Pub Date : 2024-09-11DOI: 10.1109/tns.2024.3457038
Viacheslav Filimonov
{"title":"L1Topo: The Level-1 Topological Processor for ATLAS Phase-I Upgrade and its Firmware Evolution for Use within the Phase-II Global Trigger","authors":"Viacheslav Filimonov","doi":"10.1109/tns.2024.3457038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2024.3457038","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"68 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189468","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-10DOI: 10.1109/tns.2024.3456863
Vo Hong Hai, Nguyen Minh Dang, Nguyen Tri Toan Phuc, Hoang Thi Kieu Trang, Truong Thi Hong Loan, Phan Le Hoang Sang, Masaharu Nomachi
{"title":"Enhancing Neutron/Gamma Discrimination in the Low-Energy Region for EJ-276 Plastic Scintillation Detector Using Machine Learning","authors":"Vo Hong Hai, Nguyen Minh Dang, Nguyen Tri Toan Phuc, Hoang Thi Kieu Trang, Truong Thi Hong Loan, Phan Le Hoang Sang, Masaharu Nomachi","doi":"10.1109/tns.2024.3456863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2024.3456863","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"11 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189470","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-09DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3456709
Caleb Chandler;Mackenzie Duce;Jonathan Arrue;Dominique Porcincula;Alan Sellinger;Anna S. Erickson
Three boron-10 enriched aromatic molecules have been synthesized and incorporated into two different commercial polysiloxane resins, Shin Etsu KER-6000 and Wacker SilRes H62-C. Scintillating fluorophores, 9,9-dimethyl-2-phenylfluorene (PhF) and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO), were tested in combination with each resin and boron-10 molecule for the simultaneous detection of gamma rays, fast neutrons, and thermal neutrons. The H62-C resin was able to solubilize a large amount of PhF, in excess of 20 wt%. Cure kinetics were controlled through the addition of divinylbenzene (DVB) and phenyl tris(dimethylsiloxy)silane (PTDMSS) crosslinker solution to the H62-C resin, with rheology experiments demonstrating a large reduction in time to gelation when 20 wt% crosslinker solution was added, from more than 4 h to less than 1 h. These polysiloxane resins can be cured in 3 h under air, while common poly(vinyltoluene) scintillators require at least four days of heating and oxygen-free conditions. PhF-doped KER-6000 with tolyl boronate pinacol ester exhibited the best overall performance with a light yield (LY) of 62% relative to EJ-200 and thermal neutron capture at energies up to 103 keVee (84 keVee for EJ254B-5). In addition, four samples exhibited LYs surpassing an industry-standard boron-doped plastic scintillator, Eljen’s EJ254B-5. Over the course of ten months, the KER-6000 samples showed precipitation of dopant molecules, which reduced their LY by 15% on average, while H62-C proved to be more stable with only a 6% reduction.
{"title":"Boron-10-Doped Polysiloxanes as Matrix Materials for Application in the Simultaneous Detection and Discrimination of Gamma Rays and Fast and Thermal Neutrons","authors":"Caleb Chandler;Mackenzie Duce;Jonathan Arrue;Dominique Porcincula;Alan Sellinger;Anna S. Erickson","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3456709","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3456709","url":null,"abstract":"Three boron-10 enriched aromatic molecules have been synthesized and incorporated into two different commercial polysiloxane resins, Shin Etsu KER-6000 and Wacker SilRes H62-C. Scintillating fluorophores, 9,9-dimethyl-2-phenylfluorene (PhF) and 2,5-diphenyloxazole (PPO), were tested in combination with each resin and boron-10 molecule for the simultaneous detection of gamma rays, fast neutrons, and thermal neutrons. The H62-C resin was able to solubilize a large amount of PhF, in excess of 20 wt%. Cure kinetics were controlled through the addition of divinylbenzene (DVB) and phenyl tris(dimethylsiloxy)silane (PTDMSS) crosslinker solution to the H62-C resin, with rheology experiments demonstrating a large reduction in time to gelation when 20 wt% crosslinker solution was added, from more than 4 h to less than 1 h. These polysiloxane resins can be cured in 3 h under air, while common poly(vinyltoluene) scintillators require at least four days of heating and oxygen-free conditions. PhF-doped KER-6000 with tolyl boronate pinacol ester exhibited the best overall performance with a light yield (LY) of 62% relative to EJ-200 and thermal neutron capture at energies up to 103 keVee (84 keVee for EJ254B-5). In addition, four samples exhibited LYs surpassing an industry-standard boron-doped plastic scintillator, Eljen’s EJ254B-5. Over the course of ten months, the KER-6000 samples showed precipitation of dopant molecules, which reduced their LY by 15% on average, while H62-C proved to be more stable with only a 6% reduction.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2449-2456"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189509","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This work introduces silicon drift detector-ASIC array for large event throughput (SCARLET), a novel readout ASIC designed for integration with monolithic arrays of silicon drift detectors (SDDs) using a bump bonding scheme within a hybrid pixel assembly, suitable for high-rate high-density energy-dispersive X-ray detection systems in synchrotron beamlines or industrial applications. The ASIC, designed in a standard $0.35~mu $ m CMOS technology, is composed of four parallel readout channels, each integrating the complete pulse processing electronics, from the charge-sensitive amplifier to the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), delivering the signal in a digital format. Specifically, the pulse processing chain features a reset-type CSA with pMOS input stage, a seventh-order semi-Gaussian shaping amplifier, a peak stretcher equipped with peak detector circuit and optimum pile-up rejection (PUR) scheme, and an analog memory to enhance throughput. Each pair of channels is digitized using a priority multiplexing scheme by a 12-bit on-chip successive approximation register (SAR) ADC, providing a digital output at a maximum sampling rate of 5 Ms/s. This enables the allocation of 2.5 MHz to each channel when the multiplexer operates sequentially between them. The layout floorplan is compatible for bump bonding assembly by means of gold-stud bump technique with 2 mm pitch square SDDs. Experimental spectroscopic measurements conducted with the hybrid module yielded a resolution of 240 eV FWHM (24.4 e $^{-}$ rms) at the shortest filter pulsewidth of 200 ns. A best resolution of 148 eV FWHM (10.3 e $^{-}$ rms) was achieved at the optimum filter pulsewidth of $1~mu $ s. In terms of throughput capability, the ASIC reaches an average output count rate (OCR) of 1.8 Mc/s per channel. When two channels are irradiated simultaneously with an input count rate (ICR) of 4 Mc/s, a maximum count rate of 3.6 Mc/s is measured at the output of the shared ADC operated in priority modality.
这项工作介绍了用于大事件吞吐量的硅漂移探测器-ASIC阵列（SCARLET），这是一种新型的读出ASIC，设计用于与硅漂移探测器（SDD）单片阵列集成，在混合像素组件中使用凸块键合方案，适用于同步辐射光束线或工业应用中的高速率高密度能量色散X射线探测系统。ASIC 采用标准的 0.35~mu $ m CMOS 技术设计，由四个并行读出通道组成，每个通道都集成了完整的脉冲处理电子设备，从电荷敏感放大器到模数转换器（ADC），以数字格式传输信号。具体来说，脉冲处理链包括一个带有 pMOS 输入级的复位型 CSA、一个七阶半高斯整形放大器、一个配有峰值检波电路和最佳堆积抑制（PUR）方案的峰值拉伸器，以及一个用于提高吞吐量的模拟存储器。每对通道都通过一个 12 位片上逐次逼近寄存器 (SAR) ADC 采用优先多路复用方案进行数字化，以 5 Ms/s 的最大采样率提供数字输出。这样，当多路复用器在两个通道之间顺序工作时，每个通道可分配 2.5 MHz。该布局平面图可通过 2 毫米间距的方形 SDD，采用镶金凸点技术进行凸点键合装配。利用混合模块进行的光谱测量结果表明，在 200 ns 的最短滤波器脉宽下，分辨率达到 240 eV FWHM（24.4 e $^{-}$ rms）。在 1~mu $ s 的最佳滤波器脉宽下，最佳分辨率为 148 eV FWHM（10.3 e $^{-}$ rms）。就吞吐能力而言，ASIC 的平均输出计数率（OCR）达到每通道 1.8 Mc/s。当两个通道同时以 4 Mc/s 的输入计数率（ICR）进行辐照时，在以优先模式运行的共享 ADC 的输出端测得的最大计数率为 3.6 Mc/s。
{"title":"SCARLET: A Readout ASIC Bump-Bonded to SDD Array for Large Event Throughput","authors":"Griseld Deda;Idham Hafizh;Giacomo Borghi;Marco Carminati;Francesco Ficorella;Giancarlo Pepponi;Carlo Fiorini","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3455424","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3455424","url":null,"abstract":"This work introduces silicon drift detector-ASIC array for large event throughput (SCARLET), a novel readout ASIC designed for integration with monolithic arrays of silicon drift detectors (SDDs) using a bump bonding scheme within a hybrid pixel assembly, suitable for high-rate high-density energy-dispersive X-ray detection systems in synchrotron beamlines or industrial applications. The ASIC, designed in a standard \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.35~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 m CMOS technology, is composed of four parallel readout channels, each integrating the complete pulse processing electronics, from the charge-sensitive amplifier to the analog-to-digital converter (ADC), delivering the signal in a digital format. Specifically, the pulse processing chain features a reset-type CSA with pMOS input stage, a seventh-order semi-Gaussian shaping amplifier, a peak stretcher equipped with peak detector circuit and optimum pile-up rejection (PUR) scheme, and an analog memory to enhance throughput. Each pair of channels is digitized using a priority multiplexing scheme by a 12-bit on-chip successive approximation register (SAR) ADC, providing a digital output at a maximum sampling rate of 5 Ms/s. This enables the allocation of 2.5 MHz to each channel when the multiplexer operates sequentially between them. The layout floorplan is compatible for bump bonding assembly by means of gold-stud bump technique with 2 mm pitch square SDDs. Experimental spectroscopic measurements conducted with the hybrid module yielded a resolution of 240 eV FWHM (24.4 e\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 rms) at the shortest filter pulsewidth of 200 ns. A best resolution of 148 eV FWHM (10.3 e\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 rms) was achieved at the optimum filter pulsewidth of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$1~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000 s. In terms of throughput capability, the ASIC reaches an average output count rate (OCR) of 1.8 Mc/s per channel. When two channels are irradiated simultaneously with an input count rate (ICR) of 4 Mc/s, a maximum count rate of 3.6 Mc/s is measured at the output of the shared ADC operated in priority modality.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"2323-2333"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-06DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3455272
H. C. Valentine;A. Barjatya;R. M. Conway;R. E. Clayton;N. P. Graves;A. W. Bushmaker;J. L. Taggart;P. J. Edwards;A. W. Wright;A. D. Yarbrough
With recent advancements in small-satellite technology and the onset of industry-wide budget constraints, the field of planetary space exploration has begun directing efforts toward the production of low-cost missions that are capable of achieving big-budget science objectives. For any interplanetary mission, radiation tolerance assurance is necessary to maximize the survivability of an instrument and characterize its measurement performance throughout the mission flight profile. In this work, the process of ensuring radiation tolerance is demonstrated for a suite of Langmuir probe instruments that will fly on NASA’s upcoming dual small-satellite mission to Mars, the Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE). A case study is presented in radiation environment modeling, component selection, single-event effect (SEE) considerations, total ionizing dose (TID) testing practices, data processing, and risk assessment to demonstrate instrument performance assurance techniques that could apply to other similar low-cost interplanetary missions. It is shown that the ESCAPADE Langmuir probe (ELP) instrument design satisfies accuracy requirements after radiation testing up to 25 krad(Si). In addition, the viability of commercial components for long-duration space missions is discussed, and the results are presented for a low-cost analog-to-digital converter (ADC).
{"title":"Assuring Radiation Tolerance of a Langmuir Probe Instrument for Low-Cost Interplanetary Missions","authors":"H. C. Valentine;A. Barjatya;R. M. Conway;R. E. Clayton;N. P. Graves;A. W. Bushmaker;J. L. Taggart;P. J. Edwards;A. W. Wright;A. D. Yarbrough","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3455272","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3455272","url":null,"abstract":"With recent advancements in small-satellite technology and the onset of industry-wide budget constraints, the field of planetary space exploration has begun directing efforts toward the production of low-cost missions that are capable of achieving big-budget science objectives. For any interplanetary mission, radiation tolerance assurance is necessary to maximize the survivability of an instrument and characterize its measurement performance throughout the mission flight profile. In this work, the process of ensuring radiation tolerance is demonstrated for a suite of Langmuir probe instruments that will fly on NASA’s upcoming dual small-satellite mission to Mars, the Escape and Plasma Acceleration and Dynamics Explorers (ESCAPADE). A case study is presented in radiation environment modeling, component selection, single-event effect (SEE) considerations, total ionizing dose (TID) testing practices, data processing, and risk assessment to demonstrate instrument performance assurance techniques that could apply to other similar low-cost interplanetary missions. It is shown that the ESCAPADE Langmuir probe (ELP) instrument design satisfies accuracy requirements after radiation testing up to 25 krad(Si). In addition, the viability of commercial components for long-duration space missions is discussed, and the results are presented for a low-cost analog-to-digital converter (ADC).","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"2219-2229"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-06","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189472","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3454716
Chiranjit Debnath;Sujan Kar;Ashish K. Agrawal;Mayank Shukla;Sunil Verma
Trans-stilbene (TSB) crystals are important for the detection of high-energy photons and neutrons through the process of scintillation. To fulfil the requirement of large area scintillator detector elements, trans-stilbene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (TSB/PMMA) composites have been developed. These plastic scintillator materials can be prepared in a relatively simpler manner as compared to the single crystals. The detailed optimization of the synthesis parameters has been reported. Using the optimal parameters, the TSB/PMMA composites having different TSB concentrations, up to a maximum of 35 wt% TSB, have been successfully fabricated. The fabricated composites were stable at room temperature, optically homogeneous, and transparent in a wide spectral range. The device relevant properties of the synthesized TSB/PMMA plastic scintillator, important for their deployment in optical imaging applications, such as the index of refraction, UV-Vis–NIR transmission, and photoluminescence (PL) properties, have been characterized as a function of TSB concentration in the polymer matrix and the behavior observed has been analyzed. Thin wafers of 0.5 mm thickness having different TSB concentrations were fabricated and used for demonstrating X-ray imaging with a resolution of $100~mu $ m, using X-ray imaging beamline of Indus-2 synchrotron radiation facility. In addition, the samples of 5 mm thickness having two different concentrations were used for the detection of neutrons using thermal neutron beamline of Dhruva research reactor facility at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay. The results demonstrate that TSB/PMMA composite is a potential plastic scintillator material for X-ray imaging and neutron scintillation applications.
反式二苯乙烯（TSB）晶体对于通过闪烁过程探测高能光子和中子非常重要。为了满足大面积闪烁探测器元件的要求，人们开发了反式苯乙烯/聚甲基丙烯酸甲酯（TSB/PMMA）复合材料。与单晶体相比，这些塑料闪烁体材料的制备方法相对简单。报告详细介绍了合成参数的优化。利用最佳参数，成功制备出了不同 TSB 浓度的 TSB/PMMA 复合材料，最大 TSB 浓度可达 35 wt%。所制备的复合材料在室温下稳定，光学均匀，在宽光谱范围内透明。合成的 TSB/PMMA 塑料闪烁体的设备相关特性（如折射率、紫外-可见-近红外透射率和光致发光（PL）特性）对其在光学成像应用中的部署非常重要，这些特性作为聚合物基体中 TSB 浓度的函数进行了表征，并对观察到的行为进行了分析。利用 Indus-2 同步辐射设施的 X 射线成像光束线，制作了厚度为 0.5 毫米、具有不同 TSB 浓度的薄晶片，并用于演示分辨率为 100~mu $ m 的 X 射线成像。此外，还利用特龙贝哈巴原子研究中心（BARC）Dhruva 研究反应堆设施的热中子光束线对两种不同浓度的 5 毫米厚样品进行了中子探测。结果表明，TSB/PMMA 复合材料是一种潜在的塑料闪烁体材料，可用于 X 射线成像和中子闪烁应用。
{"title":"Development of Trans-Stilbene/PMMA Polymer Composites and Their Optical Characterization for Scintillation-Based Imaging and Detector Applications","authors":"Chiranjit Debnath;Sujan Kar;Ashish K. Agrawal;Mayank Shukla;Sunil Verma","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3454716","DOIUrl":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3454716","url":null,"abstract":"Trans-stilbene (TSB) crystals are important for the detection of high-energy photons and neutrons through the process of scintillation. To fulfil the requirement of large area scintillator detector elements, trans-stilbene/poly(methyl methacrylate) (TSB/PMMA) composites have been developed. These plastic scintillator materials can be prepared in a relatively simpler manner as compared to the single crystals. The detailed optimization of the synthesis parameters has been reported. Using the optimal parameters, the TSB/PMMA composites having different TSB concentrations, up to a maximum of 35 wt% TSB, have been successfully fabricated. The fabricated composites were stable at room temperature, optically homogeneous, and transparent in a wide spectral range. The device relevant properties of the synthesized TSB/PMMA plastic scintillator, important for their deployment in optical imaging applications, such as the index of refraction, UV-Vis–NIR transmission, and photoluminescence (PL) properties, have been characterized as a function of TSB concentration in the polymer matrix and the behavior observed has been analyzed. Thin wafers of 0.5 mm thickness having different TSB concentrations were fabricated and used for demonstrating X-ray imaging with a resolution of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$100~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000m, using X-ray imaging beamline of Indus-2 synchrotron radiation facility. In addition, the samples of 5 mm thickness having two different concentrations were used for the detection of neutrons using thermal neutron beamline of Dhruva research reactor facility at Bhabha Atomic Research Centre (BARC), Trombay. The results demonstrate that TSB/PMMA composite is a potential plastic scintillator material for X-ray imaging and neutron scintillation applications.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 11","pages":"2432-2441"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189510","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-09-05DOI: 10.1109/tns.2024.3454701
Ni Fang, Dong Wang, Zhuo Zhou, Huidi Liu, Hui Wang, Shiqiang Zhou, Ran Chen
{"title":"Optimization of Energy Resolution in Topmetal-II− Pixel Detector: An Exploration of Neural Network and Curve Fitting Strategies","authors":"Ni Fang, Dong Wang, Zhuo Zhou, Huidi Liu, Hui Wang, Shiqiang Zhou, Ran Chen","doi":"10.1109/tns.2024.3454701","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/tns.2024.3454701","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-09-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142189478","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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