Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596789
Girish Gokul;S. R. Shimjith;Bijnan Bandyopadhyay
Control of large nuclear reactors such as the advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) is challenging owing to spatial power oscillations. Boiling of the coolant and transport via natural circulation introduce challenges in the water level control of the steam drum due to subsurface steam. Models that capture both spatial kinetics of the neutron flux and thermal hydraulics due to pressure and water level changes are essential for accurate control of power generation. This article presents a model of the AHWR that can aid in control studies. It includes the pressure and water volume in the steam drum as additional state variables to a 17-node AHWR model. It is linearized around the full-power operating point to develop a 91st-order model. Using this model, an output feedback controller is designed to regulate the reactor core dynamics in terms of the distributions of total and spatial powers. The efficacy of the controller is demonstrated through nonlinear simulations.
{"title":"Output Feedback Stabilization of Advanced Heavy Water Reactor With Inclusion of Steam Drum Dynamics","authors":"Girish Gokul;S. R. Shimjith;Bijnan Bandyopadhyay","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596789","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596789","url":null,"abstract":"Control of large nuclear reactors such as the advanced heavy water reactor (AHWR) is challenging owing to spatial power oscillations. Boiling of the coolant and transport via natural circulation introduce challenges in the water level control of the steam drum due to subsurface steam. Models that capture both spatial kinetics of the neutron flux and thermal hydraulics due to pressure and water level changes are essential for accurate control of power generation. This article presents a model of the AHWR that can aid in control studies. It includes the pressure and water volume in the steam drum as additional state variables to a 17-node AHWR model. It is linearized around the full-power operating point to develop a 91st-order model. Using this model, an output feedback controller is designed to regulate the reactor core dynamics in terms of the distributions of total and spatial powers. The efficacy of the controller is demonstrated through nonlinear simulations.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3010-3022"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090103","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-07DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596748
Yan Zhou;Zhenhua Xiong
Compared to directional radiation detection equipment, such as the gamma camera, the solution with a non-directional radiation sensor and a collimator has a lower cost and is applicable in scenes with strong radiation. Since the collimator can greatly improve the sensor’s ability to identify the direction of radiation sources, the collimator design is extremely important. In this article, aiming to address the misidentification problem of the existing Wall-Fin rotating scatter mask (RSM) collimator, a novel design (Gap-Fin) is proposed based on the optimized detector response curve (DRC). A model optimization method based on key parameters is proposed and quantitatively verified through simulations with Geant4. Simulations are also conducted to compare the optimized Gap-Fin design with the original design in scenarios with one and two sources, where different detection distances, particle energies, particle numbers, and shielding materials are used. Simulation results show that the optimized Gap-Fin design has better detection accuracy and anti-interference ability. In addition, the optimized collimator is applied to locate the radiation source both in simulation and a robot detection experiment, which shows the effectiveness of the novel collimator design in radiation source localization.
{"title":"A Novel Gap-Fin Design of Rotating Scatter Mask Collimator for Radiation Source Localization","authors":"Yan Zhou;Zhenhua Xiong","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596748","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596748","url":null,"abstract":"Compared to directional radiation detection equipment, such as the gamma camera, the solution with a non-directional radiation sensor and a collimator has a lower cost and is applicable in scenes with strong radiation. Since the collimator can greatly improve the sensor’s ability to identify the direction of radiation sources, the collimator design is extremely important. In this article, aiming to address the misidentification problem of the existing Wall-Fin rotating scatter mask (RSM) collimator, a novel design (Gap-Fin) is proposed based on the optimized detector response curve (DRC). A model optimization method based on key parameters is proposed and quantitatively verified through simulations with Geant4. Simulations are also conducted to compare the optimized Gap-Fin design with the original design in scenarios with one and two sources, where different detection distances, particle energies, particle numbers, and shielding materials are used. Simulation results show that the optimized Gap-Fin design has better detection accuracy and anti-interference ability. In addition, the optimized collimator is applied to locate the radiation source both in simulation and a robot detection experiment, which shows the effectiveness of the novel collimator design in radiation source localization.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3118-3130"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090142","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An innovative method is proposed to generate a realistic functional neutron and gamma pulses model for a liquid scintillator-based detector. This approach analyzed neutron and gamma pulse shapes, electronic noise, and fit the model parameters that include the intrinsic properties of the scintillator and standard deviation of the transit time of the photomultiplier tube (PMT). The synthetic data are generated using Monte-Carlo (MC)-based statistical methods from the modeled functions, energy distributions of neutrons, gammas, and electronic noise. This work emulates realistic pulses that can be used to calibrate and test scintillation detectors used in nuclear physics experiments. This synthetic data library provides realistic labeled neutron and gamma pulses for liquid scintillators and PMTs, which may be used for improving radiation detection through supervised machine learning. This study provides a comprehensive framework for neutron-gamma discrimination, synthetic data generation, and data validation.
{"title":"Functional Analysis of Neutron-Gamma Pulses and Synthetic Pulse Generation for Liquid Scintillator","authors":"Ram Kumar Paul;Raj Bhattacherjee;Kaushik Banerjee;Sainath Bitragunta;Amitabha Das;Ayan Banerjee;Partha Dhara;Tapas Samanta;Sarbajit Pal;Daniel Cano-Ott","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596400","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596400","url":null,"abstract":"An innovative method is proposed to generate a realistic functional neutron and gamma pulses model for a liquid scintillator-based detector. This approach analyzed neutron and gamma pulse shapes, electronic noise, and fit the model parameters that include the intrinsic properties of the scintillator and standard deviation of the transit time of the photomultiplier tube (PMT). The synthetic data are generated using Monte-Carlo (MC)-based statistical methods from the modeled functions, energy distributions of neutrons, gammas, and electronic noise. This work emulates realistic pulses that can be used to calibrate and test scintillation detectors used in nuclear physics experiments. This synthetic data library provides realistic labeled neutron and gamma pulses for liquid scintillators and PMTs, which may be used for improving radiation detection through supervised machine learning. This study provides a comprehensive framework for neutron-gamma discrimination, synthetic data generation, and data validation.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"2980-2990"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090090","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-05DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3596108
J. Kaplon;G. Wegrzyn;M. Obradovic;K. Shibin
We present the design and evaluation of the FBCM23 ASIC designed for the Fast Beam Condition Monitoring (FBCM) system intended for the luminosity measurements in the upgraded CMS experiment at CERN. The ASIC is implemented in a CMOS 65 nm technology and consists of six front-end channels with a binary architecture optimized to work with $1.7times 1.7$ mm2 area and 290 or $150 ,mu $ m thick silicon sensors. The presented ASIC will replace the existing system to comply with new, challenging specifications concerning the time resolution (1 ns rms) and noise, the latter related to the expected radiation damages of the sensors located at a radius close to 14.5 cm. The expected total ionizing dose (TID) and the fluence at the end of the experiment lifetime are 200 Mrad and $2.5times 10^{15}~text {n}/text {cm}^{2}$ , 1 MeV equivalent, respectively. We present the design and a complete characterization of the ASIC, including TID irradiation, single-event upset (SEU) tests, thermal drifts, and performance of the ASIC connected to the sensor.
{"title":"Design and Performance of the FBCM23 ASIC for the CMS Luminosity Measurement","authors":"J. Kaplon;G. Wegrzyn;M. Obradovic;K. Shibin","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3596108","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3596108","url":null,"abstract":"We present the design and evaluation of the FBCM23 ASIC designed for the Fast Beam Condition Monitoring (FBCM) system intended for the luminosity measurements in the upgraded CMS experiment at CERN. The ASIC is implemented in a CMOS 65 nm technology and consists of six front-end channels with a binary architecture optimized to work with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.7times 1.7$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm<sup>2</sup> area and 290 or <inline-formula> <tex-math>$150 ,mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m thick silicon sensors. The presented ASIC will replace the existing system to comply with new, challenging specifications concerning the time resolution (1 ns rms) and noise, the latter related to the expected radiation damages of the sensors located at a radius close to 14.5 cm. The expected total ionizing dose (TID) and the fluence at the end of the experiment lifetime are 200 Mrad and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.5times 10^{15}~text {n}/text {cm}^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, 1 MeV equivalent, respectively. We present the design and a complete characterization of the ASIC, including TID irradiation, single-event upset (SEU) tests, thermal drifts, and performance of the ASIC connected to the sensor.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3109-3117"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11113498","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090098","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This article presents the design and evaluation of the FIne GranUlarity detector Readout Electronics System (FIGURES), a versatile readout system developed for detectors used in muography. The system is designed to interface with tracking detectors composed of fine-grained micropattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), processing signals from thousands of detector channels with high-performance position-sensitive readout. Its modular architecture enables adaptability across a wide range of experimental configurations. This flexibility is realized through the development of position-encoding circuits, front-end electronics cards (FECs), a data acquisition (DAQ) board, and software for real-time tracking and visualization. The position-encoding circuit multiplexes the channels from the MPGD’s output onto fewer channels on the front-end electronics board, achieving a compression ratio of up to 16:1. The FEC supports multiple configurations, using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) such as ASIC for General Electronics for Tpc (AGET)/Second sTep AGET (STAGE) and commercial off-the-shelf components like the ADAS1128, to accommodate detectors of different types and sizes. The DAQ board interfaces with up to 32 FECs via optical fibers, aggregates data streams, and transfers them to the server while simultaneously distributing clock and trigger signals to FECs for synchronization. The performance of each component, as well as the integrated system, has been validated through experimental tests. The FIGURES enables scalable, high-resolution muon imaging with flexible front-end integration and has been successfully validated in multiple muography applications.
{"title":"FIGURES: A Versatile Readout System for High-Granularity Muography Detectors","authors":"Shubin Liu;Yu Wang;Ting Wang;Zhihang Yao;Jianguo Liu;Changqing Feng;Zhiyong Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3595527","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3595527","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design and evaluation of the FIne GranUlarity detector Readout Electronics System (FIGURES), a versatile readout system developed for detectors used in muography. The system is designed to interface with tracking detectors composed of fine-grained micropattern gaseous detectors (MPGDs), processing signals from thousands of detector channels with high-performance position-sensitive readout. Its modular architecture enables adaptability across a wide range of experimental configurations. This flexibility is realized through the development of position-encoding circuits, front-end electronics cards (FECs), a data acquisition (DAQ) board, and software for real-time tracking and visualization. The position-encoding circuit multiplexes the channels from the MPGD’s output onto fewer channels on the front-end electronics board, achieving a compression ratio of up to 16:1. The FEC supports multiple configurations, using application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) such as ASIC for General Electronics for Tpc (AGET)/Second sTep AGET (STAGE) and commercial off-the-shelf components like the ADAS1128, to accommodate detectors of different types and sizes. The DAQ board interfaces with up to 32 FECs via optical fibers, aggregates data streams, and transfers them to the server while simultaneously distributing clock and trigger signals to FECs for synchronization. The performance of each component, as well as the integrated system, has been validated through experimental tests. The FIGURES enables scalable, high-resolution muon imaging with flexible front-end integration and has been successfully validated in multiple muography applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 10","pages":"3433-3441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145339725","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-08-04DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3595803
B. Bansal;V. Anand;Naveen Kumar Tailor;V. Ranga;Soumitra Satapathi;P. J. Sellin;Mohit Tyagi;G. Anil Kumar
Metal halide perovskites have received great interest in developing scintillator materials. Among various types of perovskites, low dimensional metal halide perovskites have high exciton binding energy and photo-luminescence quantum yield (PLQY), making them suitable for X-ray and $gamma $ -ray detection. In this work, we report the growth and characterization (structural and optical) of 1-D CsCu2I3 single crystal (SC). The SC was grown using the solvent evaporation method at room temperature. The crystal exhibits an orthorhombic structure with Cmcm space group. The optical characterizations show a yellow photoluminescence (PL) with a large Stoke’s shift (~230 nm) that originate from self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the addition of oleic acid (OA) prevents the oxidation of Cu+. Further, we coupled the SC with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to study the scintillation properties. The grown crystal has been characterized for light output, energy resolution, linearity, and non-proportionality. The CsCu2I3 SC grown for this study exhibits a comparable light output of ~20000 ph/MeV to those grown using inverse temperature crystallization (ITC), as reported in the literature. However, the energy resolution reported in this study (11.57% at 662 keV) is better than the values reported for ITC-grown crystals in the literature. GEANT4 simulation toolkit has been used to perform the simulations, and the simulated intrinsic photopeak efficiencies for different volumes of CsCu2I3 scintillator have been obtained and compared with NaI:Tl and bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators.
{"title":"Scintillation Properties of CsCu2I3 Perovskite Single Crystal Grown by Room Temperature Solution Processing Method","authors":"B. Bansal;V. Anand;Naveen Kumar Tailor;V. Ranga;Soumitra Satapathi;P. J. Sellin;Mohit Tyagi;G. Anil Kumar","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3595803","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3595803","url":null,"abstract":"Metal halide perovskites have received great interest in developing scintillator materials. Among various types of perovskites, low dimensional metal halide perovskites have high exciton binding energy and photo-luminescence quantum yield (PLQY), making them suitable for X-ray and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-ray detection. In this work, we report the growth and characterization (structural and optical) of 1-D CsCu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub> single crystal (SC). The SC was grown using the solvent evaporation method at room temperature. The crystal exhibits an orthorhombic structure with <italic>Cmcm</i> space group. The optical characterizations show a yellow photoluminescence (PL) with a large Stoke’s shift (~230 nm) that originate from self-trapped exciton (STE) emission. The X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS) results indicate that the addition of oleic acid (OA) prevents the oxidation of Cu<sup>+</sup>. Further, we coupled the SC with a silicon photomultiplier (SiPM) to study the scintillation properties. The grown crystal has been characterized for light output, energy resolution, linearity, and non-proportionality. The CsCu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub> SC grown for this study exhibits a comparable light output of ~20000 ph/MeV to those grown using inverse temperature crystallization (ITC), as reported in the literature. However, the energy resolution reported in this study (11.57% at 662 keV) is better than the values reported for ITC-grown crystals in the literature. GEANT4 simulation toolkit has been used to perform the simulations, and the simulated intrinsic photopeak efficiencies for different volumes of CsCu<sub>2</sub>I<sub>3</sub> scintillator have been obtained and compared with NaI:Tl and bismuth germanate (BGO) scintillators.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3169-3177"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090092","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the growing reliance on graph data processing in safety-critical applications, ensuring the reliability of graph convolutional network (GCN) hardware systems has become paramount, especially in radiation-prone environments where single-event upsets (SEUs) pose significant risks. This article presents a comprehensive design framework for a fault-tolerant GCN system, addressing the unique challenges of SEU susceptibility through a novel fault-aware centrality measure and a dynamic hardware defense (DHD) strategy. Our approach begins with the development of a fault-aware centrality measure to precisely model the distribution of critical nodes within graph data. Leveraging this measure, we design a DHD strategy that integrates partial circuit reinforcement and high-centrality node marking, which dynamically route the dataflow of the most influential nodes in the graph to reinforced circuit units. The proposed system architecture is rigorously validated through extensive experiments, demonstrating significant improvements in fault tolerance. Specifically, the DHD strategy achieves improvements in hardening efficiency of $2.53times $ , $2.70times $ , and $2.85times $ , respectively, compared with the traditional full triple modular redundancy (FTMR) strategy. Neutron radiation testing further validates the robustness of the system, showing effective mitigation of fault propagation under extreme conditions. By maintaining minimal hardware overhead and offering dynamic, cost-effective protection, this design framework provides a reliable solution for deploying GCNs in safety-critical applications.
{"title":"Dynamic Hardware Defense for High-Centrality Nodes in Graph Convolutional Networks","authors":"Chang Cai;Peiyu Li;Wangshen Wen;Zeqi Huang;Youming Peng;Minchi Hu;Zehao Wu;Lei Shen;Jing Zhang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3595388","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3595388","url":null,"abstract":"With the growing reliance on graph data processing in safety-critical applications, ensuring the reliability of graph convolutional network (GCN) hardware systems has become paramount, especially in radiation-prone environments where single-event upsets (SEUs) pose significant risks. This article presents a comprehensive design framework for a fault-tolerant GCN system, addressing the unique challenges of SEU susceptibility through a novel fault-aware centrality measure and a dynamic hardware defense (DHD) strategy. Our approach begins with the development of a fault-aware centrality measure to precisely model the distribution of critical nodes within graph data. Leveraging this measure, we design a DHD strategy that integrates partial circuit reinforcement and high-centrality node marking, which dynamically route the dataflow of the most influential nodes in the graph to reinforced circuit units. The proposed system architecture is rigorously validated through extensive experiments, demonstrating significant improvements in fault tolerance. Specifically, the DHD strategy achieves improvements in hardening efficiency of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.53times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.70times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, and <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.85times $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, respectively, compared with the traditional full triple modular redundancy (FTMR) strategy. Neutron radiation testing further validates the robustness of the system, showing effective mitigation of fault propagation under extreme conditions. By maintaining minimal hardware overhead and offering dynamic, cost-effective protection, this design framework provides a reliable solution for deploying GCNs in safety-critical applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3052-3063"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-08-04","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3594156
Oksana M. Strilchuk;Galyna Yu. Rudko;Evgen G. Gule;Oksana S. Lytvyn;Volodymyr P. Maslov;Baolai Liang;Yuriy I. Mazur
The influence of $gamma $ -irradiation on the morphology and light-emitting characteristics (intensity, peak position, and half-width of photoluminescence (PL) bands) of uncapped InxGa1-xAs/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs (100) substrates is studied. The radiation doses varied in the 1–$10^{3}$ kGy range. It is found that the average size of QDs increases and the surface density of QDs decreases as the radiation dose rises. Irradiation with low doses of $gamma $ -quanta improves the luminescence intensity of the samples due to the low-dose effect. Intensity increase at higher-dose irradiation is explained by enhancing transfer of carriers from the wetting layer (WL) to QDs via radiation-induced defect levels. The spectral position of QDs luminescence band remains unaltered or weakly blue-shifts under irradiation that is explained by the counter-play of two effects: growth of the average sizes of QDs and out-diffusion of indium from QDs.
{"title":"Modification of the Morphology and Light-Emitting Properties of InGaAs/GaAs Uncapped Quantum Dots by γ-Irradiation","authors":"Oksana M. Strilchuk;Galyna Yu. Rudko;Evgen G. Gule;Oksana S. Lytvyn;Volodymyr P. Maslov;Baolai Liang;Yuriy I. Mazur","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3594156","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3594156","url":null,"abstract":"The influence of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-irradiation on the morphology and light-emitting characteristics (intensity, peak position, and half-width of photoluminescence (PL) bands) of uncapped In<italic><sub>x</sub></i>Ga<sub>1-x</sub>As/GaAs quantum dots (QDs) grown on GaAs (100) substrates is studied. The radiation doses varied in the 1–<inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> kGy range. It is found that the average size of QDs increases and the surface density of QDs decreases as the radiation dose rises. Irradiation with low doses of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$gamma $ </tex-math></inline-formula>-quanta improves the luminescence intensity of the samples due to the low-dose effect. Intensity increase at higher-dose irradiation is explained by enhancing transfer of carriers from the wetting layer (WL) to QDs via radiation-induced defect levels. The spectral position of QDs luminescence band remains unaltered or weakly blue-shifts under irradiation that is explained by the counter-play of two effects: growth of the average sizes of QDs and out-diffusion of indium from QDs.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3064-3068"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090097","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The precision charge measurement of a gamma ray radiation detector consisting of scintillation crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) is critical in the dark matter particle detection application. A high-resolution high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is required to digitize the amplitude of the generated pulse signals from the front-end readout electronics. In this article, we propose a novel hybrid ADC based on two-stage conversion to achieve high resolution and high sampling rate, and the key design technique of this ADC lies in optimizing the combination of successive approximation register (SAR) and time-to-digital converter (TDC) accuracy through system-level performance evaluation, ultimately achieving a high energy-efficiency ratio. A 14-bit hybrid ADC, which is composed of a 5-bit SAR, a 4-bit coarse TDC, and a 5-bit fine TDC, is proposed. A 16-channel prototype chip is designed in a 180-nm CMOS process with a 1.8/3.3 V power supply voltage. The die size is $2850times 3350~mu text {m}$ . A sampling rate of 3 MS/s is achieved at the clock frequency of 100 MHz, and the power consumption is 1.6 mW per channel. With the digital calibration, the proposed ADC achieves the differential nonlinearity (DNL) of +0.67/-0.58 LSB, the integral nonlinearity (INL) of +2.3/-0.91 LSB, the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of 81.59 dB, the effective number of bits (ENOB) of 11.22 bits, and the Figure of Merit (FoM) of 223.58 fJ/conv per channel.
{"title":"Design of a Multichannel, 14-bit, 3-MS/s Hybrid ADC Based on SAR-TDC Two-Stage Conversion for Dark Matter Particle Detection","authors":"Chunyang Yu;Boyuan Yang;Jingsi Cheng;Hongjiao Dong;Zhengyu Ren;Guini Zhao;Chen Zhao;Yi Qian;Wu Gao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3590195","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3590195","url":null,"abstract":"The precision charge measurement of a gamma ray radiation detector consisting of scintillation crystals coupled with photomultiplier tubes (PMTs) is critical in the dark matter particle detection application. A high-resolution high-speed analog-to-digital converter (ADC) is required to digitize the amplitude of the generated pulse signals from the front-end readout electronics. In this article, we propose a novel hybrid ADC based on two-stage conversion to achieve high resolution and high sampling rate, and the key design technique of this ADC lies in optimizing the combination of successive approximation register (SAR) and time-to-digital converter (TDC) accuracy through system-level performance evaluation, ultimately achieving a high energy-efficiency ratio. A 14-bit hybrid ADC, which is composed of a 5-bit SAR, a 4-bit coarse TDC, and a 5-bit fine TDC, is proposed. A 16-channel prototype chip is designed in a 180-nm CMOS process with a 1.8/3.3 V power supply voltage. The die size is <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2850times 3350~mu text {m}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. A sampling rate of 3 MS/s is achieved at the clock frequency of 100 MHz, and the power consumption is 1.6 mW per channel. With the digital calibration, the proposed ADC achieves the differential nonlinearity (DNL) of +0.67/-0.58 LSB, the integral nonlinearity (INL) of +2.3/-0.91 LSB, the spurious free dynamic range (SFDR) of 81.59 dB, the effective number of bits (ENOB) of 11.22 bits, and the Figure of Merit (FoM) of 223.58 fJ/conv per channel.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3145-3154"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-07-30DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3594306
T. Daros;N. C. Cábia;J. Piteira;M. C. Schneider
This article presents the design, model, and characterization of a floating gate dosimeter (FGDOS), fabricated using standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The proposed model incorporates a parameter to account for trapped charge on the oxide, thereby providing deeper physical insight into the device’s behavior. We present a comprehensive comparison between the proposed model and experimental data, validating the accuracy of the proposed model. In addition, we propose a characterization method to extract key parameters of the FGDOS. Experimental validation was conducted using a 6 MeV linear accelerator and an X-ray diffractometer, with results demonstrating the model’s accuracy across a dose range of over 100 Gy (H2O). Finally, we show that, after each reset of the floating gate (FG), the dose can be determined from a normalized sensitivity, which is independent of the previous history of the sensor. This means that the FGDOS can be reused several times and still keep the same dependence of the normalized sensitivity on the dose.
{"title":"Design, Modeling, and Characterization of a Floating Gate Dosimeter in Standard CMOS Technology for Sensor Reuse","authors":"T. Daros;N. C. Cábia;J. Piteira;M. C. Schneider","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3594306","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3594306","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents the design, model, and characterization of a floating gate dosimeter (FGDOS), fabricated using standard complementary metal-oxide-semiconductor (CMOS) technology. The proposed model incorporates a parameter to account for trapped charge on the oxide, thereby providing deeper physical insight into the device’s behavior. We present a comprehensive comparison between the proposed model and experimental data, validating the accuracy of the proposed model. In addition, we propose a characterization method to extract key parameters of the FGDOS. Experimental validation was conducted using a 6 MeV linear accelerator and an X-ray diffractometer, with results demonstrating the model’s accuracy across a dose range of over 100 Gy (H<sub>2</sub>O). Finally, we show that, after each reset of the floating gate (FG), the dose can be determined from a normalized sensitivity, which is independent of the previous history of the sensor. This means that the FGDOS can be reused several times and still keep the same dependence of the normalized sensitivity on the dose.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 9","pages":"3069-3076"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-07-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145090270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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