Pub Date : 2026-01-20DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2026.3652286
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2026.3652286","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2026.3652286","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2026-01-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11359386","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-22DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3646631
Matthew Van Zile;Jacob Sklebar;Minjung Kim;Anne C. Co;Shang Zhai;Praneeth Kandlakunta;L. Raymond Cao
Detection of trace amounts of environmental tritium is a challenging problem, driving the need for field-deployable systems that offer high sensitivity, selectivity, and minimal false positives. We present a technique for high-sensitivity, high-selectivity tritium measurement, which integrates metal-hydride and gas-detector concepts into a compact field-deployable tritium sensor. A hydrogen-storage metal embedded in a gas proportional counter selectively absorbs protium (1H)/tritium (3H), which are subsequently released into the counter volume with a reduced radiation background. Ionizations induced by 3H beta particles are then measured in proportional counting mode, achieving high detection efficiency. Preliminary studies conducted with palladium (Pd) thin films coated on stainless-steel substrates demonstrated 3H absorption and metal-tritide formation, followed by 3H desorption upon heating the metal-tritide. These processes were confirmed using activity concentrations measured by a commercial tritium monitor and pulse height spectra acquired from a custom-built detector.
{"title":"Integrating Metal-Hydride and Gas-Detector for Tritium Gas Detection","authors":"Matthew Van Zile;Jacob Sklebar;Minjung Kim;Anne C. Co;Shang Zhai;Praneeth Kandlakunta;L. Raymond Cao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3646631","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3646631","url":null,"abstract":"Detection of trace amounts of environmental tritium is a challenging problem, driving the need for field-deployable systems that offer high sensitivity, selectivity, and minimal false positives. We present a technique for high-sensitivity, high-selectivity tritium measurement, which integrates metal-hydride and gas-detector concepts into a compact field-deployable tritium sensor. A hydrogen-storage metal embedded in a gas proportional counter selectively absorbs protium (<sup>1</sup>H)/tritium (<sup>3</sup>H), which are subsequently released into the counter volume with a reduced radiation background. Ionizations induced by <sup>3</sup>H beta particles are then measured in proportional counting mode, achieving high detection efficiency. Preliminary studies conducted with palladium (Pd) thin films coated on stainless-steel substrates demonstrated <sup>3</sup>H absorption and metal-tritide formation, followed by <sup>3</sup>H desorption upon heating the metal-tritide. These processes were confirmed using activity concentrations measured by a commercial tritium monitor and pulse height spectra acquired from a custom-built detector.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"216-222"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11311114","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-12-18DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3641467
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3641467","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3641467","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 12","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-12-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11304134","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145772048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-11-14DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3630727
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3630727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3630727","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-11-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11249807","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510065","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-28DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3626242
Ricardo Lopez;Phil Kerr;Vladimir V. Mozin;Shaun D. Clarke;Sara A. Pozzi
Modern nuclear safeguards require detection and characterization capabilities suitable for a wide variety of radiation sources and applications. Field-deployable detection systems have also had to modernize to meet changing needs. Recent developments in organic scintillator technology have resulted in the creation of an organic glass scintillator (OGS) at Sandia National Laboratory which is composed of a 9:1 mixture of glass compounds C42H36Si and C51H44Si. The novel scintillator composition was implemented into the design for a dual-particle capable imaging system at the University of Michigan. This work presents new results from two experiments demonstrating the gamma-ray and fast-neutron imaging capabilities of the organic glass system. Gamma spectroscopy was also performed using CeBr3 scintillators that are part of the imager design. Measurements were performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory using 232Th metal hemishells and an encapsulated 244Cm oxide source. Successful gamma-ray imaging of the 232Th distributed sources is demonstrated with the glass imager, but there were no appreciable neutrons from the 232Th for neutron imaging. Promising neutron and gamma-ray imaging results of 244Cm are demonstrated despite limited imaging event statistics available in this measurement. Gamma-ray spectroscopy results were able to identify 232Th using prominent emissions at 239, 338, 583, and 911 keV. 244Cm was identified from emissions of 43, 99, and 153 keV. These results demonstrate the potential of organic glass imaging for nuclear nonproliferation or characterization efforts.
{"title":"Neutron and Gamma-Ray Imaging of Th-232 and Cm-244 Using Organic Glass Scintillators","authors":"Ricardo Lopez;Phil Kerr;Vladimir V. Mozin;Shaun D. Clarke;Sara A. Pozzi","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3626242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3626242","url":null,"abstract":"Modern nuclear safeguards require detection and characterization capabilities suitable for a wide variety of radiation sources and applications. Field-deployable detection systems have also had to modernize to meet changing needs. Recent developments in organic scintillator technology have resulted in the creation of an organic glass scintillator (OGS) at Sandia National Laboratory which is composed of a 9:1 mixture of glass compounds C<sub>42</sub>H<sub>36</sub>Si and C<sub>51</sub>H<sub>44</sub>Si. The novel scintillator composition was implemented into the design for a dual-particle capable imaging system at the University of Michigan. This work presents new results from two experiments demonstrating the gamma-ray and fast-neutron imaging capabilities of the organic glass system. Gamma spectroscopy was also performed using CeBr<sub>3</sub> scintillators that are part of the imager design. Measurements were performed at Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory using <sup>232</sup>Th metal hemishells and an encapsulated <sup>244</sup>Cm oxide source. Successful gamma-ray imaging of the <sup>232</sup>Th distributed sources is demonstrated with the glass imager, but there were no appreciable neutrons from the <sup>232</sup>Th for neutron imaging. Promising neutron and gamma-ray imaging results of <sup>244</sup>Cm are demonstrated despite limited imaging event statistics available in this measurement. Gamma-ray spectroscopy results were able to identify <sup>232</sup>Th using prominent emissions at 239, 338, 583, and 911 keV. <sup>244</sup>Cm was identified from emissions of 43, 99, and 153 keV. These results demonstrate the potential of organic glass imaging for nuclear nonproliferation or characterization efforts.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 12","pages":"3835-3840"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11218934","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145772023","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3619787
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science Information for Authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3619787","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3619787","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 10","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=11216071","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145339701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3624244
Danyang Huang;Xiaolong Zhao;Shuwen Guo;Xianghe Fu;Peiwen Cui;Sien Ye;Zixia Yu;Yongning He
This study presents the results of X-ray detection using a 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) n-p-n bipolar phototransistor detector (PTD) with floating base configuration. The PTD’s internal gain amplifies the primary photocurrent generated in the base–collector junction, thereby significantly enhancing the detector’s response current without requiring a thick sensitive layer. The PTD delivers a stable sensitivity of $1.074times 10^{3}~mu text {C}cdot text {Gy}^{-1}$ cm−2 at 5-V bias. Furthermore, the gain can be modulated by changing the bias voltage, since the gain of the PTD is related to the neutral base width, which is a function of the bias voltage. A maximum sensitivity of $1.838times 10^{4}~mu text {C}cdot text {Gy}^{-1}cdot text {cm}^{-2}$ can be obtained with a bias voltage of 20 V. These results demonstrate that the internal gain mechanism in 4H-SiC n-p-n structures substantially enhances the sensitivity of the detector even without the help of a thick sensitive layer, establishing a new approach for high-performance X-ray imaging detectors.
本研究介绍了采用浮动基型4h -碳化硅（SiC） n-p-n双极光电晶体管探测器（PTD）进行x射线检测的结果。PTD的内部增益放大了在基极-集电极结中产生的初级光电流，从而显著提高了探测器的响应电流，而不需要厚的敏感层。该PTD在5v偏置下提供了1.074 × 10^{3}~mu text {C}cdot text {Gy}^{-1}$ cm−2的稳定灵敏度。此外，增益可以通过改变偏置电压来调制，因为PTD的增益与中性基宽有关，而中性基宽是偏置电压的函数。在20 V的偏置电压下，可获得$1.838 × 10^{4}~mu text {C}cdot text {Gy}^{-1}cdot text {cm}^{-2}$的最大灵敏度。这些结果表明，即使没有厚敏感层的帮助，4H-SiC n-p-n结构的内部增益机制也大大提高了探测器的灵敏度，为高性能x射线成像探测器建立了新的途径。
{"title":"Ultrahigh-Sensitivity X-Ray Detectors Based on 4H-SiC n-p-n Structure","authors":"Danyang Huang;Xiaolong Zhao;Shuwen Guo;Xianghe Fu;Peiwen Cui;Sien Ye;Zixia Yu;Yongning He","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3624244","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3624244","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents the results of X-ray detection using a 4H-silicon carbide (SiC) n-p-n bipolar phototransistor detector (PTD) with floating base configuration. The PTD’s internal gain amplifies the primary photocurrent generated in the base–collector junction, thereby significantly enhancing the detector’s response current without requiring a thick sensitive layer. The PTD delivers a stable sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.074times 10^{3}~mu text {C}cdot text {Gy}^{-1}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>cm<sup>−2</sup> at 5-V bias. Furthermore, the gain can be modulated by changing the bias voltage, since the gain of the PTD is related to the neutral base width, which is a function of the bias voltage. A maximum sensitivity of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$1.838times 10^{4}~mu text {C}cdot text {Gy}^{-1}cdot text {cm}^{-2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> can be obtained with a bias voltage of 20 V. These results demonstrate that the internal gain mechanism in 4H-SiC n-p-n structures substantially enhances the sensitivity of the detector even without the help of a thick sensitive layer, establishing a new approach for high-performance X-ray imaging detectors.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3598-3602"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510147","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3624815
Zhengtao Long;Xiaofei Jiang
Compton cameras serve as important tools for gamma-ray imaging. However, traditional 3-D reconstruction methods employ stringent event selection criteria that utilize only approximately 0.05% of all detected events in typical camera configurations. This low utilization rate leads to poor image quality in low-statistics scenarios. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a new physics-constrained deep learning method (PC-DLM) for 3-D imaging with a Compton camera based on a deep learning algorithm and a Transformer neural network. The algorithm is trained and validated on simulated data. Geant4 simulated dataset validation demonstrates that in the camera configuration of this article, the PC-DLM outperforms both traditional and existing deep learning algorithms in terms of localization accuracy, shape, and intensity restoration for 3-D reconstruction. In particular, it exhibits low mean square error (mse), high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM) compared to simple backprojection (SBP), maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM), and three-dimensional u-shaped network (3D-UNet) in a low-statistics scenario with $N =100$ . This article demonstrates the ability of deep learning to accurately localize and recover the 3-D spatial distribution of radiation sources in low-statistics Compton data.
{"title":"A Physics-Constrained Deep Learning Method for Compton Cameras 3-D Imaging","authors":"Zhengtao Long;Xiaofei Jiang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3624815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3624815","url":null,"abstract":"Compton cameras serve as important tools for gamma-ray imaging. However, traditional 3-D reconstruction methods employ stringent event selection criteria that utilize only approximately 0.05% of all detected events in typical camera configurations. This low utilization rate leads to poor image quality in low-statistics scenarios. To address these shortcomings, this article proposes a new physics-constrained deep learning method (PC-DLM) for 3-D imaging with a Compton camera based on a deep learning algorithm and a Transformer neural network. The algorithm is trained and validated on simulated data. Geant4 simulated dataset validation demonstrates that in the camera configuration of this article, the PC-DLM outperforms both traditional and existing deep learning algorithms in terms of localization accuracy, shape, and intensity restoration for 3-D reconstruction. In particular, it exhibits low mean square error (mse), high peak signal-to-noise ratio (PSNR), and structural similarity index (SSIM) compared to simple backprojection (SBP), maximum likelihood expectation maximization (MLEM), and three-dimensional u-shaped network (3D-UNet) in a low-statistics scenario with <inline-formula> <tex-math>$N =100$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. This article demonstrates the ability of deep learning to accurately localize and recover the 3-D spatial distribution of radiation sources in low-statistics Compton data.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"73 1","pages":"223-234"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"146001858","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2025-10-17DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2025.3622586
Kang Wang;Yunpeng Liu;Xiushan Wang;Menglai Tao;Xiaobin Tang
In this study, a compact high-frequency pulsed X-ray tube based on carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission was developed. A high-adhesion CNT cathode electron emitter was fabricated using an optimized slurry method and a grooved metal substrate, resulting in improved emission stability. The cathode exhibited a turn-on field of 1.78 V/$mu $ m, a field enhancement factor of 6014, and current fluctuations of less than 4% after conditioning. A miniature X-ray tube prototype with a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 47 mm was built in a dynamic vacuum environment. The pulse characteristics, imaging performance, and X-ray communication capabilities are all evaluated. The prototype achieved an amplitude-frequency response bandwidth of 1.05 MHz at 3 dB. The imaging showed a minimum focal spot size (FSS) of $0.879times 1.153$ mm, and high-speed imaging confirmed motion artifact suppression at pulse widths down to $300~mu $ s. Reliable X-ray data transmission was demonstrated at data rates ranging from 1 to 6 Mbps, with PRBS7 encoding and bit error rates (BERs) below $10^{-3}$ . These results highlight the device’s potential for high-speed imaging, low-dose diagnostics, and X-ray communication.
{"title":"Preparation and Testing of a Miniature High-Frequency Pulsed X-Ray Tube Based on Carbon Nanotube Cold Cathode","authors":"Kang Wang;Yunpeng Liu;Xiushan Wang;Menglai Tao;Xiaobin Tang","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2025.3622586","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2025.3622586","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a compact high-frequency pulsed X-ray tube based on carbon nanotube (CNT) field emission was developed. A high-adhesion CNT cathode electron emitter was fabricated using an optimized slurry method and a grooved metal substrate, resulting in improved emission stability. The cathode exhibited a turn-on field of 1.78 V/<inline-formula> <tex-math>$mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>m, a field enhancement factor of 6014, and current fluctuations of less than 4% after conditioning. A miniature X-ray tube prototype with a diameter of 15 mm and a height of 47 mm was built in a dynamic vacuum environment. The pulse characteristics, imaging performance, and X-ray communication capabilities are all evaluated. The prototype achieved an amplitude-frequency response bandwidth of 1.05 MHz at 3 dB. The imaging showed a minimum focal spot size (FSS) of <inline-formula> <tex-math>$0.879times 1.153$ </tex-math></inline-formula> mm, and high-speed imaging confirmed motion artifact suppression at pulse widths down to <inline-formula> <tex-math>$300~mu $ </tex-math></inline-formula>s. Reliable X-ray data transmission was demonstrated at data rates ranging from 1 to 6 Mbps, with PRBS7 encoding and bit error rates (BERs) below <inline-formula> <tex-math>$10^{-3}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. These results highlight the device’s potential for high-speed imaging, low-dose diagnostics, and X-ray communication.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 11","pages":"3561-3567"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2025-10-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"145510057","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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