Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3519769
Jiang Wu;Yibo Zhi;Xuyao Dang;Peng Wang;Bo Zhang
Spacecraft operating in the geosynchronous orbital (GEO) environment often experience deep dielectric charging effects in their internal insulation materials, while researchers have attempted to optimize the internal electric field through material modification and internal grounding techniques. Therefore, this article combined the advantages of material modification and structural optimization to establish a glass fabric-modified polyimide structure. We employed a Geant4-COMSOL joint simulation method to obtain the electric field strength distribution under the flux model for internal charging (FLUMIC) electron radiation environment for both single-layer glass fabric modifications at different positions and multilayer glass fabric modifications at varying layer counts. The results indicate that under a single-layer glass fabric-modified structure, the modified glass fabric at Position 3 exhibits the lowest maximum electric field strength. Additionally, according to the glass fabric position, the charge transport behavior in the single-layer glass fabric-modified structure was analyzed through three typical cases by a charge transport model. Finally, the engineering value of the multilayer glass fabric-modified structure was assessed from three dimensions: process design, maximum electric field strength, and electric field distortion rate. For multilayer glass fabric structures, as the number of layers increases, the maximum electric field strength is progressively suppressed, but the mass and manufacturing complexity also increase, imposing an additional burden on the spacecraft. The comprehensive analysis suggests that for practical engineering applications, a three-layer glass fabric modification at Positions 1, 3, and 5 should be adopted to suppress the occurrence of charging phenomena in 1.6-mm polyimide under the GEO environment.
{"title":"Weak Conductive Channel Effect of Glass Fabric on Deep Charging of Polyimide in GEO","authors":"Jiang Wu;Yibo Zhi;Xuyao Dang;Peng Wang;Bo Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3519769","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3519769","url":null,"abstract":"Spacecraft operating in the geosynchronous orbital (GEO) environment often experience deep dielectric charging effects in their internal insulation materials, while researchers have attempted to optimize the internal electric field through material modification and internal grounding techniques. Therefore, this article combined the advantages of material modification and structural optimization to establish a glass fabric-modified polyimide structure. We employed a Geant4-COMSOL joint simulation method to obtain the electric field strength distribution under the flux model for internal charging (FLUMIC) electron radiation environment for both single-layer glass fabric modifications at different positions and multilayer glass fabric modifications at varying layer counts. The results indicate that under a single-layer glass fabric-modified structure, the modified glass fabric at Position 3 exhibits the lowest maximum electric field strength. Additionally, according to the glass fabric position, the charge transport behavior in the single-layer glass fabric-modified structure was analyzed through three typical cases by a charge transport model. Finally, the engineering value of the multilayer glass fabric-modified structure was assessed from three dimensions: process design, maximum electric field strength, and electric field distortion rate. For multilayer glass fabric structures, as the number of layers increases, the maximum electric field strength is progressively suppressed, but the mass and manufacturing complexity also increase, imposing an additional burden on the spacecraft. The comprehensive analysis suggests that for practical engineering applications, a three-layer glass fabric modification at Positions 1, 3, and 5 should be adopted to suppress the occurrence of charging phenomena in 1.6-mm polyimide under the GEO environment.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 2","pages":"164-174"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-18DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3519609
Zengxuan Huang;Changqing Feng;Yuanfei Cheng;Kunjun Yang;Songsong Tang;Zhiyong Zhang;Ruiyang Zhang;Shubin Liu
Low-background $beta $ detection is crucial for environmental safety. In this article, a 1-D convolutional neural network (1-D CNN)-based algorithm is introduced for low-background $mathrm {beta }$ detection using time projection chambers (TPCs), aiming to classify $mathrm {beta }$ and background signals captured by the detectors and recorded using the electronic system. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in handling complex background and $mathrm {beta }$ signals. The neural network was trained and tested on two datasets from different conditions. In each dataset, the test result showed a background rejection rate of over 98%, with a $mathrm {beta }$ retention rate of approximately 55%. Compared to traditional lead-shielded detection methods, the application of this algorithm enables lead-free, low-background $beta $ detection. This can lead to a significant reduction in instrument size and weight, thereby greatly expanding its potential applications.
{"title":"A 1-D CNN Algorithm for Low-Background β Detection With Time Projection Chamber","authors":"Zengxuan Huang;Changqing Feng;Yuanfei Cheng;Kunjun Yang;Songsong Tang;Zhiyong Zhang;Ruiyang Zhang;Shubin Liu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3519609","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3519609","url":null,"abstract":"Low-background <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> detection is crucial for environmental safety. In this article, a 1-D convolutional neural network (1-D CNN)-based algorithm is introduced for low-background <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> detection using time projection chambers (TPCs), aiming to classify <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> and background signals captured by the detectors and recorded using the electronic system. Experimental results demonstrate the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm in handling complex background and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> signals. The neural network was trained and tested on two datasets from different conditions. In each dataset, the test result showed a background rejection rate of over 98%, with a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$mathrm {beta }$ </tex-math></inline-formula> retention rate of approximately 55%. Compared to traditional lead-shielded detection methods, the application of this algorithm enables lead-free, low-background <inline-formula> <tex-math>$beta $ </tex-math></inline-formula> detection. This can lead to a significant reduction in instrument size and weight, thereby greatly expanding its potential applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"256-263"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645177","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3518392
E. Rofors;N. Abgrall;M. S. Bandstra;R. J. Cooper;D. Hellfeld;T. H. Y. Joshi;V. Negut;B. J. Quiter;M. Salathe
Sparse static detector networks in urban environments can be used in efforts to detect illicit radioactive sources, such as stolen nuclear material or radioactive “dirty bombs.” We use detailed simulations to evaluate multiple configurations of detector networks and their ability to detect sources moving through a $6times 6$ km2 area of downtown Chicago. A detector network’s probability of detecting a source increases with detector density but can also be increased with strategic node placement. We show that the ability to fuse correlated data from a source-carrying vehicle passing by multiple detectors can significantly contribute to the overall detection probability. In this article, we distinguish static sensor deployments operated as networks able to correlate signals between sensors, from deployments operated as arrays where each sensor is operated individually. In particular, we show that additional visual attributes of source-carrying vehicles, such as vehicle color and make, can greatly improve the ability of a detector network to detect illicit sources.
{"title":"Simulations of Sparse Static Detector Networks for City-Scale Radiological/Nuclear Detection","authors":"E. Rofors;N. Abgrall;M. S. Bandstra;R. J. Cooper;D. Hellfeld;T. H. Y. Joshi;V. Negut;B. J. Quiter;M. Salathe","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3518392","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3518392","url":null,"abstract":"Sparse static detector networks in urban environments can be used in efforts to detect illicit radioactive sources, such as stolen nuclear material or radioactive “dirty bombs.” We use detailed simulations to evaluate multiple configurations of detector networks and their ability to detect sources moving through a <inline-formula> <tex-math>$6times 6$ </tex-math></inline-formula> km2 area of downtown Chicago. A detector network’s probability of detecting a source increases with detector density but can also be increased with strategic node placement. We show that the ability to fuse correlated data from a source-carrying vehicle passing by multiple detectors can significantly contribute to the overall detection probability. In this article, we distinguish static sensor deployments operated as networks able to correlate signals between sensors, from deployments operated as arrays where each sensor is operated individually. In particular, we show that additional visual attributes of source-carrying vehicles, such as vehicle color and make, can greatly improve the ability of a detector network to detect illicit sources.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 2","pages":"205-212"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430374","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3517563
Lysander Miller;Airlie Chapman;Katie Auchettl;Jeremy M. C. Brown
Radiation detection is vital for space, medical imaging, homeland security, and environmental monitoring applications. In the past, the Monte Carlo radiation transport toolkit, Geant4, has been employed to enable the effective development of emerging technologies in these fields. Radiation detectors utilizing scintillator crystals have benefited from Geant4; however, Geant4 optical physics parameters for scintillator crystal modeling are sparse. This work outlines scintillator properties for GAGG:Ce, CLLBC:Ce, BGO, NaI:Tl, and CsI:Tl. These properties were implemented in a detailed silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based single-volume scintillation detector simulation platform developed in this work. It was validated by its comparison to experimental measurements. For all five scintillation materials, the platform successfully predicted the spectral features for selected gamma-ray emitting isotopes with energies between 30 keV and 2 MeV. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and normalized cross correlation coefficient (NCCC) between simulated and experimental energy spectra were also compared. The majority of simulated FWHM values reproduced the experimental results within a 2% difference, and the majority of NCCC values demonstrated agreement between the simulated and experimental energy spectra. Discrepancies in these figures of merit were attributed to detector signal-processing electronics modeling and geometry approximations within the detector and surrounding experimental environment.
{"title":"Material Properties of Popular Radiation Detection Scintillator Crystals for Optical Physics Transport Modeling in Geant4","authors":"Lysander Miller;Airlie Chapman;Katie Auchettl;Jeremy M. C. Brown","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3517563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3517563","url":null,"abstract":"Radiation detection is vital for space, medical imaging, homeland security, and environmental monitoring applications. In the past, the Monte Carlo radiation transport toolkit, Geant4, has been employed to enable the effective development of emerging technologies in these fields. Radiation detectors utilizing scintillator crystals have benefited from Geant4; however, Geant4 optical physics parameters for scintillator crystal modeling are sparse. This work outlines scintillator properties for GAGG:Ce, CLLBC:Ce, BGO, NaI:Tl, and CsI:Tl. These properties were implemented in a detailed silicon photomultiplier (SiPM)-based single-volume scintillation detector simulation platform developed in this work. It was validated by its comparison to experimental measurements. For all five scintillation materials, the platform successfully predicted the spectral features for selected gamma-ray emitting isotopes with energies between 30 keV and 2 MeV. The full-width at half-maximum (FWHM) and normalized cross correlation coefficient (NCCC) between simulated and experimental energy spectra were also compared. The majority of simulated FWHM values reproduced the experimental results within a 2% difference, and the majority of NCCC values demonstrated agreement between the simulated and experimental energy spectra. Discrepancies in these figures of merit were attributed to detector signal-processing electronics modeling and geometry approximations within the detector and surrounding experimental environment.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 2","pages":"197-204"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143430519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-16DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3518092
Kim-Tuyet Tran;Toshiya Sanami;Tuan-Khai Bui
Photonuclear reactions triggered by high-energy photons are crucial in simulations for both nuclear physics and radiation transport. In such simulations, understanding the photonuclear reaction cross section and the energy distribution of secondary particles, particularly neutrons, is vital owing to the energy-dependent nature of neutrons. Experimental investigations have used monoenergetic, linearly polarized photons in the range of tens of MeV to measure neutron energy distributions resulting from photonuclear reactions. In an experiment, we adopted an electronic circuit and detector system based on the time-of-flight (ToF) method and particle identification to determine the energy distribution of emitted neutrons. This system required precise nanosecond-level timing and the ability to distinguish signals with millivolt-level differences. The advent of GHz sampling digitizers, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and high-speed interfaces allows these measurements to be conducted using commercially available single-board electronics. This study highlights the data acquisition (DAQ) process using a 1-GHz sampling rate, 14-bit resolution, FPGA-based real-time signal processing, and 1-MHz throughput digitizer (APV8104 by TechnoAP Company). Moreover, it provides a detailed description of the motivation behind the study, underscoring the importance of the energy spectrum. We evaluated the digitized data for their applicability and analyzed the raw data for potential improvements in timing and signal differentiation compared to those of traditional FPGA-based schemes.
{"title":"Evaluation of Timing and Pulse Shape Analysis Method for the Measurement of Photoneutron Energy Distribution Using Commercially Available Digitizer","authors":"Kim-Tuyet Tran;Toshiya Sanami;Tuan-Khai Bui","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3518092","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3518092","url":null,"abstract":"Photonuclear reactions triggered by high-energy photons are crucial in simulations for both nuclear physics and radiation transport. In such simulations, understanding the photonuclear reaction cross section and the energy distribution of secondary particles, particularly neutrons, is vital owing to the energy-dependent nature of neutrons. Experimental investigations have used monoenergetic, linearly polarized photons in the range of tens of MeV to measure neutron energy distributions resulting from photonuclear reactions. In an experiment, we adopted an electronic circuit and detector system based on the time-of-flight (ToF) method and particle identification to determine the energy distribution of emitted neutrons. This system required precise nanosecond-level timing and the ability to distinguish signals with millivolt-level differences. The advent of GHz sampling digitizers, field-programmable gate arrays (FPGAs), and high-speed interfaces allows these measurements to be conducted using commercially available single-board electronics. This study highlights the data acquisition (DAQ) process using a 1-GHz sampling rate, 14-bit resolution, FPGA-based real-time signal processing, and 1-MHz throughput digitizer (APV8104 by TechnoAP Company). Moreover, it provides a detailed description of the motivation behind the study, underscoring the importance of the energy spectrum. We evaluated the digitized data for their applicability and analyzed the raw data for potential improvements in timing and signal differentiation compared to those of traditional FPGA-based schemes.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"538-544"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents a low-noise pixel readout chip designed for pixel silicon detectors used in the autonomous navigation of spacecraft through X-ray pulsars and X-ray imaging applications. The pixel readout chip, fabricated in CMOS 130 nm, has $5times 5$ mm dimensions. The core of the IC is a matrix of $40times 50$ pixels with an $80times 80~mu $ m pixel size. Each pixel consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA), a comparator, two data hold circuits, a threshold trimming 3-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and a digital readout circuit. The readout chip is optimized for collecting holes in this state, but it allows the processing of detector signals of both polarities (holes or electrons) through the control signal. When the pMOS feedback transistor of the CSA is selected, the gain of the pixel is about 32 mV/ke- and the nonlinearity of the entire matrix of pixels is not worse than 6% of the pMOS feedback of the CSA in the hole collection type. The pixel-to-pixel offset spread of the pixel matrix before correction is about $sigma = 14.39$ mV rms, and it was reduced to $sigma = 2.59$ mV rms (equivalent to the input charge of 58 e- rms with the nominal gain taken into account) after correction by trim DAC. The equivalent noise charge (ENC) of the pixels of the readout chip is about 43 e- rms. The time of arrival (TOA) is within 137 ns for pulses larger than 1.6 ke-.
{"title":"Design of a Readout Chip for Pixel Silicon Detector With Event-Driven Readout Method","authors":"Yongsheng Wang;Wenxuan Cao;Lei Li;Zhiwei Wang;Longwei Liu;Jiawei Cui;Fangfa Fu;Jinxiang Wang;Xinhang Zhang;Di Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3516789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3516789","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a low-noise pixel readout chip designed for pixel silicon detectors used in the autonomous navigation of spacecraft through X-ray pulsars and X-ray imaging applications. The pixel readout chip, fabricated in CMOS 130 nm, has <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5times 5$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm dimensions. The core of the IC is a matrix of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$40times 50$ </tex-math></inline-formula> pixels with an <inline-formula> <tex-math>$80times 80~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m pixel size. Each pixel consists of a charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA), a comparator, two data hold circuits, a threshold trimming 3-bit digital-to-analog converter (DAC), and a digital readout circuit. The readout chip is optimized for collecting holes in this state, but it allows the processing of detector signals of both polarities (holes or electrons) through the control signal. When the pMOS feedback transistor of the CSA is selected, the gain of the pixel is about 32 mV/ke- and the nonlinearity of the entire matrix of pixels is not worse than 6% of the pMOS feedback of the CSA in the hole collection type. The pixel-to-pixel offset spread of the pixel matrix before correction is about <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma = 14.39$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mV rms, and it was reduced to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$sigma = 2.59$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mV rms (equivalent to the input charge of 58 e- rms with the nominal gain taken into account) after correction by trim DAC. The equivalent noise charge (ENC) of the pixels of the readout chip is about 43 e- rms. The time of arrival (TOA) is within 137 ns for pulses larger than 1.6 ke-.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"559-566"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645181","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-12DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3516003
Hanlin Yu;Zhongtao Shen;Yue Long;Yunlong Zhang;Zekun Jia;Yong Song;Shubin Liu
The Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) is a significant initiative for accelerator-based particle physics in China. Electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the important detectors of STCF, which is tasked with the precise measurement of photons. STCF ECAL uses pure cesium iodide (pCsI) crystals and large-area avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for scintillation and photoelectric conversion. This article explores the methods for energy and time measurement, as well as signal processing under high event rates. The readout electronics scheme, which combines a charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA) with a waveform fitting algorithm after analog-to-digital conversion, is experimentally verified. We determined the CSA parameters through simulations to reduce circuit noise and conducted tests with LEDs to simulate background events. Measurements indicate that the energy measurement noise is 0.8 fC, and the time measurement accuracy reaches 300 ps at 1 GeV.
{"title":"Progress in Readout Electronics for STCF ECAL","authors":"Hanlin Yu;Zhongtao Shen;Yue Long;Yunlong Zhang;Zekun Jia;Yong Song;Shubin Liu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3516003","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3516003","url":null,"abstract":"The Super Tau-Charm Facility (STCF) is a significant initiative for accelerator-based particle physics in China. Electromagnetic calorimeter (ECAL) is one of the important detectors of STCF, which is tasked with the precise measurement of photons. STCF ECAL uses pure cesium iodide (pCsI) crystals and large-area avalanche photodiodes (APDs) for scintillation and photoelectric conversion. This article explores the methods for energy and time measurement, as well as signal processing under high event rates. The readout electronics scheme, which combines a charge-sensitive amplifier (CSA) with a waveform fitting algorithm after analog-to-digital conversion, is experimentally verified. We determined the CSA parameters through simulations to reduce circuit noise and conducted tests with LEDs to simulate background events. Measurements indicate that the energy measurement noise is 0.8 fC, and the time measurement accuracy reaches 300 ps at 1 GeV.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"249-255"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645261","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-12-09DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3511636
Canwen Liu;Zhi Deng;Qinglong Yu
A set of readout application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) has been developed for semiconductor detectors for space radiation monitoring, including an analog front-end (WDDose-AFE) chip and a digital signal-processing (WDDose-DSP) chip with a waveform sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The WDDose-AFE chip consists of a preamplifier, followed by multigain stages of shapers and fully differential output buffers for each channel. The WDDose-DSP chip integrates a successive approximation register (SAR) ADC in 10-bit and 100 MSPS, a digital trapezoidal filter, and peaking detection logic for each channel. The prototype chips of WDDose-AFE and WDDose-DSP were fabricated in 180- and 65-nm CMOS, respectively. The single-channel power consumptions of WDDose-AFE and WDDose-DSP were measured to be only 13.6 and 11.3 mW. The input dynamic range of WDDose-AFE was up to 4.4 pC for the low-gain stage, while the equivalent noise charge (ENC) was less than 1200e$^{-}$ for the high-gain stage with 50-pF input capacitance. The ASIC chips were also measured with silicon detectors and electron and ion beams. The detailed circuit design and test results will be presented in this article.
{"title":"Development of Ultrawide Dynamic Range Readout ASICs for Radiation Monitoring in Space","authors":"Canwen Liu;Zhi Deng;Qinglong Yu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3511636","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3511636","url":null,"abstract":"A set of readout application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) has been developed for semiconductor detectors for space radiation monitoring, including an analog front-end (WDDose-AFE) chip and a digital signal-processing (WDDose-DSP) chip with a waveform sampling analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The WDDose-AFE chip consists of a preamplifier, followed by multigain stages of shapers and fully differential output buffers for each channel. The WDDose-DSP chip integrates a successive approximation register (SAR) ADC in 10-bit and 100 MSPS, a digital trapezoidal filter, and peaking detection logic for each channel. The prototype chips of WDDose-AFE and WDDose-DSP were fabricated in 180- and 65-nm CMOS, respectively. The single-channel power consumptions of WDDose-AFE and WDDose-DSP were measured to be only 13.6 and 11.3 mW. The input dynamic range of WDDose-AFE was up to 4.4 pC for the low-gain stage, while the equivalent noise charge (ENC) was less than 1200e<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> for the high-gain stage with 50-pF input capacitance. The ASIC chips were also measured with silicon detectors and electron and ion beams. The detailed circuit design and test results will be presented in this article.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"52-60"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992859","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The application of intense current transient pulse radiation fields encompasses a wide range of fields, from scientific research to industrial application. The generation and application of this radiation have become an important direction of current research. Ray detection technology (such as neutron detection, gamma ray detection, etc.) plays a key role in understanding the working state, physical mechanism, and process of different pulse radiation devices. With a new energy-selective gamma-ray imaging technique based on a magnetic lens, the energy and spatial information of pulsed gamma rays can be obtained simultaneously. However, due to the limitations of angle and energy dispersion, the detection efficiency and spatial resolution of the system cannot be simultaneously optimized, which limits its practical application. To overcome this limitation, a method combining system optimization and imaging restoration is proposed to improve the performance of energy-selective gamma-ray imaging. In this article, the effect of beam-limiting hole size on detection efficiency and spatial resolution in an energy-selective gamma-ray imaging system is analyzed. The imaging dataset of the energy-selective gamma-ray imaging system is constructed using a Geant4 simulation, and a deblurring generative adversarial network (GAN) based on a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid is developed. The results demonstrate that by selecting Dx =60 mm and Dy =30 mm as the new beam-limiting hole size parameters, the detection efficiency of the imaging system can be improved by approximately four times, and the spatial resolution performance of 1.2 mm in the x-direction and 2 mm in the y-direction can be achieved by the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the reliability of the proposed algorithm is substantiated by experimental verification.
{"title":"Improved Performance of Energy-Selective Gamma-Ray Imaging System Based on Image Restoration","authors":"Tianxing Da;Changqing Zhang;Jiming Ma;Liang Sheng;Baojie Nie;Dongwei Hei;Yang Li;Baojun Duan;Weiguo Gu;Dezhong Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3514300","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3514300","url":null,"abstract":"The application of intense current transient pulse radiation fields encompasses a wide range of fields, from scientific research to industrial application. The generation and application of this radiation have become an important direction of current research. Ray detection technology (such as neutron detection, gamma ray detection, etc.) plays a key role in understanding the working state, physical mechanism, and process of different pulse radiation devices. With a new energy-selective gamma-ray imaging technique based on a magnetic lens, the energy and spatial information of pulsed gamma rays can be obtained simultaneously. However, due to the limitations of angle and energy dispersion, the detection efficiency and spatial resolution of the system cannot be simultaneously optimized, which limits its practical application. To overcome this limitation, a method combining system optimization and imaging restoration is proposed to improve the performance of energy-selective gamma-ray imaging. In this article, the effect of beam-limiting hole size on detection efficiency and spatial resolution in an energy-selective gamma-ray imaging system is analyzed. The imaging dataset of the energy-selective gamma-ray imaging system is constructed using a Geant4 simulation, and a deblurring generative adversarial network (GAN) based on a weighted bidirectional feature pyramid is developed. The results demonstrate that by selecting Dx =60 mm and Dy =30 mm as the new beam-limiting hole size parameters, the detection efficiency of the imaging system can be improved by approximately four times, and the spatial resolution performance of 1.2 mm in the x-direction and 2 mm in the y-direction can be achieved by the proposed algorithm. Furthermore, the reliability of the proposed algorithm is substantiated by experimental verification.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"73-80"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Commissioning of detector systems for the high-luminosity large Hadron collider (HL-LHC) is scheduled to take place between 2026 and 2028 at CERN. Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for those systems have been in intense development over the past ten years. Some of those ASICs, as is the case of the low-power gigabit transceiver (lpGBT) described in this work, have now been produced in industrial quantities and have been fully qualified for operation in the HL-LHC environments that require, where the innermost detectors are concerned, radiation hardness over 1 MGy. The lpGBT is a multifunctional device, enabling data transmission between the off-detector and the on-detector systems. Data can be transmitted from the detector at 5.12 and 10.24 Gb/s and to the detector at 2.56 Gb/s. It implements data rate-configurable electrical links to communicate with the front-end ASICs and low-speed serial and parallel buses for experiment control. A set of analog functions for monitoring and control of the physics detectors is also included. This article describes the functionality and the architecture of the lpGBT ASIC and reports on its radiation hardness characterization.
{"title":"lpGBT: Low-Power Radiation-Hard Multipurpose High-Speed Transceiver ASIC for High-Energy Physics Experiments","authors":"Paulo Moreira;Szymon Kulis;Sophie Baron;Stefan Biereigel;Eduardo Brandao De Souza Mendes;João P. Matos-Carvalho;Bram Faes;Miroslaw Firlej;Tomasz Fiutowski;Jose Fonseca;Rui Francisco;Datao Gong;Nour Guettouche;Ping Gui;Di Guo;Daniel Hernandez Montesinos;Marek Idzik;Iraklis Kremastiotis;Thanushan Kugathasan;Pedro Leitao;Paul Leroux;Julian Mendez;Jakub Moroń;Nuno Paulino;David Porret;Jeffrey Prinzie;Adithya Pulli;Quan Sun;Krzysztof Świentek;Ken Wyllie;Dongxu Yang;Jingbo Ye;Tao Zhang;Wei Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3506753","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3506753","url":null,"abstract":"Commissioning of detector systems for the high-luminosity large Hadron collider (HL-LHC) is scheduled to take place between 2026 and 2028 at CERN. Application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for those systems have been in intense development over the past ten years. Some of those ASICs, as is the case of the low-power gigabit transceiver (lpGBT) described in this work, have now been produced in industrial quantities and have been fully qualified for operation in the HL-LHC environments that require, where the innermost detectors are concerned, radiation hardness over 1 MGy. The lpGBT is a multifunctional device, enabling data transmission between the off-detector and the on-detector systems. Data can be transmitted from the detector at 5.12 and 10.24 Gb/s and to the detector at 2.56 Gb/s. It implements data rate-configurable electrical links to communicate with the front-end ASICs and low-speed serial and parallel buses for experiment control. A set of analog functions for monitoring and control of the physics detectors is also included. This article describes the functionality and the architecture of the lpGBT ASIC and reports on its radiation hardness characterization.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 1","pages":"24-37"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-12-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10778249","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142992830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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