Pub Date : 2024-10-25DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3486059
Roland Sipos
In 2023, the deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) data acquisition (DAQ) system transitioned to a new Ethernet-based readout. This required an extension to the modular readout subsystem: in particular, a new I/O device library was implemented, interfacing with the detector electronics; a firmware block was provided by the DAQ team to the electronics experts for the implementation of the data formatting and transmission; and the trigger primitive generation (TPG) software in the readout system was adapted to the modified data format. The I/O device library for controlling, configuring, and operating the network interface controllers (NICs) is built upon the data plane development kit (DPDK), supporting routing capabilities based on configurable rules. This feature allows the readout to split the data arriving on each 100-Gb/s link into individual data streams (each with a throughput of ~2 Gb/s), which are passed down to their corresponding processing pipelines for TPG and buffering. Extensive monitoring capabilities are also provided by the library, which monitors errors related to data consistency and integrity, and also aids the performance optimization work of the software stack. In this contribution, we describe the new high-throughput Ethernet-based readout integrated into the DUNE DAQ system, and the first performance results obtained at the ProtoDUNE hardware apparatus at the Neutrino Platform at CERN.
{"title":"The Ethernet Readout of the DUNE DAQ System","authors":"Roland Sipos","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3486059","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3486059","url":null,"abstract":"In 2023, the deep underground neutrino experiment (DUNE) data acquisition (DAQ) system transitioned to a new Ethernet-based readout. This required an extension to the modular readout subsystem: in particular, a new I/O device library was implemented, interfacing with the detector electronics; a firmware block was provided by the DAQ team to the electronics experts for the implementation of the data formatting and transmission; and the trigger primitive generation (TPG) software in the readout system was adapted to the modified data format. The I/O device library for controlling, configuring, and operating the network interface controllers (NICs) is built upon the data plane development kit (DPDK), supporting routing capabilities based on configurable rules. This feature allows the readout to split the data arriving on each 100-Gb/s link into individual data streams (each with a throughput of ~2 Gb/s), which are passed down to their corresponding processing pipelines for TPG and buffering. Extensive monitoring capabilities are also provided by the library, which monitors errors related to data consistency and integrity, and also aids the performance optimization work of the software stack. In this contribution, we describe the new high-throughput Ethernet-based readout integrated into the DUNE DAQ system, and the first performance results obtained at the ProtoDUNE hardware apparatus at the Neutrino Platform at CERN.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"317-324"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10735136","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645232","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The high-energy cosmic radiation detection facility (HERD) is a part of the Chinese Cosmic Lighthouse Program in China space station (CSS), which is planned for launch in 2027. The HERD is expected to operate for ten years in orbit, and it will be able to indirectly detect dark matter, measure cosmic rays, and observe high-energy gamma rays. As a subdetector of the HERD, a transition radiation detector (TRD) has the main scientific goal of calibrating the electromagnetic calorimeter (CALO) at the TeV energy range, improving the measurement accuracy of the CALO, and detecting astronomical phenomena of high-energy gamma rays. In this work, we designed the front-end electronics (FEEs) as a standard readout unit for the TRD prototype in the HERD. The FEE uses four SAMPA application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for 128 detector signal readouts, realizing a high-speed, low-power, and high-reliability data acquisition system. The FEE receives trigger signals and serial commands from the back-end electronics (BEEs) using the universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) protocol via an RS-422 bus and replies to the BEE, providing appropriate remote environmental and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) status parameters. In addition, the FEE sends detector scientific data and clock signals via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) bus at 80 Mb/s with a dual-channel hot backup. According to the results of the electrical tests on the electronics, the channel’s root mean square (rms) noise is less than 1.7 fC, and the linearity is better than 0.2%. In addition, a beam test is performed on the super proton synchrotron (SPS) and proton synchrotron (PS) terminals of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to verify the electronic performance of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed FEE can meet the readout requirements of the TRD prototype and can accurately obtain the energy spectrum of muons and electrons.
{"title":"Front-End Electronics Design for the Transition Radiation Detector Prototype in the HERD","authors":"Jieyu Zhu;Haibo Yang;Yangzhou Su;Xiwen Liu;Ran Chen;Hui Wang;Ping Wei;Cong Dai;Haoqing Xie;Hongbang Liu;Huijun Hu;Chengxin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3485738","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3485738","url":null,"abstract":"The high-energy cosmic radiation detection facility (HERD) is a part of the Chinese Cosmic Lighthouse Program in China space station (CSS), which is planned for launch in 2027. The HERD is expected to operate for ten years in orbit, and it will be able to indirectly detect dark matter, measure cosmic rays, and observe high-energy gamma rays. As a subdetector of the HERD, a transition radiation detector (TRD) has the main scientific goal of calibrating the electromagnetic calorimeter (CALO) at the TeV energy range, improving the measurement accuracy of the CALO, and detecting astronomical phenomena of high-energy gamma rays. In this work, we designed the front-end electronics (FEEs) as a standard readout unit for the TRD prototype in the HERD. The FEE uses four SAMPA application-specific integrated circuits (ASICs) for 128 detector signal readouts, realizing a high-speed, low-power, and high-reliability data acquisition system. The FEE receives trigger signals and serial commands from the back-end electronics (BEEs) using the universal asynchronous receiver transmitter (UART) protocol via an RS-422 bus and replies to the BEE, providing appropriate remote environmental and field-programmable gate array (FPGA) status parameters. In addition, the FEE sends detector scientific data and clock signals via a low-voltage differential signaling (LVDS) bus at 80 Mb/s with a dual-channel hot backup. According to the results of the electrical tests on the electronics, the channel’s root mean square (rms) noise is less than 1.7 fC, and the linearity is better than 0.2%. In addition, a beam test is performed on the super proton synchrotron (SPS) and proton synchrotron (PS) terminals of the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) to verify the electronic performance of the proposed system. The results show that the proposed FEE can meet the readout requirements of the TRD prototype and can accurately obtain the energy spectrum of muons and electrons.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"653-660"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The low-energy X-ray polarization detector (LPD) is a large-area and wide-field-of-view (FoV) X-ray polarimeter planned to be installed on the China Space Station. The LPD is designed to measure the polarization of gamma bursts and their early X-ray afterglows, facilitating studies of celestial bodies and radiation mechanisms at the centers of gamma bursts. The LPD consists of 15 detection units with identical structure and function. A detection unit prototype was developed, featuring six pixel detectors compactly placed on a bonding and front-end electronics (BFE) board with an effective detection area of $27.36~rm cm^{2}$ . Each pixel detector has 16 analog output channels, after which data are amplified, digitized, and transmitted via the board-to-board (BTB) connector to the data acquisition (DAQ) board for processing. The prototype also includes an internal high-voltage circuit with up to −4-kV voltages. The test results indicate that the detection unit prototype can simultaneously read data from 96 channels of pixel detectors with an equivalent charge noise of 49.49 e $^{-}$ . It features comprehensive power management, offers configurable data compression, storage, and encoding, and meets all functional requirements of the detection unit.
低能x射线偏振探测器（LPD）是计划安装在中国空间站上的一种大面积、宽视场（FoV） x射线偏振计。LPD旨在测量伽马暴及其早期x射线余辉的极化，促进伽玛暴中心天体和辐射机制的研究。LPD由15个结构和功能相同的检测单元组成。开发了一个检测单元原型，将六个像素探测器紧凑地放置在键合和前端电子（BFE）板上，有效检测面积为27.36~rm cm^{2}$。每个像素检测器有16个模拟输出通道，之后数据被放大、数字化，并通过板对板（BTB）连接器传输到数据采集（DAQ）板进行处理。该原型还包括一个内部高压电路，电压高达- 4千伏。测试结果表明，该检测单元样机可同时读取96路像素探测器的数据，等效电荷噪声为49.49 e $^{-}$。它具有全面的电源管理，提供可配置的数据压缩，存储和编码，并满足检测单元的所有功能要求。
{"title":"Low-Energy X-Ray Polarization Detector Detection Unit Prototype","authors":"Hui Wang;Dong Wang;Muxian Li;Ran Chen;Kai Chen;Hongbang Liu;Huanbo Feng;Qian Liu;Difan Yi;Jin Li;Ni Fang;Shiqiang Zhou;Zhuo Zhou","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3484990","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3484990","url":null,"abstract":"The low-energy X-ray polarization detector (LPD) is a large-area and wide-field-of-view (FoV) X-ray polarimeter planned to be installed on the China Space Station. The LPD is designed to measure the polarization of gamma bursts and their early X-ray afterglows, facilitating studies of celestial bodies and radiation mechanisms at the centers of gamma bursts. The LPD consists of 15 detection units with identical structure and function. A detection unit prototype was developed, featuring six pixel detectors compactly placed on a bonding and front-end electronics (BFE) board with an effective detection area of \u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$27.36~rm cm^{2}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. Each pixel detector has 16 analog output channels, after which data are amplified, digitized, and transmitted via the board-to-board (BTB) connector to the data acquisition (DAQ) board for processing. The prototype also includes an internal high-voltage circuit with up to −4-kV voltages. The test results indicate that the detection unit prototype can simultaneously read data from 96 channels of pixel detectors with an equivalent charge noise of 49.49 e\u0000<inline-formula> <tex-math>$^{-}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>\u0000. It features comprehensive power management, offers configurable data compression, storage, and encoding, and meets all functional requirements of the detection unit.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2578-2587"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is the state of the art, large liquid scintillator neutrino experiment under construction with a broad physics program in southern China. The primary physics goal of JUNO is to measure the neutrino mass ordering. The front-end electronics (FEEs) of JUNO will generate more than 40 GB/s of raw data, including data in various formats from multiple detectors. A large distributed data acquisition (DAQ) system was designed and developed. The system is mainly divided into data flow software and online software. The data flow software is responsible for the readout, processing, and storage of raw data, while the online software provides services such as software configuration and operational control. This article will introduce the architecture design and the recent development progress of the data flow software.
{"title":"Design and Development of JUNO DAQ Data Flow Software","authors":"Chao Chen;Yu Peng;Tingxuan Zeng;Shuihan Zhang;Yinhui Wu;Hangchang Zhang;Zezhong Yu;Daibin Luo;Xu Zhang;Minhao Gu;Xiaolu Ji;Fei Li;Kejun Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3484513","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3484513","url":null,"abstract":"The Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) is the state of the art, large liquid scintillator neutrino experiment under construction with a broad physics program in southern China. The primary physics goal of JUNO is to measure the neutrino mass ordering. The front-end electronics (FEEs) of JUNO will generate more than 40 GB/s of raw data, including data in various formats from multiple detectors. A large distributed data acquisition (DAQ) system was designed and developed. The system is mainly divided into data flow software and online software. The data flow software is responsible for the readout, processing, and storage of raw data, while the online software provides services such as software configuration and operational control. This article will introduce the architecture design and the recent development progress of the data flow software.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"339-347"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645217","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3485079
Ting Wang;Yu Wang;Zhihang Yao;Yulin Liu;Changqing Feng;Zhiyong Zhang;Shubin Liu
Muon imaging technology is an innovative imaging technique that can be applied in volcano imaging, heavy nuclear material detection, and archeological research. The micromegas detector is a promising choice for muon imaging due to its high spatial resolution and large area. However, the large number of readout channels poses a challenge for electronics. In this article, a compact front-end electronics (FEE) for reading micromegas detectors is presented. The electronics use the commercial current-to-digital readout chip, ADAS1128, which integrates 128 current amplifiers for multichannel charge measurement. After verifying the basic performance of the electronics, the energy resolution was obtained with a radioactive source. Furthermore, a muon imaging system prototype was set up, and its spatial resolution was evaluated in a test with cosmic ray muons. The system prototype can reconstruct the boundaries of sufficiently massive objects with a size of 2 cm in a scattering imaging test.
{"title":"A Compact Readout Electronics Based on Current Amplifier for Micromegas Detector in Muon Imaging","authors":"Ting Wang;Yu Wang;Zhihang Yao;Yulin Liu;Changqing Feng;Zhiyong Zhang;Shubin Liu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3485079","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3485079","url":null,"abstract":"Muon imaging technology is an innovative imaging technique that can be applied in volcano imaging, heavy nuclear material detection, and archeological research. The micromegas detector is a promising choice for muon imaging due to its high spatial resolution and large area. However, the large number of readout channels poses a challenge for electronics. In this article, a compact front-end electronics (FEE) for reading micromegas detectors is presented. The electronics use the commercial current-to-digital readout chip, ADAS1128, which integrates 128 current amplifiers for multichannel charge measurement. After verifying the basic performance of the electronics, the energy resolution was obtained with a radioactive source. Furthermore, a muon imaging system prototype was set up, and its spatial resolution was evaluated in a test with cosmic ray muons. The system prototype can reconstruct the boundaries of sufficiently massive objects with a size of 2 cm in a scattering imaging test.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"414-420"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143645212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-23DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3485053
Yang Wang;Zhiguo Yin;Tianjue Zhang;Bohan Zhao;Chuan Wang;Tianyi Jiang;Qiankun Guo;Chuanye Liu;Peng Zhu
A superconducting cyclotron-based proton therapy (PT) system, featuring a high dose rate, fast energy varying, compact size, and low energy consumption, is developed at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). From the cyclotron to the nozzle, the beamline is equipped with 51 magnets, including six 30°, one 60°, and two 75° dipoles. Its strict symmetry ensures better beam optics, such as achromatic aberration for a wide energy range beam. The beam diagnostics system has been developed in-house to meet the beam commissioning needs of those high-quality beamlines. Along the beamline, the system includes: 1) seven standardized comprehensive diagnostic units (a combination of Faraday cup, dual-wire scanner, and optical beam profile monitor); 2) four pairs of X-Y slits for energy selection and emittance redefinition; and 3) several separate circular collimators, fast beam cutoff devices, and online monitoring ionization chambers for beam position, as well as Faraday cup for measuring beam intensity in the air section for flexible use. In this article, the design of the diagnostic system, the specialized electronics, and the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) consideration were introduced. The dual-wire structure for the pA-level low-intensity beam was depicted. The cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce: YAG), an essential photonic material used as a yellow phosphor for white light-emitting diodes, with a very low-intensity threshold for proton beam profile measurement, was also presented in detail.
{"title":"Development and Commissioning of the Beam Diagnostics for CIAE Proton Therapy Beamline System","authors":"Yang Wang;Zhiguo Yin;Tianjue Zhang;Bohan Zhao;Chuan Wang;Tianyi Jiang;Qiankun Guo;Chuanye Liu;Peng Zhu","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3485053","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3485053","url":null,"abstract":"A superconducting cyclotron-based proton therapy (PT) system, featuring a high dose rate, fast energy varying, compact size, and low energy consumption, is developed at the China Institute of Atomic Energy (CIAE). From the cyclotron to the nozzle, the beamline is equipped with 5<sc>1</small> magnets, including six 30°, one 60°, and two 75° dipoles. Its strict symmetry ensures better beam optics, such as achromatic aberration for a wide energy range beam. The beam diagnostics system has been developed in-house to meet the beam commissioning needs of those high-quality beamlines. Along the beamline, the system includes: 1) seven standardized comprehensive diagnostic units (a combination of Faraday cup, dual-wire scanner, and optical beam profile monitor); 2) four pairs of X-Y slits for energy selection and emittance redefinition; and 3) several separate circular collimators, fast beam cutoff devices, and online monitoring ionization chambers for beam position, as well as Faraday cup for measuring beam intensity in the air section for flexible use. In this article, the design of the diagnostic system, the specialized electronics, and the electromagnetic compatibility (EMC) consideration were introduced. The dual-wire structure for the pA-level low-intensity beam was depicted. The cerium-doped yttrium aluminum garnet (Ce: YAG), an essential photonic material used as a yellow phosphor for white light-emitting diodes, with a very low-intensity threshold for proton beam profile measurement, was also presented in detail.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"699-704"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-23","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637861","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article, a common high-performance data acquisition (DAQ) system for High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) centered with a new common data acquisition unit (CDAU) is introduced. The system includes eight fiber optic transmission channels connected to front-end (FE) electronics, delivering data bandwidth up to 10 Gbps per channel, along with highly scalable FPGA mezzanine card (FMC) and general-purpose input/output (GPlO) interfaces. Moreover, a peripheral component interconnect Express $2.0times 8$ protocol (bandwidth up to 40 Gbps) is implemented to facilitate data exchange with the data center. Laboratory characterization revealed that the bit error rate (BER) of the fiber optic transmission channel is relatively low, at $5.8times 10{^{-16}}$ at a 10-Gbps transmission rate. In addition, the read/write rates of the PCI Express (PCIe) interface demonstrated stability, with the read speed consistently maintained at 3400 MB/s and an error rate as low as $2.09times 10{^{-15}}$ , while the write speed is stable at 3420 MB/s, with an error rate reaching $2.14times 10{^{-15}}$ . Subsequent experiments involved measuring 137Cs radiation source and cosmic ray spectra using various scintillator detectors, achieving the energy resolution of 1.12% and 21.34%. Overall, the DAQ system proved robust and stable in practical scenarios in HIAF. This article examines the DAQ system’s design and performance.
{"title":"Design of a Common High-Performance Data Acquisition System for Physics Experiments at HIAF","authors":"Honglin Zhang;Haibo Yang;Chengcheng Liu;Wenchao Sun;Shun Liao;Xianqin Li;Jieyu Zhu;Hu Ran;Chengxin Zhao","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3484172","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3484172","url":null,"abstract":"In this article, a common high-performance data acquisition (DAQ) system for High Intensity heavy-ion Accelerator Facility (HIAF) centered with a new common data acquisition unit (CDAU) is introduced. The system includes eight fiber optic transmission channels connected to front-end (FE) electronics, delivering data bandwidth up to 10 Gbps per channel, along with highly scalable FPGA mezzanine card (FMC) and general-purpose input/output (GPlO) interfaces. Moreover, a peripheral component interconnect Express <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.0times 8$ </tex-math></inline-formula> protocol (bandwidth up to 40 Gbps) is implemented to facilitate data exchange with the data center. Laboratory characterization revealed that the bit error rate (BER) of the fiber optic transmission channel is relatively low, at <inline-formula> <tex-math>$5.8times 10{^{-16}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula> at a 10-Gbps transmission rate. In addition, the read/write rates of the PCI Express (PCIe) interface demonstrated stability, with the read speed consistently maintained at 3400 MB/s and an error rate as low as <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.09times 10{^{-15}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>, while the write speed is stable at 3420 MB/s, with an error rate reaching <inline-formula> <tex-math>$2.14times 10{^{-15}}$ </tex-math></inline-formula>. Subsequent experiments involved measuring 137Cs radiation source and cosmic ray spectra using various scintillator detectors, achieving the energy resolution of 1.12% and 21.34%. Overall, the DAQ system proved robust and stable in practical scenarios in HIAF. This article examines the DAQ system’s design and performance.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"72 3","pages":"713-719"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"143637826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-10-18DOI: 10.1109/TNS.2024.3476050
{"title":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science information for authors","authors":"","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3476050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3476050","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 10","pages":"C3-C3"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"https://ieeexplore.ieee.org/stamp/stamp.jsp?tp=&arnumber=10722902","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142450824","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"OA","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The first deflector circuitry at the extraction of the 88-in Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been modified to enable switching within a few hundreds of nanoseconds. This modification, along with the pre-chopper, allows the cyclotron to achieve single-bunch extraction. The novel procedure involves adjusting the pre-chopper to control the number of ion bunches injected into the cyclotron, thus managing ion energy deposition. These bunches are then accelerated until they reach the electrostatic deflectors, which control their extraction. After the deflectors are adjusted to transport the beam, the first deflector voltage is decreased until no beam current is extracted. Finally, through switching and selective phase adjustment of the first deflector to match the transit time of a bunch, the cyclotron is capable of extracting a single bunch. This capability is crucial for time-sensitive experiments and allows control over dose distribution in previously inaccessible regimes. The straightforward and cost-efficient implementation of this technique makes it an attractive option for many cyclotron facilities and medical cyclotron manufacturers.
{"title":"Chopped Deflector Technique for Single-Bunch Extraction at the 88-in Cyclotron","authors":"M. Kireeff Covo;D. Todd;P. Bloemhard;J. Benitez;M. Johnson;J. Cruz Duran;J. Garcia;B. Ninemire;L. Phair","doi":"10.1109/TNS.2024.3483452","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1109/TNS.2024.3483452","url":null,"abstract":"The first deflector circuitry at the extraction of the 88-in Cyclotron at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory has been modified to enable switching within a few hundreds of nanoseconds. This modification, along with the pre-chopper, allows the cyclotron to achieve single-bunch extraction. The novel procedure involves adjusting the pre-chopper to control the number of ion bunches injected into the cyclotron, thus managing ion energy deposition. These bunches are then accelerated until they reach the electrostatic deflectors, which control their extraction. After the deflectors are adjusted to transport the beam, the first deflector voltage is decreased until no beam current is extracted. Finally, through switching and selective phase adjustment of the first deflector to match the transit time of a bunch, the cyclotron is capable of extracting a single bunch. This capability is crucial for time-sensitive experiments and allows control over dose distribution in previously inaccessible regimes. The straightforward and cost-efficient implementation of this technique makes it an attractive option for many cyclotron facilities and medical cyclotron manufacturers.","PeriodicalId":13406,"journal":{"name":"IEEE Transactions on Nuclear Science","volume":"71 12","pages":"2487-2492"},"PeriodicalIF":1.9,"publicationDate":"2024-10-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142859073","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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