is developed to house 19 sensors along with the necessary supporting circuitry. The functionality and performance of the entire demonstration system with Topmetal-S sensors are evaluated, and the ion measurement capability of the system has been confirmed by tracking particles irradiated from the 241Am $alpha $ source.
{"title":"Prototype Design of the Readout System for N ν DEx-100 Experiment","authors":"Kai Chen;Lei Lang;Dou Zhu;Xinyue Song;Yongqiang Yang;Tianyu Liang;Hongtao Li;Ziyi He;Chaosong Gao;Jun Liu;Chengui Lu;Yichen Yang;Chengxin Zhao;Le Xiao;Dongliang Zhang;Hulin Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3471570","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3471570","url":null,"abstract":"N\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$nu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000DEx is an upcoming neutrino-less double-beta decay experiment. A first small-scale prototype, named N\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$nu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000DEx-100, features a readout plane with a 0.9 m diameter situated at one end-cap of its time projection chamber (TPC). This plane hosts around 10000 charge measurement sensors requiring dedicated readout electronics. This paper introduces the prototype design of the readout electronics and its integration with the back-end data acquisition (DAQ) system, which is composed of dedicated firmware and software to handle the system control and data readout. In the front-end, the demonstration system is developed to house 19 sensors along with the necessary supporting circuitry. The functionality and performance of the entire demonstration system with Topmetal-S sensors are evaluated, and the ion measurement capability of the system has been confirmed by tracking particles irradiated from the 241Am \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$alpha $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 source.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2442-2448"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645565","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-27DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3469166
Lingyun Li;Yonggang Wang;Yang Hu;Xiang Zhang
Multigigabit transceivers (MGTs) of Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been widely investigated for the implementation of clock distribution and synchronization systems in physics experiments. Often, the proposed solutions are based on the clock signal recovered from the serial stream. However, since the main purpose of MGTs in FPGA is to achieve high-speed data transmission, the delay stability, especially after initialization/reset operations, is not sufficiently considered. The Xilinx MGTs can be configured in different modes for flexibility. Since Xilinx does not fully explain the implementation structure of each mode, the delay characteristics must be investigated experimentally to achieve high-performance clock transmission. This article presents a comprehensive investigation of the delay instabilities in Xilinx MGTs and proposes countermeasures to minimize them for stable clock and data transmission. In addition, a method is proposed to obtain a high-quality recovered clock directly from Xilinx UltraScale and higher-level FPGAs, eliminating the need for an off-chip jitter cleaner. The test results indicate that high clock distribution and synchronization performance can be achieved over the MGT-based serial link once the delay instabilities are properly addressed.
{"title":"Study of Delay Instabilities in Xilinx FPGA-Embedded Multigigabit Transceivers for Clock Distribution and Synchronization","authors":"Lingyun Li;Yonggang Wang;Yang Hu;Xiang Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3469166","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3469166","url":null,"abstract":"Multigigabit transceivers (MGTs) of Xilinx field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs) have been widely investigated for the implementation of clock distribution and synchronization systems in physics experiments. Often, the proposed solutions are based on the clock signal recovered from the serial stream. However, since the main purpose of MGTs in FPGA is to achieve high-speed data transmission, the delay stability, especially after initialization/reset operations, is not sufficiently considered. The Xilinx MGTs can be configured in different modes for flexibility. Since Xilinx does not fully explain the implementation structure of each mode, the delay characteristics must be investigated experimentally to achieve high-performance clock transmission. This article presents a comprehensive investigation of the delay instabilities in Xilinx MGTs and proposes countermeasures to minimize them for stable clock and data transmission. In addition, a method is proposed to obtain a high-quality recovered clock directly from Xilinx UltraScale and higher-level FPGAs, eliminating the need for an off-chip jitter cleaner. The test results indicate that high clock distribution and synchronization performance can be achieved over the MGT-based serial link once the delay instabilities are properly addressed.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2457-2468"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Current approaches to estimate the radiation sensitivity of field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based designs, rely mainly on radiation testing or fault injection, and have demonstrated some limitations in providing a comprehensive understanding of the predominant failure modes and vulnerabilities of the design. In this article, a new approach to evaluate the radiation sensitivity of systems implemented on SRAM-based FPGAs is presented. This approach is based on the analysis of the design netlist, parsing all the circuit branches to extract the potentially critical configuration bits and considering the circuit workload to accurately relate the error propagation phenomena. This analytical approach is validated by comparing its radiation sensitivity estimation with the one provided by state-of-the-art radiation qualification techniques. These results show that the proposed approach not only provides a fast and accurate sensitivity estimation of the design but also provides comprehensive internal visibility over the predominant sources of failures and vulnerabilities.
{"title":"A New Analytical Approach to Evaluate the Radiation Sensitivity of Circuits Implemented on SRAM-Based FPGAs","authors":"Gaëtan Bricas;Georgios Tsiligiannis;Jérôme Boch;Samuel Bricas","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3467009","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3467009","url":null,"abstract":"Current approaches to estimate the radiation sensitivity of field-programmable gate array (FPGA)-based designs, rely mainly on radiation testing or fault injection, and have demonstrated some limitations in providing a comprehensive understanding of the predominant failure modes and vulnerabilities of the design. In this article, a new approach to evaluate the radiation sensitivity of systems implemented on SRAM-based FPGAs is presented. This approach is based on the analysis of the design netlist, parsing all the circuit branches to extract the potentially critical configuration bits and considering the circuit workload to accurately relate the error propagation phenomena. This analytical approach is validated by comparing its radiation sensitivity estimation with the one provided by state-of-the-art radiation qualification techniques. These results show that the proposed approach not only provides a fast and accurate sensitivity estimation of the design but also provides comprehensive internal visibility over the predominant sources of failures and vulnerabilities.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"2230-2241"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3462148
Jun Wang;Matthew S. J. Marshall;Stuart Miller;Federico Moretti;Edith Bourret-Courchesne;Bipin Singh;Vivek Nagarkar
Eu-doped CsBr films (CsBr:Eu) exhibit excellent sensitivity for X-rays and are superior storage phosphors for high energy (MeV) photon radiography applications when coupled with thick copper or tungsten substrates. We report on the growth of micro-columnar CsBr:Eu films on copper substrates for megavolt (MV) X-ray imaging applications. Our films exhibit dense uniformly distributed micro-columns with an average diameter of $sim 10~mu $ m and a sharp, needle-like top. The advantage of this micro-columnar structured film is that the light can be channeled through the narrow columns to improve both light transmission and spatial resolution. We also determined the optimal Eu concentration in CsBr for the best storage phosphor performance. Growth of uniformly thick, micro-columnar structured films up to 2 mm was achieved on $2^{prime prime } times 2^{prime prime }$ metallic substrates, which were then characterized by optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) coupled with X-ray excitation. Furthermore, 5 mm thick film growth demonstrates the potential to scale up to even thicker films.
掺杂 Eu 的铯硼薄膜（CsBr:Eu）对 X 射线具有极佳的灵敏度，与厚铜或钨基板结合使用时，是高能量（MeV）光子射线成像应用的优质存储荧光粉。我们报告了在铜基底上生长微柱状 CsBr:Eu 薄膜以应用于兆伏特 (MV) X 射线成像的情况。我们的薄膜呈现出致密均匀分布的微柱，其平均直径为 $sim 10~mu $ m，顶部呈尖锐的针状。这种微柱状结构薄膜的优势在于，光线可以通过狭窄的柱状结构导入，从而提高透光率和空间分辨率。我们还确定了 CsBr 中 Eu 的最佳浓度，以获得最佳的存储荧光粉性能。在 $2^{prime prime } 上生长出了厚度均匀的微柱状结构薄膜，最厚可达 2 毫米。金属基底上生长出厚度达 2 毫米的均匀微柱状结构薄膜，然后用光激发发光（OSL）和 X 射线激发对其进行表征。此外，5 毫米厚的薄膜生长证明了将其扩展到更厚薄膜的潜力。
{"title":"Micro-Columnar CsBr:Eu Storage Phosphor for High-Efficiency High Energy Photon Radiography Panels","authors":"Jun Wang;Matthew S. J. Marshall;Stuart Miller;Federico Moretti;Edith Bourret-Courchesne;Bipin Singh;Vivek Nagarkar","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3462148","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3462148","url":null,"abstract":"Eu-doped CsBr films (CsBr:Eu) exhibit excellent sensitivity for X-rays and are superior storage phosphors for high energy (MeV) photon radiography applications when coupled with thick copper or tungsten substrates. We report on the growth of micro-columnar CsBr:Eu films on copper substrates for megavolt (MV) X-ray imaging applications. Our films exhibit dense uniformly distributed micro-columns with an average diameter of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$sim 10~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m and a sharp, needle-like top. The advantage of this micro-columnar structured film is that the light can be channeled through the narrow columns to improve both light transmission and spatial resolution. We also determined the optimal Eu concentration in CsBr for the best storage phosphor performance. Growth of uniformly thick, micro-columnar structured films up to 2 mm was achieved on \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$2^{prime prime } times 2^{prime prime }$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 metallic substrates, which were then characterized by optically-stimulated luminescence (OSL) coupled with X-ray excitation. Furthermore, 5 mm thick film growth demonstrates the potential to scale up to even thicker films.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"2309-2314"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3467107
Lei Zhang;Junfeng Yang;Zhengyang Sun;Jinrui Zeng;Ke Sun;Yi Li
The data acquisition system plays an increasingly important role in high-energy physics experiments. The expansion of the experimental scale requires the data acquisition system to have enhanced online data processing capabilities. The D-Matrix system is designed as a general distributed stream processing platform, aiming to make more use of heterogeneous computing units, such as FPGA, for suitable online data processing to optimize both processing speed and latency. In the D-Matrix system, to facilitate the design of various data processing modules in high-energy physics experiments, we abstract the concepts of basic patterns and derived modules. Based on these concepts, the D-Matrix system is designed with a series of generic data stream processing modules to accomplish various complex data processing by cascading these generic modules. This article introduces the existing base patterns and derives stream processing modules in the D-Matrix system based on FPGA-based hardware and also describes the implementation of these modules in the CSR External-target Experiment (CEE).
{"title":"D-Matrix: FPGA-Based Solutions for General Stream Processing in High-Energy Physics Experiments","authors":"Lei Zhang;Junfeng Yang;Zhengyang Sun;Jinrui Zeng;Ke Sun;Yi Li","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3467107","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3467107","url":null,"abstract":"The data acquisition system plays an increasingly important role in high-energy physics experiments. The expansion of the experimental scale requires the data acquisition system to have enhanced online data processing capabilities. The D-Matrix system is designed as a general distributed stream processing platform, aiming to make more use of heterogeneous computing units, such as FPGA, for suitable online data processing to optimize both processing speed and latency. In the D-Matrix system, to facilitate the design of various data processing modules in high-energy physics experiments, we abstract the concepts of basic patterns and derived modules. Based on these concepts, the D-Matrix system is designed with a series of generic data stream processing modules to accomplish various complex data processing by cascading these generic modules. This article introduces the existing base patterns and derives stream processing modules in the D-Matrix system based on FPGA-based hardware and also describes the implementation of these modules in the CSR External-target Experiment (CEE).","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"2209-2218"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-24DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3467003
Samuel Kemp;Mackenzie Duce;Satvik Kumar;Anna Erickson;Jonathan Rogers
This article presents a parallel log-domain particle filtering algorithm combined with gamma spectrum unfolding to perform localization, identification, and evaluation of multiple point sources of various isotopes in an environment with attenuating obstacles. The method uses sets of precomputed attenuation kernels that map the attenuation characteristics of the environment. These kernels are specific to the energy level of a photopeak of interest. The spectral measurements are deconvolved into count measurements of each photopeak. These count measurements are fed into a set of parallel particle filters using attenuation kernels computed for that photopeak’s energy level. The individual regularized particle filters perform all likelihood calculations in the logarithmic domain to mitigate the effects of particle degeneracy. The output of each particle filter is combined to estimate which isotopes are present as well as their positions and strengths. The performance of the algorithm is characterized in a lab-scale environment using a mobile robot equipped with a gamma ray spectrometer in the presence of up to three different radioactive isotopes simultaneously. The sources were localized to within 10 cm, and their strengths were estimated within 10% of their true values. The isotopes were all correctly identified, and no spurious sources were reported.
{"title":"Radiological Source Term Estimation and Isotopic Identification With Parallel Log Domain Particle Filters","authors":"Samuel Kemp;Mackenzie Duce;Satvik Kumar;Anna Erickson;Jonathan Rogers","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3467003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3467003","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a parallel log-domain particle filtering algorithm combined with gamma spectrum unfolding to perform localization, identification, and evaluation of multiple point sources of various isotopes in an environment with attenuating obstacles. The method uses sets of precomputed attenuation kernels that map the attenuation characteristics of the environment. These kernels are specific to the energy level of a photopeak of interest. The spectral measurements are deconvolved into count measurements of each photopeak. These count measurements are fed into a set of parallel particle filters using attenuation kernels computed for that photopeak’s energy level. The individual regularized particle filters perform all likelihood calculations in the logarithmic domain to mitigate the effects of particle degeneracy. The output of each particle filter is combined to estimate which isotopes are present as well as their positions and strengths. The performance of the algorithm is characterized in a lab-scale environment using a mobile robot equipped with a gamma ray spectrometer in the presence of up to three different radioactive isotopes simultaneously. The sources were localized to within 10 cm, and their strengths were estimated within 10% of their true values. The isotopes were all correctly identified, and no spurious sources were reported.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2422-2431"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645534","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We recently evaluate the high total ionizing dose (TID) effects on 0.18- $mu $ m backside-illuminated CMOS image sensors (BSI CISs) with different epitaxial layer thicknesses and backside oxide passivation techniques. $gamma $ -irradiated device exhibits a huge dark current increase and quantum efficiency (QE) degradation. Moreover, a significant dark current nonuniformity on the whole array is observed at high TID. Results show that the BSI CIS does not capture images and all the functionality is lost after 4 Mrad(SiO2). It is observed that BSI CIS using Al2O3 film as the passivation technique is proven to be more efficient in mitigating high TID effects compared to the imagers using boron implant, suggesting that passivation technique options play a crucial role in determining the performance of BSI CIS at high TID level.
最近，我们评估了高总电离剂量（TID）对采用不同外延层厚度和背面氧化物钝化技术的0.18- $mu $ m背照式CMOS图像传感器（BSI CIS）的影响。 辐照器件的暗电流大幅增加，量子效率（QE）下降。此外，在高 TID 时，整个阵列上会出现明显的暗电流不均匀现象。结果表明，BSI CIS 无法捕捉图像，并且在 4 Mrad(SiO2) 之后会丧失所有功能。与使用硼植入物的成像器相比，使用 Al2O3 薄膜作为钝化技术的 BSI CIS 被证明能更有效地减轻高 TID 的影响，这表明钝化技术的选择在决定 BSI CIS 在高 TID 水平下的性能方面起着至关重要的作用。
{"title":"High Total Ionizing Dose Effects on Backside-Illuminated CMOS Image Sensors","authors":"Bingkai Liu;Yudong Li;Lin Wen;Jie Feng;Yulong Cai;Qi Guo","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3466180","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3466180","url":null,"abstract":"We recently evaluate the high total ionizing dose (TID) effects on 0.18-\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m backside-illuminated CMOS image sensors (BSI CISs) with different epitaxial layer thicknesses and backside oxide passivation techniques. \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000-irradiated device exhibits a huge dark current increase and quantum efficiency (QE) degradation. Moreover, a significant dark current nonuniformity on the whole array is observed at high TID. Results show that the BSI CIS does not capture images and all the functionality is lost after 4 Mrad(SiO2). It is observed that BSI CIS using Al2O3 film as the passivation technique is proven to be more efficient in mitigating high TID effects compared to the imagers using boron implant, suggesting that passivation technique options play a crucial role in determining the performance of BSI CIS at high TID level.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2393-2399"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142645563","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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