The title compound (2,2'-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(N'-((E)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetohydrazide) (5-ClPAH) was synthesized by reacting 1,4-Piperazinediacetic acid, 1,4-dihydrazide and 5 -Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C-NMR, IR results of the synthesized compound were examined. Many information about physical and chemical properties of 5-ClPAH can be obtained by theoretical calculations. Density functional theory (DFT) is widely used theoretical method for predicting of chemical structures. The structure was optimized using DFT/6311G method with GAUSSIAN09. Frontier Molecular Orbitls (HOMO and LUMO) energies were calculated. Global reactivity descriptors and also electrophilic and nucleophilic regions were defined by molecular electrostatic potential surface. Antibacterial and fungal activity were evaluated.
{"title":"Design, DFT Calculations and Antimicrobial Activity of New Synthesized Piperazine Derivative","authors":"S. M. Muhammet","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1213307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1213307","url":null,"abstract":"The title compound (2,2'-(piperazine-1,4-diyl)bis(N'-((E)-5-chloro-2-hydroxybenzylidene) acetohydrazide) (5-ClPAH) was synthesized by reacting 1,4-Piperazinediacetic acid, 1,4-dihydrazide and 5 -Chloro-2-hydroxybenzaldehyde. Mass spectrometry, 1H, 13C-NMR, IR results of the synthesized compound were examined. Many information about physical and chemical properties of 5-ClPAH can be obtained by theoretical calculations. Density functional theory (DFT) is widely used theoretical method for predicting of chemical structures. The structure was optimized using DFT/6311G method with GAUSSIAN09. Frontier Molecular Orbitls (HOMO and LUMO) energies were calculated. Global reactivity descriptors and also electrophilic and nucleophilic regions were defined by molecular electrostatic potential surface. Antibacterial and fungal activity were evaluated.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"69 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131816100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this paper, λI-statistical convergence is defined to generalize statistical convergence on Neutrosophic normed spaces. As it is known, Neutrosophic theory, which brings a new breath to daily life and complex scientific studies which we encounter with many uncertainties, is a rapidly developing field with many new study subjects. Thus, researchers show great interest in this philosophical approach and try to transfer related topics to this field quickly. For this purpose, in this study, besides the definition of λI-statistical convergence, the important features of Hilbert sequence space and λI-statistical convergence in Neutrosophic spaces are examined with the help of these defined sequences. By giving the relationship between Hilbert λI-statistical convergence and Hilbert I-statistical convergence, it has been evaluated whether the definitions contain a coverage relationship as in fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy. As a result, it is thought that the selected convergence type is suitable for the Neutrosophic normed space structure and is a guide for new convergence types.
为了推广中性赋范空间上的统计收敛性，定义了λ i -统计收敛性。众所周知，中性粒细胞理论是一个迅速发展的领域，有许多新的研究课题，为我们遇到许多不确定性的日常生活和复杂的科学研究带来了新的气息。因此，研究人员对这一哲学方法表现出极大的兴趣，并试图迅速将相关主题转移到这一领域。为此，在本研究中，除了λ i统计收敛的定义外，借助这些定义的序列，研究了Hilbert序列空间和中性空间中λ i统计收敛的重要特征。通过给出Hilbert λ i -统计收敛和Hilbert i -统计收敛之间的关系，评价了定义是否包含模糊和直觉模糊的覆盖关系。因此，本文认为所选择的收敛类型适用于嗜中性赋范空间结构，对寻找新的收敛类型具有指导意义。
{"title":"Hilbert I-Statistical Convergence on Neutrosophic Normed Spaces","authors":"Nazmiye GÖNÜL BİLGİN","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1168439","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1168439","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, λI-statistical convergence is defined to generalize statistical convergence on Neutrosophic normed spaces. As it is known, Neutrosophic theory, which brings a new breath to daily life and complex scientific studies which we encounter with many uncertainties, is a rapidly developing field with many new study subjects. Thus, researchers show great interest in this philosophical approach and try to transfer related topics to this field quickly. For this purpose, in this study, besides the definition of λI-statistical convergence, the important features of Hilbert sequence space and λI-statistical convergence in Neutrosophic spaces are examined with the help of these defined sequences. By giving the relationship between Hilbert λI-statistical convergence and Hilbert I-statistical convergence, it has been evaluated whether the definitions contain a coverage relationship as in fuzzy and intuitionistic fuzzy. As a result, it is thought that the selected convergence type is suitable for the Neutrosophic normed space structure and is a guide for new convergence types.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"28 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126189811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
To enable comparison with the literature, this study seeks to assess the temperature susceptibility of serial resistance (Rs) features of the Au/n-GaAs type M/S structure, which is acceptable the benchmark sample. The serial resistance features of the sample were computed separately withal principal of Ohm, Norde, and Cheungs' functions. The current-voltage (I-V) data used in order to compute were evaluated at the voltage values between +2V and -2 V and temperature values between 120K and 360K in 60K steps. Each computation method was also compared one another other. As a result, the fact that the Rs values computed using principal of Ohm, Norde functions and Cheungs' functions tended to reduce with rising temperature, as anticipated by the literature results. In addition, it was determined that, with only tiny variations, the temperature susceptibility of Rs is consistent across all computation methods. In addition, as a result of the comparison with the literature, it was concluded serial resistance is less of an issue when a polymer interfacial layer is present at the metal-semiconductor contact region. The Rs parameter of the M/S structure is, in essence, a sensitive function of temperature and input voltage.
{"title":"The Comparison of the Temperature Susceptibility of the Serial Resistance Effect of Au/n-GaAs Type M/S Structures","authors":"E. Evcin Baydilli","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1206972","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1206972","url":null,"abstract":"To enable comparison with the literature, this study seeks to assess the temperature susceptibility of serial resistance (Rs) features of the Au/n-GaAs type M/S structure, which is acceptable the benchmark sample. The serial resistance features of the sample were computed separately withal principal of Ohm, Norde, and Cheungs' functions. The current-voltage (I-V) data used in order to compute were evaluated at the voltage values between +2V and -2 V and temperature values between 120K and 360K in 60K steps. Each computation method was also compared one another other. As a result, the fact that the Rs values computed using principal of Ohm, Norde functions and Cheungs' functions tended to reduce with rising temperature, as anticipated by the literature results. In addition, it was determined that, with only tiny variations, the temperature susceptibility of Rs is consistent across all computation methods. In addition, as a result of the comparison with the literature, it was concluded serial resistance is less of an issue when a polymer interfacial layer is present at the metal-semiconductor contact region. The Rs parameter of the M/S structure is, in essence, a sensitive function of temperature and input voltage.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115164804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Iorliam, S. Bum, Iember S. Aondoakaa, I. B. Iorliam, Y. Shehu
To support farming year-round, a variety of smart IoT irrigation devices have recently been developed. It is crucial to forecast the soil moisture of agricultural farms so as to produce high yields since the high yields depends on the efficiency of water supply on farmlands. In smart irrigation, anytime water is needed on the farms, the smart pumps switch on to pump the required water so as to prevent the crops from drying up. The smart pumps also shut down if the farms have the ideal level of soil moisture, preventing over-flooding of the fields. Data is generated when the smart pumps are ON or OFF at any given time. Therefore, it is crucial to classify the data produced by smart IoT-enabled irrigation devices when these devices are ON or OFF. In this paper, the soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and time are used as inputs into machine learning techniques for classification. These machine learning techniques include logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, and convolutional neural network. According to experimental findings, the accuracy of the logistic regression was 71.76%, that of the random forest was 99.98%, that of the support vector machine was 90.21%, and that of the convolutional neural network was 98.23. Based on the high accuracy that the random forest attained, it has more potential to help in assessing smart irrigation conditions (wet or dry) in an optimized manner.
{"title":"Machine Learning Techniques for the Classification of IoT-Enabled Smart Irrigation Data for Agricultural Purposes","authors":"A. Iorliam, S. Bum, Iember S. Aondoakaa, I. B. Iorliam, Y. Shehu","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1141575","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1141575","url":null,"abstract":"To support farming year-round, a variety of smart IoT irrigation devices have recently been developed. It is crucial to forecast the soil moisture of agricultural farms so as to produce high yields since the high yields depends on the efficiency of water supply on farmlands. In smart irrigation, anytime water is needed on the farms, the smart pumps switch on to pump the required water so as to prevent the crops from drying up. The smart pumps also shut down if the farms have the ideal level of soil moisture, preventing over-flooding of the fields. Data is generated when the smart pumps are ON or OFF at any given time. Therefore, it is crucial to classify the data produced by smart IoT-enabled irrigation devices when these devices are ON or OFF. In this paper, the soil moisture, temperature, humidity, and time are used as inputs into machine learning techniques for classification. These machine learning techniques include logistic regression, random forest, support vector machine, and convolutional neural network. According to experimental findings, the accuracy of the logistic regression was 71.76%, that of the random forest was 99.98%, that of the support vector machine was 90.21%, and that of the convolutional neural network was 98.23. Based on the high accuracy that the random forest attained, it has more potential to help in assessing smart irrigation conditions (wet or dry) in an optimized manner.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"1991 8","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"120849123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper discusses the immediate deflection calculation of reinforced concrete beams and their consistency with the experimental results. For this purpose, a total of six T-beams with low, medium, and high reinforcement ratios were tested and then, deflection behavior was compared with the well-known Branson (1965) and Bischoff (2005) approaches. Although both approaches could yield close results for the low reinforcement at service loads by using a constant modulus of elasticity, they underestimated the deflections of medium and highly reinforced beams. Thus, the nonlinear behavior of concrete that changes with stress was also considered in the subsequent analyzes. As a result, the developed new approach could predict the experimental deformations very accurately, especially at the level of service loads.
{"title":"Prediction of Immediate Deflections for RC Beams Using Stress-varying Modulus of Elasticity","authors":"Eray Özbek","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1195506","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1195506","url":null,"abstract":"This paper discusses the immediate deflection calculation of reinforced concrete beams and their consistency with the experimental results. For this purpose, a total of six T-beams with low, medium, and high reinforcement ratios were tested and then, deflection behavior was compared with the well-known Branson (1965) and Bischoff (2005) approaches. Although both approaches could yield close results for the low reinforcement at service loads by using a constant modulus of elasticity, they underestimated the deflections of medium and highly reinforced beams. Thus, the nonlinear behavior of concrete that changes with stress was also considered in the subsequent analyzes. As a result, the developed new approach could predict the experimental deformations very accurately, especially at the level of service loads.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114945920","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Antalya province, the study area, is located in the south of Türkiye, and it is one of the regions where flood disasters frequently occur, particularly due to excessive precipitation in the autumn and winter months. Therefore, it is extremely important to carry out the necessary engineering studies. Deluges and floods damage buildings, agricultural and residential areas, human life, and social and economic activities in the vicinity according to their flow rate. The study aims to evaluate the general geological structure of the region considering the reclamation of Ulupinar Stream in the Kemer district of Antalya, to determine a rock pit where resistant and impermeable rock material can be obtained to use in the construction of the masonry stone wall during the reclamation work, and also offer a reference study for future studies. The geological structure of the region was interpreted by using the general geological maps and studies conducted in the study area. The general geological map of the study area was edited and a generalized stratigraphic section was generated using geographical information system (GIS) methods and software. According to the results of the assessment of the studies and geological data on the flood control of Ulupinar Stream, which is one of the regions posing flood risk, the region was found to be a susceptible environment for flood considering the determining criteria such as the location of the basin and the average rainfall, and the reclamation of the stream has been suggested as part of the flood prevention plan. A rock pit where rock material can be obtained for constructing the masonry stone wall has been found 11 km from the region. The material in the rock pit is at a shallow depth and suitable for mining. All scientific studies related to the rock material and the rock pit determined in the study should be carried out before using the rock.
{"title":"Flood Control of Ulupinar Stream (Kemer/Antalya) and Evaluation of Geological Data","authors":"Sinan Çakır, M. Yalcin","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1204005","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1204005","url":null,"abstract":"Antalya province, the study area, is located in the south of Türkiye, and it is one of the regions where flood disasters frequently occur, particularly due to excessive precipitation in the autumn and winter months. Therefore, it is extremely important to carry out the necessary engineering studies. Deluges and floods damage buildings, agricultural and residential areas, human life, and social and economic activities in the vicinity according to their flow rate. The study aims to evaluate the general geological structure of the region considering the reclamation of Ulupinar Stream in the Kemer district of Antalya, to determine a rock pit where resistant and impermeable rock material can be obtained to use in the construction of the masonry stone wall during the reclamation work, and also offer a reference study for future studies. The geological structure of the region was interpreted by using the general geological maps and studies conducted in the study area. The general geological map of the study area was edited and a generalized stratigraphic section was generated using geographical information system (GIS) methods and software. According to the results of the assessment of the studies and geological data on the flood control of Ulupinar Stream, which is one of the regions posing flood risk, the region was found to be a susceptible environment for flood considering the determining criteria such as the location of the basin and the average rainfall, and the reclamation of the stream has been suggested as part of the flood prevention plan. A rock pit where rock material can be obtained for constructing the masonry stone wall has been found 11 km from the region. The material in the rock pit is at a shallow depth and suitable for mining. All scientific studies related to the rock material and the rock pit determined in the study should be carried out before using the rock.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"03 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129511866","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Cem Di̇rli̇k, Hacer Kandemir, Nurberat Çeti̇n, S. Sen, Begüm Güler, A. Gürel
The aim of this study is to establish an effective protocol for in vitro micropropagation from node explants of the 'Paradox' (Juglans regia x J. hindsii) rootstock. In the first stage of the study, the node explants were cultured in semi-solid media after being exposed to different sterilization methods. The most effective sterilization method was observed as ST2 with the lowest darkening rate (4 %). According to the results, SP4 medium provided the highest number of shoots per unit explant (1.05 shoots/explant) and 100 % shoot formation, SP2 medium provided the best mean shoot length (1.6 cm) and the mean number of nodes per unit explant (7.95 nodes/explant). Best root induction was provided from ½ Modified MS medium containing 4 mg/L IBA with 30 g/L sucrose. For root induction explants were retained under dark conditions for 7 days at 24±2oC. In order to ensure root formation and elongation, shoot explants with root induction cultured in a 16-hour photoperiod (3500 lux) for 21 days in different nutrient media containing 2.4 mg/L Gelrite, hormone-free and mixed with vermiculite (1:1 v/v) and was rooting rate is 45.45 % in ¼DFe medium.
本研究的目的是建立一个有效的“悖论”(Juglans regia x J. hindsii)砧木的节段外植体离体微繁的方案。在研究的第一阶段，在不同的灭菌方法后，将节点外植体培养在半固体培养基中。ST2灭菌效果最佳，发黑率最低(4%)。结果表明，SP4培养基的单位外植体芽数最高(1.05个芽/个)，芽成活率最高(100%)，SP2培养基的平均芽长最好(1.6 cm)，单位外植体平均节数最好(7.95个节/个)。在含有4 mg/L IBA和30 g/L蔗糖的½Modified MS培养基中，诱导根效果最好。诱导根的外植体在24±20℃的黑暗条件下保存7天。为保证根的形成和伸长，在含2.4 mg/L明胶、不含激素、与蛭石混合(1:1 v/v)的不同营养培养基中，以16 h (3500 lux)光周期培养21 d，在¼DFe培养基中生根率为45.45%。
{"title":"Effects of Different Culture Media Compositions on In Vitro Micropropagation from Paradox Walnut Rootstock Nodes","authors":"Cem Di̇rli̇k, Hacer Kandemir, Nurberat Çeti̇n, S. Sen, Begüm Güler, A. Gürel","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1194822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1194822","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to establish an effective protocol for in vitro micropropagation from node explants of the 'Paradox' (Juglans regia x J. hindsii) rootstock. In the first stage of the study, the node explants were cultured in semi-solid media after being exposed to different sterilization methods. The most effective sterilization method was observed as ST2 with the lowest darkening rate (4 %). According to the results, SP4 medium provided the highest number of shoots per unit explant (1.05 shoots/explant) and 100 % shoot formation, SP2 medium provided the best mean shoot length (1.6 cm) and the mean number of nodes per unit explant (7.95 nodes/explant). Best root induction was provided from ½ Modified MS medium containing 4 mg/L IBA with 30 g/L sucrose. For root induction explants were retained under dark conditions for 7 days at 24±2oC. In order to ensure root formation and elongation, shoot explants with root induction cultured in a 16-hour photoperiod (3500 lux) for 21 days in different nutrient media containing 2.4 mg/L Gelrite, hormone-free and mixed with vermiculite (1:1 v/v) and was rooting rate is 45.45 % in ¼DFe medium.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129907450","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The aim of this study is to fabricate in-situ TiC particle reinforced Fe matrix composites via volume combustion synthesis (VCS) through heating by two different sources. One group of reactant pellets was ignited by heating in an induction furnace (IF). The other group was ignited via heating by using a tungsten inert gas (TIG) torch. Thus, the differences in the microhardness and microstructure of the obtained composites could be compared. Fe, C and Ti elemental powders were used to obtain composites that contained 50 vol. % TiC in the Fe matrix. In the repeated experiments, the ignition temperatures of the IF pellets were found to be in 1164-1184 oC range. The formation of composites was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, where it was seen that the products were composed of TiC and Fe with trace impurity phase. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations showed that the in-situ formed TiC particles were regularly distributed in matrix in both series. The TiC particles obtained by TIG heating were about 5 times larger than the particles obtained by induction heating. Microhardness values of the samples were higher in IF series as compared to TIG series. It was shown that 50 vol. % TiC particle reinforced Fe matrix composites could be obtained by both heating methods. TIG was found to be a much practical method, when compared to conducting VCS in a furnace.
{"title":"Microhardness and Microstructure of In-Situ Formed Fe-50%TiC Composites by Different Heating Methods","authors":"Melih Koçyi̇ği̇t, H. E. Çamurlu","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1173307","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1173307","url":null,"abstract":"The aim of this study is to fabricate in-situ TiC particle reinforced Fe matrix composites via volume combustion synthesis (VCS) through heating by two different sources. One group of reactant pellets was ignited by heating in an induction furnace (IF). The other group was ignited via heating by using a tungsten inert gas (TIG) torch. Thus, the differences in the microhardness and microstructure of the obtained composites could be compared. Fe, C and Ti elemental powders were used to obtain composites that contained 50 vol. % TiC in the Fe matrix. In the repeated experiments, the ignition temperatures of the IF pellets were found to be in 1164-1184 oC range. The formation of composites was verified by X-ray diffraction (XRD) analyses, where it was seen that the products were composed of TiC and Fe with trace impurity phase. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) examinations showed that the in-situ formed TiC particles were regularly distributed in matrix in both series. The TiC particles obtained by TIG heating were about 5 times larger than the particles obtained by induction heating. Microhardness values of the samples were higher in IF series as compared to TIG series. It was shown that 50 vol. % TiC particle reinforced Fe matrix composites could be obtained by both heating methods. TIG was found to be a much practical method, when compared to conducting VCS in a furnace.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129624658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Recent studies have paid particular attention to polymer-nanoparticle composite materials considering they have a number of interesting properties, which include optical, thermal, electrical, and others (Reyna-Gonzalez et al., 2009; Yakuphanoglu et al., 2010). In this study, a free radical polymerization process was used to create a copolymer of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) and benzyl methacrylate (BZMA) at 25–75 mol% each. The procedure was conducted at 70°C with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) acting as the initiator. Nano zinc oxide powders were then added to composites at three different ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15% weight of the copolymer. In order to better understand the structures of the P(NVC-co-BZMA) and its composites, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and UV spectroscopic techniques were also implemented. The optical characteristics of both the pure copolymer and its composites were examined. In the visible region, the composite containing 15% nano ZnO had the highest optical absorbance value. Additionally, the thermal behaviours of the composites and copolymers were analysed.
最近的研究特别关注聚合物-纳米颗粒复合材料，因为它们具有许多有趣的特性，包括光学、热学、电学等(rena - gonzalez et al.， 2009;Yakuphanoglu et al.， 2010)。采用自由基聚合法制备了n -乙烯基咔唑(NVC)和甲基丙烯酸苄酯(BZMA)的共聚物，分子量为25 ~ 75摩尔%。该过程在70℃下进行，偶氮二异丁腈(AIBN)作为引发剂。然后将纳米氧化锌粉末以共聚物重量的5%、10%和15%的三种不同比例添加到复合材料中。为了更好地了解P(NVC-co-BZMA)及其复合材料的结构，还采用了FT-IR、1H NMR和UV光谱技术。研究了纯共聚物及其复合材料的光学特性。在可见光区，含15%纳米ZnO的复合材料具有最高的光学吸光度值。此外，还分析了复合材料和共聚物的热性能。
{"title":"Synthesis, Characterization, Optical and Thermal Properties of P(NVC-co-BZMA) Copolymer and Its ZnO Composites","authors":"E. Barım","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1199767","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1199767","url":null,"abstract":"Recent studies have paid particular attention to polymer-nanoparticle composite materials considering they have a number of interesting properties, which include optical, thermal, electrical, and others (Reyna-Gonzalez et al., 2009; Yakuphanoglu et al., 2010). In this study, a free radical polymerization process was used to create a copolymer of N-vinylcarbazole (NVC) and benzyl methacrylate (BZMA) at 25–75 mol% each. The procedure was conducted at 70°C with azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) acting as the initiator. Nano zinc oxide powders were then added to composites at three different ratios of 5%, 10%, and 15% weight of the copolymer. In order to better understand the structures of the P(NVC-co-BZMA) and its composites, FT-IR, 1H NMR, and UV spectroscopic techniques were also implemented. The optical characteristics of both the pure copolymer and its composites were examined. In the visible region, the composite containing 15% nano ZnO had the highest optical absorbance value. Additionally, the thermal behaviours of the composites and copolymers were analysed.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121563878","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The measurement of radioactivity in environmental samples containing natural radionuclides such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K in gamma-ray spectrometry is the most common application. One of the most widely used sample containers for environmental radioactivity measurements is volumetric sample containers of certain sizes in cylindrical geometry. These cylindrical containers can be made of materials with different densities and thicknesses. In this intention, in this study, the effect of the sample container, which is one of the many parameters affecting the detector efficiency, was investigated. For this purpose, acrylic and polypropylene materials with of different densities were examined. IAEA RGU-1, IAEA-RGTh-1 and IAEA-RGK-1 standards containing uranium, thorium and potassium environmental radionuclides analyzed in gamma-ray spectrometric measurements were used as samples for these sample containers with different densities. Additionally, since the spectra in cylindrical geometry are taken by placing them on the detector endcap, the effect of the bottom thickness was investigated by changing the bottom thickness of these materials. Different material and bottom thickness evaluations were made using PHITS and GESPECOR Monte Carlo simulation programs. Compatible results were obtained with a difference of <5% between the PHITS and GESPECOR programs. From the outcome of this study, it can be concluded that when choosing the container material, the density should be as low as possible and especially the bottom thickness should be thin.
{"title":"Attenuation Effect of Sample Container in Radioactivity Measurement by Gamma-ray Spectroscopy","authors":"E. Uyar","doi":"10.54287/gujsa.1193047","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.54287/gujsa.1193047","url":null,"abstract":"The measurement of radioactivity in environmental samples containing natural radionuclides such as 238U, 232Th, and 40K in gamma-ray spectrometry is the most common application. One of the most widely used sample containers for environmental radioactivity measurements is volumetric sample containers of certain sizes in cylindrical geometry. These cylindrical containers can be made of materials with different densities and thicknesses. In this intention, in this study, the effect of the sample container, which is one of the many parameters affecting the detector efficiency, was investigated. For this purpose, acrylic and polypropylene materials with of different densities were examined. IAEA RGU-1, IAEA-RGTh-1 and IAEA-RGK-1 standards containing uranium, thorium and potassium environmental radionuclides analyzed in gamma-ray spectrometric measurements were used as samples for these sample containers with different densities. Additionally, since the spectra in cylindrical geometry are taken by placing them on the detector endcap, the effect of the bottom thickness was investigated by changing the bottom thickness of these materials. Different material and bottom thickness evaluations were made using PHITS and GESPECOR Monte Carlo simulation programs. Compatible results were obtained with a difference of <5% between the PHITS and GESPECOR programs. From the outcome of this study, it can be concluded that when choosing the container material, the density should be as low as possible and especially the bottom thickness should be thin.","PeriodicalId":134301,"journal":{"name":"Gazi University Journal of Science Part A: Engineering and Innovation","volume":"83 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132759519","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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