Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29113
B. A. Mahdi, S. D. Suryantoro, P. Z. Romadhon, Choirina Windradi, Krisnina Nurul Widiyastuti, Dwiki Novendrianto, Etha Dini Widiasi, Esthiningrum Dewi Agustin, Sarah Firdausa, F. F. Alkaff
COVID-19 cases in Indonesia in the period of June-July 2021 showed a catastrophic spike. During this period, a recently discovered variant, the delta variant, appeared to be one of the sources of COVID-19 infection. Treatment modalities are limited due to reduced stock of drugs. A case of a 63-year-old man has been reported, with a history of having been vaccinated with two doses of Sinovac, experiencing moderate-to-severe symptoms of COVID-19 infection then given convalescent plasma therapy since his initial admission to the hospital. Three days after being given convalescent plasma therapy, the improvement was noticeable. Shortness of breath, cough, fever, and weakness were less complained. On the seventh day the patient fully recovered and got discharged. Convalescent plasma therapy was e ective in early stage and was able to improve outcomes. Indonesia needs sucient stocks of convalescent plasma as a therapy to overcome the limitations of medicines.
{"title":"Convalescent Plasma Therapy: The Early Use in Moderate to Severe COVID-19 Patients in Hospitals with Limited Resources","authors":"B. A. Mahdi, S. D. Suryantoro, P. Z. Romadhon, Choirina Windradi, Krisnina Nurul Widiyastuti, Dwiki Novendrianto, Etha Dini Widiasi, Esthiningrum Dewi Agustin, Sarah Firdausa, F. F. Alkaff","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29113","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29113","url":null,"abstract":"COVID-19 cases in Indonesia in the period of June-July 2021 showed a catastrophic spike. During this period, a recently discovered variant, the delta variant, appeared to be one of the sources of COVID-19 infection. Treatment modalities are limited due to reduced stock of drugs. A case of a 63-year-old man has been reported, with a history of having been vaccinated with two doses of Sinovac, experiencing moderate-to-severe symptoms of COVID-19 infection then given convalescent plasma therapy since his initial admission to the hospital. Three days after being given convalescent plasma therapy, the improvement was noticeable. Shortness of breath, cough, fever, and weakness were less complained. On the seventh day the patient fully recovered and got discharged. Convalescent plasma therapy was e ective in early stage and was able to improve outcomes. Indonesia needs sucient stocks of convalescent plasma as a therapy to overcome the limitations of medicines.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44004682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29245
Werenfridus Leonardo Nando Luan
Belu Regency is located in the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia and is an endemic area for dengue fever. Nationally, until June 2020, there were 16,320 cases of dengue fever with a CFR of 0.009%, while in Belu Regency there were 820 cases recorded until June 2020 with a CFR of 0.97%. This study aims to describe the outbreak of DHF by person, place and time as well as the distribution of cases in Belu Regency. this research is descriptive observational with case series design. The source of research data is secondary data on dengue cases obtained from the 2016-2019 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Report and the DHF outbreak report in January-June 2020, the Belu District Health O ce. DHF cases in Belu Regency until June 2020 were 820 cases with symptoms of fever 2-7 days by 100% and supported by laboratory platelet examinations of 73%. The highest IR rate until June 2020 is 367 per 100. 000 residents with a CFR of 0.97% spread over 12 sub-districts of Belu Regency. The highest IRs (>20 per 10,000 population) are Atambua city, South Atambua, East Tasifeto, West Atambua, Kakuluk Mesak and West Tasifeto subdistricts. The majority of DHF in the age group 5-14 years 521 cases (27.1%) with female sex as many as 495 cases (51.51%). DHF cases were found since the first epidemiological week at the beginning of the year with peak cases at the 13th week. Belu Regency Is a dengue endemic area with an IR of 367/100,000 population with a CFR of 0.97%. The highest cases were in the 5-14 year age group and spread across 12 sub-districts of Belu Regency.
{"title":"Description of Extraordinary Events of Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever In Belu Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province 2020","authors":"Werenfridus Leonardo Nando Luan","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29245","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29245","url":null,"abstract":"Belu Regency is located in the province of East Nusa Tenggara (NTT), Indonesia and is an endemic area for dengue fever. Nationally, until June 2020, there were 16,320 cases of dengue fever with a CFR of 0.009%, while in Belu Regency there were 820 cases recorded until June 2020 with a CFR of 0.97%. This study aims to describe the outbreak of DHF by person, place and time as well as the distribution of cases in Belu Regency. this research is descriptive observational with case series design. The source of research data is secondary data on dengue cases obtained from the 2016-2019 Dengue Hemorrhagic Fever (DHF) Report and the DHF outbreak report in January-June 2020, the Belu District Health O ce. DHF cases in Belu Regency until June 2020 were 820 cases with symptoms of fever 2-7 days by 100% and supported by laboratory platelet examinations of 73%. The highest IR rate until June 2020 is 367 per 100. 000 residents with a CFR of 0.97% spread over 12 sub-districts of Belu Regency. The highest IRs (>20 per 10,000 population) are Atambua city, South Atambua, East Tasifeto, West Atambua, Kakuluk Mesak and West Tasifeto subdistricts. The majority of DHF in the age group 5-14 years 521 cases (27.1%) with female sex as many as 495 cases (51.51%). DHF cases were found since the first epidemiological week at the beginning of the year with peak cases at the 13th week. Belu Regency Is a dengue endemic area with an IR of 367/100,000 population with a CFR of 0.97%. The highest cases were in the 5-14 year age group and spread across 12 sub-districts of Belu Regency. ","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42608008","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.30000
Imaculata Sonia Vidaryo Lameng, Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti, Luh Inta Prilandari, I. K. A. I. Adhiputra
Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the gram-negative bacteria that causes infection in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) which is easily resistant. Patients infected with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa are predicted to have a poor prognosis. This study aims to know the resistance profile of meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in the ICU. The results of this study can be used as a measure on the success of antimicrobial resistance control, infection control programs and become a reference for empirical therapy in the ICU. This study used a cross-sectional retrospective descriptive research method and was carried out at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Sanglah Hospital Denpasar for three years, from 2018 to 2020. The results showed 38 of the 93 isolates of P. aeruginosa in the ICU were resistant to meropenem and were derived from sputum and urine. The percentage of meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates was higher in the multi-drug-resistant group and mostly came from sputum specimens. In 2018, Non-MDR meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates was that 100% sensitive to all other antibiotics used to treat P. aeruginosa infections, including; ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam. In 2019 no meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were found. In 2020, its sensitivity to antibiotics ceftazidime and piperacillin-tazobactam was 20.0%, ciprofloxacin 60.0% and to antibiotics gentamicin and amikacin 100%. MDR meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates in 2018 were still sensitive to ceftazidime (15.4%) and amikacin (69.2%) antibiotics, while in 2019 they were only sensitive to amikacin (37.5%). In 2020, P. aeruginosa isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics ceftazidime and cefepime (11.1%), piperacillin-tazobactam (22.2%), and amikacin (88.9%). Amikacin may be the choice of treatment for MDR meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.
{"title":"Antimicrobial Resistance Profile of MDR & Non-MDR Meropenem-Resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa Isolates of Patients in Intensive Care Unit of Tertiary Hospital","authors":"Imaculata Sonia Vidaryo Lameng, Ni Nyoman Sri Budayanti, Luh Inta Prilandari, I. K. A. I. Adhiputra","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.30000","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.30000","url":null,"abstract":"Pseudomonas aeruginosa is one of the gram-negative bacteria that causes infection in the Intensive Care Unit (ICU) which is easily resistant. Patients infected with carbapenem-resistant P. aeruginosa are predicted to have a poor prognosis. This study aims to know the resistance profile of meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa in the ICU. The results of this study can be used as a measure on the success of antimicrobial resistance control, infection control programs and become a reference for empirical therapy in the ICU. This study used a cross-sectional retrospective descriptive research method and was carried out at the Clinical Microbiology Laboratory of Sanglah Hospital Denpasar for three years, from 2018 to 2020. The results showed 38 of the 93 isolates of P. aeruginosa in the ICU were resistant to meropenem and were derived from sputum and urine. The percentage of meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates was higher in the multi-drug-resistant group and mostly came from sputum specimens. In 2018, Non-MDR meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates was that 100% sensitive to all other antibiotics used to treat P. aeruginosa infections, including; ceftazidime, cefepime, ciprofloxacin, gentamicin, amikacin, and piperacillin-tazobactam. In 2019 no meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates were found. In 2020, its sensitivity to antibiotics ceftazidime and piperacillin-tazobactam was 20.0%, ciprofloxacin 60.0% and to antibiotics gentamicin and amikacin 100%. MDR meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa isolates in 2018 were still sensitive to ceftazidime (15.4%) and amikacin (69.2%) antibiotics, while in 2019 they were only sensitive to amikacin (37.5%). In 2020, P. aeruginosa isolates were sensitive to the antibiotics ceftazidime and cefepime (11.1%), piperacillin-tazobactam (22.2%), and amikacin (88.9%). Amikacin may be the choice of treatment for MDR meropenem-resistant P. aeruginosa.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49419718","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-27DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29599
Heni Prasetyowati, Mutiara Widawati, H. Fuadzy, M. E. A. Fuadiyah, A. Ginanjar, R. W. Nurindra, W. Ridwan, Dewi Nur Hodijah, Rizal Pratama Sulaeman
Epidemiological investigations as part of the malaria surveillance system in Indonesia are carried out through the 1-2-5 method. Assessing the 1-2-5 strategy compliance level at the district level is the first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is working as planned or not. This study was conducted in order to determine whether PE 1-2-5 had been implemented in health centers (puskesmas) in malaria receptive areas according to the technical guidelines issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Health centers were determined through purposive sampling technique. The sampling is determined by selecting health centers that have been doing malaria vector control service in 2018 and 2019. Ten Puskesmas in malaria receptive areas in Sukabumi District were selected. The informants in this study were the key players in the malaria program at the health centers: the head of the health centers, the manager of the malaria program, and the village malaria officer (JMD) who were involved in the vector control process in 2018 and 2019 at the selected health centers. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews done by researcher with informants. The interview showed that the malaria program personnel in Sukabumi are doing the strategy as best as possible in order to achieve malaria elimination. 1-2-5 surveillance program in Sukabumi district has been implemented even though the implementation is not as ideal as the technical guidelines suggested by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, Sukabumi district still applied the strategy based on it by adjusting various aspects (resource situation and the availability of facilities) to the suitable condition in Sukabumi.
{"title":"Evaluation of Epidemiological Investigation 1 -2-5 Implementation Program in Sukabumi","authors":"Heni Prasetyowati, Mutiara Widawati, H. Fuadzy, M. E. A. Fuadiyah, A. Ginanjar, R. W. Nurindra, W. Ridwan, Dewi Nur Hodijah, Rizal Pratama Sulaeman","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29599","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i3.29599","url":null,"abstract":"Epidemiological investigations as part of the malaria surveillance system in Indonesia are carried out through the 1-2-5 method. Assessing the 1-2-5 strategy compliance level at the district level is the first step towards determining whether the surveillance and response strategy is working as planned or not. This study was conducted in order to determine whether PE 1-2-5 had been implemented in health centers (puskesmas) in malaria receptive areas according to the technical guidelines issued by the Indonesian Ministry of Health. Health centers were determined through purposive sampling technique. The sampling is determined by selecting health centers that have been doing malaria vector control service in 2018 and 2019. Ten Puskesmas in malaria receptive areas in Sukabumi District were selected. The informants in this study were the key players in the malaria program at the health centers: the head of the health centers, the manager of the malaria program, and the village malaria officer (JMD) who were involved in the vector control process in 2018 and 2019 at the selected health centers. Data collection was conducted through in-depth interviews done by researcher with informants. The interview showed that the malaria program personnel in Sukabumi are doing the strategy as best as possible in order to achieve malaria elimination. 1-2-5 surveillance program in Sukabumi district has been implemented even though the implementation is not as ideal as the technical guidelines suggested by the Indonesian Ministry of Health, Sukabumi district still applied the strategy based on it by adjusting various aspects (resource situation and the availability of facilities) to the suitable condition in Sukabumi.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-12-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42838471","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.26472
P. Z. Romadhon, S. D. Suryantoro, Choirina Windradi, B. A. Mahdi, Esthiningrum Dewi Agustin, Krisnina Nurul W, Dwiki Novendrianto
Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) yang berasal dari China, menyebar dengan cepat ke seluruh bagian negara lain yang menyebabkan pandemi dunia. Dengan derajat gejala yang bervariasi yang disebabkan oleh COVID-19, virus ini menyebabkan kerusakan pada beberapa organ, baik karena efek infl amasi tidak langsung maupun efek sitopatik. Data terkait keterlibatan pankreas dalam kasus COVID-19 masih belum jelas. Seorang laki-laki usia 83 tahun dirawat karena gejala COVID-19 berat. Dalam perawatan, pasien memberikan gejala dan tanda pankreatitis akut tanpa diketahui faktor resiko yang terkait. Pada pemeriksaan didapatkan RT-PCR SARS-CoV2 positif dari swab nasofaring, amilase lipase yang meningkat serta gambaran ultrasound khas untuk pankreatitis akut. Tatalaksana pasien tetap berdasar pada kasus SARS-CoV2 dengan isolasi, oksigenasi, pemberian anti virus dan suportif. Pemberian antibiotik juga didasarkan pada terapi empiris yang kemudian disesuaikan hasil sensitifi tas kultur. Skor prognosis pankreatitis menunjukkan risiko kematian pada kasus moderate. Pada perjalanan, pasien meninggal karena shock sepsis. Prevalensi pankreatitis akut dan tingkat keparahannya perlu diamati. Dalam artikel ini, kami menyajikan kasus pankreatitis akut yang terjadi pada COVID-19 parah dengan faktor risiko yang tidak diketahui.Diagnosis penyebab kasus pankreatitis masih belum jelas tetapi beberapa bukti autopsi kasus infeksi SARS-CoV2 dengan pankreatitis menyebutkan bahwa infeksi virus ini dapat menyebabkan injuri pada pankreas.. Kondisi sepsis dapat diakibatkan infeksi virus SARS-CoV2 (viral sepsis) atau ko-infeksi bakteri. Oleh karena itu, rasionalisasi penggunaan antibiotik juga diperlukan. Kasus ini merupakan kasus yang membutuhkan managemen holisitik dan intensif karena kedua kondisi berpotensi dapat memperberat satu sama lain. Pengenalan awal kegawatan serta terapi tepat merupakan hal yang penting dapat menunjang kesintasan pasien.
{"title":"Manifestations of Acute Pancreatitis in Severe COVID-19 Patients: Is This a Coincidence?","authors":"P. Z. Romadhon, S. D. Suryantoro, Choirina Windradi, B. A. Mahdi, Esthiningrum Dewi Agustin, Krisnina Nurul W, Dwiki Novendrianto","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.26472","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.26472","url":null,"abstract":"Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) adalah penyakit yang disebabkan oleh Severe Acute Acute Respiratory Coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV2) yang berasal dari China, menyebar dengan cepat ke seluruh bagian negara lain yang menyebabkan pandemi dunia. Dengan derajat gejala yang bervariasi yang disebabkan oleh COVID-19, virus ini menyebabkan kerusakan pada beberapa organ, baik karena efek infl amasi tidak langsung maupun efek sitopatik. Data terkait keterlibatan pankreas dalam kasus COVID-19 masih belum jelas. Seorang laki-laki usia 83 tahun dirawat karena gejala COVID-19 berat. Dalam perawatan, pasien memberikan gejala dan tanda pankreatitis akut tanpa diketahui faktor resiko yang terkait. Pada pemeriksaan didapatkan RT-PCR SARS-CoV2 positif dari swab nasofaring, amilase lipase yang meningkat serta gambaran ultrasound khas untuk pankreatitis akut. Tatalaksana pasien tetap berdasar pada kasus SARS-CoV2 dengan isolasi, oksigenasi, pemberian anti virus dan suportif. Pemberian antibiotik juga didasarkan pada terapi empiris yang kemudian disesuaikan hasil sensitifi tas kultur. Skor prognosis pankreatitis menunjukkan risiko kematian pada kasus moderate. Pada perjalanan, pasien meninggal karena shock sepsis. Prevalensi pankreatitis akut dan tingkat keparahannya perlu diamati. Dalam artikel ini, kami menyajikan kasus pankreatitis akut yang terjadi pada COVID-19 parah dengan faktor risiko yang tidak diketahui.Diagnosis penyebab kasus pankreatitis masih belum jelas tetapi beberapa bukti autopsi kasus infeksi SARS-CoV2 dengan pankreatitis menyebutkan bahwa infeksi virus ini dapat menyebabkan injuri pada pankreas.. Kondisi sepsis dapat diakibatkan infeksi virus SARS-CoV2 (viral sepsis) atau ko-infeksi bakteri. Oleh karena itu, rasionalisasi penggunaan antibiotik juga diperlukan. Kasus ini merupakan kasus yang membutuhkan managemen holisitik dan intensif karena kedua kondisi berpotensi dapat memperberat satu sama lain. Pengenalan awal kegawatan serta terapi tepat merupakan hal yang penting dapat menunjang kesintasan pasien.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47243601","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.25448
M. Wijaya, R. Adawiyah, R. Wahyuningsih
Histoplasmosis has been reported since 1932 in various regions in Indonesia. This disease is caused by thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum which is experiencing an increasing incidence worldwide. Human infection occurs when spores in soil contaminated with bird and bat droppings are inhaled and change to form yeast in the lungs. The majority of these forms of infection are mild and can heal on their own, but if large numbers of spores/ inoculum are inhaled, or the host is immunosuppressed, serious lung disease and even dissemination may occur with a high mortality rate. The diagnosis can be made by combining clinical symptoms with laboratory test results. Conventional laboratory methods such as direct examination or histopathology and culture are the gold standards for histoplasmosis diagnosis. The weakness of culture is the nature of H. capsulatum as a slow grower fungus that takes 4-6 weeks to grow. In addition, laboratory tests can be carried out with antibody detection or antigen detection. Antigen detection is more benefi cial for hosts with immunosuppression or acute form, while antibody detection is more important in the chronic form of the diseases. Molecular-based assays have high specifi city but are not yet available commercially and are more widely used for culture identifi cation to confi rm the species of H. capsulatum. Histoplasmosis therapy usually begins with the administration of amphotericin B for around two weeks, followed by maintenance with itraconazole for 6 - 9 months duration. A careful history of possible exposure and the appropriate laboratory diagnostic approach is essential to provide appropriate therapy.
{"title":"Histoplasmosis: diagnostic and therapeutic aspect","authors":"M. Wijaya, R. Adawiyah, R. Wahyuningsih","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.25448","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.25448","url":null,"abstract":"Histoplasmosis has been reported since 1932 in various regions in Indonesia. This disease is caused by thermally dimorphic fungus Histoplasma capsulatum var. capsulatum which is experiencing an increasing incidence worldwide. Human infection occurs when spores in soil contaminated with bird and bat droppings are inhaled and change to form yeast in the lungs. The majority of these forms of infection are mild and can heal on their own, but if large numbers of spores/ inoculum are inhaled, or the host is immunosuppressed, serious lung disease and even dissemination may occur with a high mortality rate. The diagnosis can be made by combining clinical symptoms with laboratory test results. Conventional laboratory methods such as direct examination or histopathology and culture are the gold standards for histoplasmosis diagnosis. The weakness of culture is the nature of H. capsulatum as a slow grower fungus that takes 4-6 weeks to grow. In addition, laboratory tests can be carried out with antibody detection or antigen detection. Antigen detection is more benefi cial for hosts with immunosuppression or acute form, while antibody detection is more important in the chronic form of the diseases. Molecular-based assays have high specifi city but are not yet available commercially and are more widely used for culture identifi cation to confi rm the species of H. capsulatum. Histoplasmosis therapy usually begins with the administration of amphotericin B for around two weeks, followed by maintenance with itraconazole for 6 - 9 months duration. A careful history of possible exposure and the appropriate laboratory diagnostic approach is essential to provide appropriate therapy.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"67602622","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.27450
J. N. Hadiyanto, Friska Wilda, A. Cahyadi, Marcella Adisuhanto
Mucormycosis is one type of fungal disease, associated with a poor prognosis if not promptly diagnosed and managed because its highly aggressive tendency. Although it is a rare disease, a rapid increase in cases of mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 is being reported. Mostly, risk factors for this disease are uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, other immunosuppressive conditions and corticosteroid therapy. Immune dysfunction, lung pathology and corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients making it more susceptible to develop fungal infection including mucormycosis. The combination of steroid therapy and underlying diabetes mellitus in COVID-19 also can augment immunosuppression and hyperglycemia. Control of hyperglycemia, early treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, and surgery are three important factors in mucormycosis therapy that essential for successful management. However, in this COVID-19 pandemic situation, that management strategies are compromised. First, hyperglicemia can be aggravated by glucocorticoid, therapy that used widely for COVID-19 especially in severe case. Second, patients with ARDS and multiorgan dysfunction can prevent timely diagnostic for imaging and other testing, so appropriate therapy that should be given will be delayed. Last, the essential service in hospital such surgery in this pandemic era reduced signifi cantly to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This review was created with the aim mucormycosis co-infection can be considered in patients with COVID-19, especially with known risk factor. Prompt and rapid diagnosis are important for eff ective therapy and decreasing case fatality rate. The use of steroid in mild cases, utilization of higher doses of steroid and drugs that targeting immune pathway should be avoided.
{"title":"The ‘black fungus’ Co-Infection in COVID-19 Patients : A Review","authors":"J. N. Hadiyanto, Friska Wilda, A. Cahyadi, Marcella Adisuhanto","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.27450","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.27450","url":null,"abstract":"Mucormycosis is one type of fungal disease, associated with a poor prognosis if not promptly diagnosed and managed because its highly aggressive tendency. Although it is a rare disease, a rapid increase in cases of mucormycosis associated with COVID-19 is being reported. Mostly, risk factors for this disease are uncontrolled diabetes mellitus, other immunosuppressive conditions and corticosteroid therapy. Immune dysfunction, lung pathology and corticosteroid therapy in COVID-19 patients making it more susceptible to develop fungal infection including mucormycosis. The combination of steroid therapy and underlying diabetes mellitus in COVID-19 also can augment immunosuppression and hyperglycemia. Control of hyperglycemia, early treatment with liposomal amphotericin B, and surgery are three important factors in mucormycosis therapy that essential for successful management. However, in this COVID-19 pandemic situation, that management strategies are compromised. First, hyperglicemia can be aggravated by glucocorticoid, therapy that used widely for COVID-19 especially in severe case. Second, patients with ARDS and multiorgan dysfunction can prevent timely diagnostic for imaging and other testing, so appropriate therapy that should be given will be delayed. Last, the essential service in hospital such surgery in this pandemic era reduced signifi cantly to prevent the spread of COVID-19. This review was created with the aim mucormycosis co-infection can be considered in patients with COVID-19, especially with known risk factor. Prompt and rapid diagnosis are important for eff ective therapy and decreasing case fatality rate. The use of steroid in mild cases, utilization of higher doses of steroid and drugs that targeting immune pathway should be avoided. ","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46277454","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-08-31DOI: 10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.9328
Illona Okvita Wiyogo, P. Endraswari, Yuani Setiawati
Klebsiella pneumoniae Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was one of the microorganism that cause nosocomial infection which resistant to beta-lactams antibiotics. Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) was traditional medicine which believed has antibacterial components, such as: fl avonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. In the previous studies, there was antibacterial activity in ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata againsts E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.typhi, E.faecalis, P.aeruginosa, S.fl exneri, S.aureus, and S.sonneii with concentration 200 mg/ mL. There has not experiment about ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL yet. The aim of this study was to fi nd out the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Murraya Paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Broth dilution method with concentration 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 6,25 mg/mL, and 3,125 mg/mL were used for the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). While the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was assessed using streaking method in Nutrient Agar Plate. The highest concentration in this study was obtained from 100 g of Murraya paniculata leaves dissolved in 500 mL of 40% ethanol. The study was carried out 4 times replication. At the time of the sterility test extract, germ growth appeared on Nutrient Agar Plate media, so the extract was fi ltered before being used for research. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, growth of bacterial colonies on all agar plates was observed. The concentration of the ethanol extract of Murraya Paniculata (200 mg/mL) did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. The ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata in concentration 200 mg/mL had no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL.
{"title":"Antibacterial Activity of Ethanol Extract of Kemuning (Murraya Paniculata) Against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL by In Vitro Test","authors":"Illona Okvita Wiyogo, P. Endraswari, Yuani Setiawati","doi":"10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.9328","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/ijtid.v9i2.9328","url":null,"abstract":"Klebsiella pneumoniae Extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) was one of the microorganism that cause nosocomial infection which resistant to beta-lactams antibiotics. Orange Jessamine (Murraya paniculata) was traditional medicine which believed has antibacterial components, such as: fl avonoids, alkaloids, essential oils, coumarins, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. In the previous studies, there was antibacterial activity in ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata againsts E.coli, K.pneumoniae, S.typhi, E.faecalis, P.aeruginosa, S.fl exneri, S.aureus, and S.sonneii with concentration 200 mg/ mL. There has not experiment about ethanolic extract of Murraya paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL yet. The aim of this study was to fi nd out the in vitro antibacterial activity of ethanol extracts of Murraya Paniculata against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL Broth dilution method with concentration 200 mg/mL, 100 mg/mL, 50 mg/mL, 25 mg/mL, 12,5 mg/mL, 6,25 mg/mL, and 3,125 mg/mL were used for the determination of the Minimal Inhibitory Concentration (MIC). While the Minimal Bacterial Concentration (MBC) was assessed using streaking method in Nutrient Agar Plate. The highest concentration in this study was obtained from 100 g of Murraya paniculata leaves dissolved in 500 mL of 40% ethanol. The study was carried out 4 times replication. At the time of the sterility test extract, germ growth appeared on Nutrient Agar Plate media, so the extract was fi ltered before being used for research. After incubation at 37 °C for 24 hours, growth of bacterial colonies on all agar plates was observed. The concentration of the ethanol extract of Murraya Paniculata (200 mg/mL) did not inhibit the growth of Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL. The ethanol extracts of Murraya paniculata in concentration 200 mg/mL had no antibacterial activity against Klebsiella pneumoniae ESBL.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43695996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.20473/IJTID.V9I1.22056
A. Charles, Simeon Penggoam, A. Maskoen, E. Sahiratmadja
Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) is known as part of intracellular signaling transduction for bacterial phagocytosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is intracellular pathogenic bacteria that is recognized by this receptor, and genetic variation of TLR-8 might alter susceptibility of the host towards pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study aimed to determine whether TLR-8 gene polymorphisms were associated to PTB in Kupang, Indonesia. This case-control study compared demographic and clinical data between 115 PTB patients and 115 controls, then two TLR-8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) were explored using the GoldenGate® Genotyping for VeraCode® / BeadXpress Illumina®. There is no significant difference between sex distribution of patient vs control groups. The polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in this population (p > 0.05). The distribution of major vs minor genotypes and alleles of TLR-8 polymorphisms in PTB patients were as followed: rs3764880 (GG vs GA vs AA, 50.0% vs 21.4% vs 28.6% ; G vs A, 60.9% vs 39.1% ) and rs3788935 (GG vs GA vs AA, 53.0% vs 21.7% vs 25.3%; G vs A, 62.9% vs 37.1%). Neither genotypes nor alleles were associated with PTB in this population (P > 0.05). Besides, when the analyses were stratified by gender, none of the alleles of polymorphism in both genders were associated with PTB cases. None of the TLR-8 polymorphisms have associated the risk of developing PTB in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara population (as opposed to other studies in different ethnic groups). These might reflect the diversity of genetic polymorphisms in eastern Indonesia populations, suggesting different genetic backgrounds with western part of Indonesia.
{"title":"Influence of TLR-8 Gene Polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) Associated to Pulmonary Tuberculosis in Kupang, Indonesia","authors":"A. Charles, Simeon Penggoam, A. Maskoen, E. Sahiratmadja","doi":"10.20473/IJTID.V9I1.22056","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/IJTID.V9I1.22056","url":null,"abstract":"Toll-like receptor 8 (TLR-8) is known as part of intracellular signaling transduction for bacterial phagocytosis. Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb) is intracellular pathogenic bacteria that is recognized by this receptor, and genetic variation of TLR-8 might alter susceptibility of the host towards pulmonary tuberculosis (PTB). This study aimed to determine whether TLR-8 gene polymorphisms were associated to PTB in Kupang, Indonesia. This case-control study compared demographic and clinical data between 115 PTB patients and 115 controls, then two TLR-8 single nucleotide polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) were explored using the GoldenGate® Genotyping for VeraCode® / BeadXpress Illumina®. There is no significant difference between sex distribution of patient vs control groups. The polymorphisms (rs3764880 and rs3788935) are in Hardy-Weinberg Equilibrium in this population (p > 0.05). The distribution of major vs minor genotypes and alleles of TLR-8 polymorphisms in PTB patients were as followed: rs3764880 (GG vs GA vs AA, 50.0% vs 21.4% vs 28.6% ; G vs A, 60.9% vs 39.1% ) and rs3788935 (GG vs GA vs AA, 53.0% vs 21.7% vs 25.3%; G vs A, 62.9% vs 37.1%). Neither genotypes nor alleles were associated with PTB in this population (P > 0.05). Besides, when the analyses were stratified by gender, none of the alleles of polymorphism in both genders were associated with PTB cases. None of the TLR-8 polymorphisms have associated the risk of developing PTB in Kupang, East Nusa Tenggara population (as opposed to other studies in different ethnic groups). These might reflect the diversity of genetic polymorphisms in eastern Indonesia populations, suggesting different genetic backgrounds with western part of Indonesia.","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46271494","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-27DOI: 10.20473/IJTID.V9I1.22578
R. B. Y. Renaldy, M. A. N. Aflahudin, Zukhaila Salma, S. Sumaryono, Muhammad Yasin Fitriah, S. Sulistyawati, D. Husada, S. Basuki
Inadequate latrine and water source cause transmission of intestinal parasitic infection, particularly in children. There is a lack information about it and it is needed to be investigated. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection, the use of latrine and clean water source in elementary school children at coastal and non-coastal areas in Sumenep District, Indonesia. An analytic observational study with cross sectional design was conducted in Dasuk Timur Elementary School located at coastal area, and Kolor II Elementary School at non-coastal area, Sumenep district, in January 2020. Intestinal parasites in students’ stools were identified by microscopic examination using wet direct smear stained with lugol. The use of latrine and water sources were analyzed with questionnaire. A total of 68 children stools were collected from both elementary schools. Worm infections were not found. Thirty-one children (31/44, 70.5%) from Dasuk Timur Elementary School and eight children (8/24, 33.3%) from Kolor II Elementary School were infected with intestinal protozoan and significant difference (P=0.003, Chi-square test). Blastocystis hominis was highly found in stools of Dasuk Timur Elementary School’s students (31/44, 70.5%) and significantly different from Kolor II Elementary School’s students (P<0.0001, Chi-square test). Three children (3/44, 6.8%) from Dasuk Timur Elementary School were still practicing open defecation. Dasuk Timur Elementary School’s students suffered from intestinal parasitic infection were mostly using non-piped water source (20/31, 64.5%) and were significantly different between two elementary schools (P=0.015, Fisher’s exact test). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children was found higher in coastal than non-coastal area due to the commonly use of unclean water sources and inadequate latrine.
{"title":"Intestinal Parasitic Infection, The Use of Latrine, and Clean Water Source In Elementary School Children At Coastal And Non-Coastal Areas, Sumenep District, Indonesia","authors":"R. B. Y. Renaldy, M. A. N. Aflahudin, Zukhaila Salma, S. Sumaryono, Muhammad Yasin Fitriah, S. Sulistyawati, D. Husada, S. Basuki","doi":"10.20473/IJTID.V9I1.22578","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.20473/IJTID.V9I1.22578","url":null,"abstract":"Inadequate latrine and water source cause transmission of intestinal parasitic infection, particularly in children. There is a lack information about it and it is needed to be investigated. This study aimed to compare the prevalence of intestinal parasitic infection, the use of latrine and clean water source in elementary school children at coastal and non-coastal areas in Sumenep District, Indonesia. An analytic observational study with cross sectional design was conducted in Dasuk Timur Elementary School located at coastal area, and Kolor II Elementary School at non-coastal area, Sumenep district, in January 2020. Intestinal parasites in students’ stools were identified by microscopic examination using wet direct smear stained with lugol. The use of latrine and water sources were analyzed with questionnaire. A total of 68 children stools were collected from both elementary schools. Worm infections were not found. Thirty-one children (31/44, 70.5%) from Dasuk Timur Elementary School and eight children (8/24, 33.3%) from Kolor II Elementary School were infected with intestinal protozoan and significant difference (P=0.003, Chi-square test). Blastocystis hominis was highly found in stools of Dasuk Timur Elementary School’s students (31/44, 70.5%) and significantly different from Kolor II Elementary School’s students (P<0.0001, Chi-square test). Three children (3/44, 6.8%) from Dasuk Timur Elementary School were still practicing open defecation. Dasuk Timur Elementary School’s students suffered from intestinal parasitic infection were mostly using non-piped water source (20/31, 64.5%) and were significantly different between two elementary schools (P=0.015, Fisher’s exact test). Prevalence of intestinal parasitic infections in children was found higher in coastal than non-coastal area due to the commonly use of unclean water sources and inadequate latrine. ","PeriodicalId":13538,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Tropical and Infectious Disease","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"43639542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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