Pub Date : 2026-02-17DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2026.3663072
{"title":"TechRxiv: Share Your Preprint Research With the World!","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2026.3663072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2026.3663072","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 2","pages":"486-486"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11397795","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146205912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-17DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2026.3661526
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2026.3661526","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2026.3661526","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 2","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11397793","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146205915","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-02-09DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2026.3662575
{"title":"2025 Index IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2026.3662575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2026.3662575","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 12","pages":"1-115"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-02-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11385363","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146175828","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2026.3652286
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2026.3652286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2026.3652286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11359386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2026-01-05DOI: 10.1109/tns.2025.3650559
Akyl Swaby, Kaitlin Hellier, Linxi Shi, Adam S Wang, Shiva Abbaszadeh
Amorphous selenium (a-Se) as a direct conversion X-ray photoconductor has many desirable properties in X-ray imaging, due to its high spatial resolution, low dark current, high absorption efficiency, and large area fabrication. We present the fabrication and performance evaluation of thick a-Se layers for a cost-effective dual-layer X-ray flat-panel detector (DL-FPD). Building on a Cascaded Linear Systems Model that identifies 200-400 μm as the optimal a-Se thickness for the top layer detector, we manufactured 253 μm and 414 μm a-Se samples with a polyimide hole-blocking contact to suppress dark current to below 10 pA/mm2 at electric fields up to 10 V/μm. Under low-energy X-ray irradiation, both devices demonstrated increasing response to increasing tube energy, with the 414 μm layer achieving higher photocurrent due to increased photon absorption. Temporal lag analysis revealed more pronounced signal persistence in the thicker sample at a lower bias, consistent with increased carrier trapping for greater thicknesses. These measurements provide critical metrics such as leakage, photoresponse, and lag for guiding the design of readout electronics in future direct/indirect DL-FPD arrays.
{"title":"Characterization of Thick Selenium Layers for Dual-Layer X-ray Imaging.","authors":"Akyl Swaby, Kaitlin Hellier, Linxi Shi, Adam S Wang, Shiva Abbaszadeh","doi":"10.1109/tns.2025.3650559","DOIUrl":"10.1109/tns.2025.3650559","url":null,"abstract":"<p><p>Amorphous selenium (a-Se) as a direct conversion X-ray photoconductor has many desirable properties in X-ray imaging, due to its high spatial resolution, low dark current, high absorption efficiency, and large area fabrication. We present the fabrication and performance evaluation of thick a-Se layers for a cost-effective dual-layer X-ray flat-panel detector (DL-FPD). Building on a Cascaded Linear Systems Model that identifies 200-400 μm as the optimal a-Se thickness for the top layer detector, we manufactured 253 μm and 414 μm a-Se samples with a polyimide hole-blocking contact to suppress dark current to below 10 pA/mm<sup>2</sup> at electric fields up to 10 V/μm. Under low-energy X-ray irradiation, both devices demonstrated increasing response to increasing tube energy, with the 414 μm layer achieving higher photocurrent due to increased photon absorption. Temporal lag analysis revealed more pronounced signal persistence in the thicker sample at a lower bias, consistent with increased carrier trapping for greater thicknesses. These measurements provide critical metrics such as leakage, photoresponse, and lag for guiding the design of readout electronics in future direct/indirect DL-FPD arrays.</p>","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":" ","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-05","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC12900168/pdf/","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146201496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-29DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3649348
Huajie Wu;Qihong Wang;Jing Song;Qizheng Wang
Neutron radiography is a well-established nondestructive testing technique, but it remains insufficient to meet the demands of high-resolution (HR) imaging, particularly when based on a compact neutron source. Real-ESRGAN, a powerful image super-resolution (SR) method based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), is extended in this study to practical HR restoration applications in neutron radiography. The complex degradation factors in neutron radiography (e.g., blur, noise, and gamma white spots) are considered to enhance the generalization ability of the SR network for neutron image data. Thereafter, the U-Net discriminator is integrated with attention gates (AGs) to enable the SR network to focus on important features and suppress irrelevant information. To balance the cost and reliability of dataset construction, X-ray images are used as data drivers for model training. The experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate that the proposed method reconstructs HR neutron radiographs with sharper texture details and less noise than state-of-the-art SR techniques, in terms of both visual quality and quantity.
{"title":"Super-Resolution Reconstruction for Neutron Radiography Using Improved Real-ESRGAN","authors":"Huajie Wu;Qihong Wang;Jing Song;Qizheng Wang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3649348","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3649348","url":null,"abstract":"Neutron radiography is a well-established nondestructive testing technique, but it remains insufficient to meet the demands of high-resolution (HR) imaging, particularly when based on a compact neutron source. Real-ESRGAN, a powerful image super-resolution (SR) method based on a generative adversarial network (GAN), is extended in this study to practical HR restoration applications in neutron radiography. The complex degradation factors in neutron radiography (e.g., blur, noise, and gamma white spots) are considered to enhance the generalization ability of the SR network for neutron image data. Thereafter, the U-Net discriminator is integrated with attention gates (AGs) to enable the SR network to focus on important features and suppress irrelevant information. To balance the cost and reliability of dataset construction, X-ray images are used as data drivers for model training. The experimental results on both synthetic and real data demonstrate that the proposed method reconstructs HR neutron radiographs with sharper texture details and less noise than state-of-the-art SR techniques, in terms of both visual quality and quantity.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 2","pages":"460-473"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146205913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3646631
Matthew Van Zile;Jacob Sklebar;Minjung Kim;Anne C. Co;Shang Zhai;Praneeth Kandlakunta;L. Raymond Cao
Detection of trace amounts of environmental tritium is a challenging problem, driving the need for field-deployable systems that offer high sensitivity, selectivity, and minimal false positives. We present a technique for high-sensitivity, high-selectivity tritium measurement, which integrates metal-hydride and gas-detector concepts into a compact field-deployable tritium sensor. A hydrogen-storage metal embedded in a gas proportional counter selectively absorbs protium (1H)/tritium (3H), which are subsequently released into the counter volume with a reduced radiation background. Ionizations induced by 3H beta particles are then measured in proportional counting mode, achieving high detection efficiency. Preliminary studies conducted with palladium (Pd) thin films coated on stainless-steel substrates demonstrated 3H absorption and metal-tritide formation, followed by 3H desorption upon heating the metal-tritide. These processes were confirmed using activity concentrations measured by a commercial tritium monitor and pulse height spectra acquired from a custom-built detector.
{"title":"Integrating Metal-Hydride and Gas-Detector for Tritium Gas Detection","authors":"Matthew Van Zile;Jacob Sklebar;Minjung Kim;Anne C. Co;Shang Zhai;Praneeth Kandlakunta;L. Raymond Cao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3646631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3646631","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of trace amounts of environmental tritium is a challenging problem, driving the need for field-deployable systems that offer high sensitivity, selectivity, and minimal false positives. We present a technique for high-sensitivity, high-selectivity tritium measurement, which integrates metal-hydride and gas-detector concepts into a compact field-deployable tritium sensor. A hydrogen-storage metal embedded in a gas proportional counter selectively absorbs protium (<sup>1</sup>H)/tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), which are subsequently released into the counter volume with a reduced radiation background. Ionizations induced by <sup>3</sup>H beta particles are then measured in proportional counting mode, achieving high detection efficiency. Preliminary studies conducted with palladium (Pd) thin films coated on stainless-steel substrates demonstrated <sup>3</sup>H absorption and metal-tritide formation, followed by <sup>3</sup>H desorption upon heating the metal-tritide. These processes were confirmed using activity concentrations measured by a commercial tritium monitor and pulse height spectra acquired from a custom-built detector.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"216-222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3641467
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3641467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3641467","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 12","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11304134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145772048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This study investigates the crosstalk suppression in small-pitch array high-energy particle (for example, alpha and electron) detectors. For photodetector arrays, crosstalk between pixels is a phenomenon severely limiting the pixel density, detector resolution, and overall performance of the detector. Addressing this issue, in this article, a crosstalk charge extraction structure (CCES) is proposed. CCES mitigates electrical crosstalk via shallow trench isolation (STI) and actively extracts laterally diffused carriers using the potential gradient formed by CCES. Simulation analysis conducted using Sentaurus TCAD demonstrates that CCES can substantially reduce crosstalk effects across various pixel spacings. The as-fabricated detectors indicate that under a reverse bias voltage of 50 V and a load resistance of $50~Omega $ , the detector integrated with CCES exhibits a rise time of approximately 1.53 ns and a cutoff frequency of approximately 228 MHz. The maximum dark current per unit area does not exceed 16 nA/cm2, with an average value of 5.9 nA/cm2. Crosstalk tests reveal that compared to traditional structures, CCES reduces crosstalk from approximately 32%–22%. Furthermore, CCES reconstructs the potential distribution between pixels through a Kelvin-like guard ring design, reducing the mean pixel capacitance from 3.93 to 3.59 pF. Importantly, the integration of CCES does not compromise the responsivity or quantum efficiency (QE) of the detector. This research provides a critical foundation for the optimal design of high-energy detectors, resolves the tradeoff between crosstalk suppression and effective detection area, and enhances detection accuracy and reliability.
{"title":"Crosstalk Suppression in Small-Pitch High-Energy Detector Arrays via Crosstalk Charge Extraction Structure","authors":"Jiayi Wang;Yanqi Zhou;Yichen Zhang;Yuanjun Guan;Tao Wang;Qianchuan Yi;Wenxin Jiang;Xiaopu Gu;Li Zhang;Tianyan Han;Tianyu Long;Siyuan Gu;Lilei Hu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3643624","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3643624","url":null,"abstract":"This study investigates the crosstalk suppression in small-pitch array high-energy particle (for example, alpha and electron) detectors. For photodetector arrays, crosstalk between pixels is a phenomenon severely limiting the pixel density, detector resolution, and overall performance of the detector. Addressing this issue, in this article, a crosstalk charge extraction structure (CCES) is proposed. CCES mitigates electrical crosstalk via shallow trench isolation (STI) and actively extracts laterally diffused carriers using the potential gradient formed by CCES. Simulation analysis conducted using Sentaurus TCAD demonstrates that CCES can substantially reduce crosstalk effects across various pixel spacings. The as-fabricated detectors indicate that under a reverse bias voltage of 50 V and a load resistance of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$50~Omega $ </tex-math></inline-formula>, the detector integrated with CCES exhibits a rise time of approximately 1.53 ns and a cutoff frequency of approximately 228 MHz. The maximum dark current per unit area does not exceed 16 nA/cm<sup>2</sup>, with an average value of 5.9 nA/cm<sup>2</sup>. Crosstalk tests reveal that compared to traditional structures, CCES reduces crosstalk from approximately 32%–22%. Furthermore, CCES reconstructs the potential distribution between pixels through a Kelvin-like guard ring design, reducing the mean pixel capacitance from 3.93 to 3.59 pF. Importantly, the integration of CCES does not compromise the responsivity or quantum efficiency (QE) of the detector. This research provides a critical foundation for the optimal design of high-energy detectors, resolves the tradeoff between crosstalk suppression and effective detection area, and enhances detection accuracy and reliability.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 2","pages":"474-483"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146206012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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