Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i3.59225
I. Jaya, Intan Syahbanu, Nelly Wahyuni
The limited source of Lithium (Li) as the main material for battery cathodes has become a problem in the development of the new and renewable energy (EBT) sector. Based on their reduction potential and availability on earth, elements that might be suspected include Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca). All cannot be obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is blondo. Blondo is a by-product of coconut oil processing that has not been used optimally. This study used the calcination process by varying the time (5, 7, 9 hours) and temperature (450, 550, 650°C) to obtain optimal oxide compounds from blondo. Making the cathode using a mixture of blondo and Polvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with a composition ratio of 20:1 attached to a stainless steel plate. Testing the percentage of oxide compounds was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) which showed that the calcination process caused the percentage levels of oxide compounds to increase K2O, P2O5, MgO and Cl. However, when the calcination time and temperature were increased, it did not give a much different effect on the levels of oxide compounds produced previously. The effect of calcination temperature is known from the results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) which shows that the higher the calcination temperature, the smaller the crystal size of the oxide compound. At temperatures of 450, 550 and 650°C the yields are 50.0; 47.5 and 36.4 nm. This is also supported by the results of XRF testing where K2O is the most dominant component of the oxide compound in calcined blondo. The test as a cathode material was carried out for three cycles resulting in an average charge capacity of 14.67 mAh, and an average discharge capacity of 5.34 mAh so that the average efficiency was 55.68%.
{"title":"POTENSI SENYAWA OKSIDA DARI BLONDO SEBAGAI KATODA BATERAI (POTENCY OF OXIDE COMPOUNDS FROM BLONDO AS BATTERY CATHODE)","authors":"I. Jaya, Intan Syahbanu, Nelly Wahyuni","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i3.59225","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i3.59225","url":null,"abstract":"The limited source of Lithium (Li) as the main material for battery cathodes has become a problem in the development of the new and renewable energy (EBT) sector. Based on their reduction potential and availability on earth, elements that might be suspected include Potassium (K), Sodium (Na), Magnesium (Mg) and Calcium (Ca). All cannot be obtained from natural ingredients, one of which is blondo. Blondo is a by-product of coconut oil processing that has not been used optimally. This study used the calcination process by varying the time (5, 7, 9 hours) and temperature (450, 550, 650°C) to obtain optimal oxide compounds from blondo. Making the cathode using a mixture of blondo and Polvinyl Alcohol (PVA) with a composition ratio of 20:1 attached to a stainless steel plate. Testing the percentage of oxide compounds was carried out using X-Ray Fluorescence (XRF) which showed that the calcination process caused the percentage levels of oxide compounds to increase K2O, P2O5, MgO and Cl. However, when the calcination time and temperature were increased, it did not give a much different effect on the levels of oxide compounds produced previously. The effect of calcination temperature is known from the results of X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) which shows that the higher the calcination temperature, the smaller the crystal size of the oxide compound. At temperatures of 450, 550 and 650°C the yields are 50.0; 47.5 and 36.4 nm. This is also supported by the results of XRF testing where K2O is the most dominant component of the oxide compound in calcined blondo. The test as a cathode material was carried out for three cycles resulting in an average charge capacity of 14.67 mAh, and an average discharge capacity of 5.34 mAh so that the average efficiency was 55.68%.","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76461597","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-10-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i3.59125
Samira Samira, W. Warsidah, D. I. Prayitno
The waters of Sedanau, Natuna Regency are congested with traffic activities of inter-island transport ships and the construction of docks that have the potential to cause pollution to the aquatic environment. Determination of the levels of heavy metals (Pb) and (Cd) in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) in these waters has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals Pb, Cd in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) which was carried out for 2 time periods, 2020 and 2021 at 2 different sampling stations. Station 1 is close to fishing activities, fishing boat traffic docks and inter-island passenger ships, station 2 is close to fishing boat docks and floating net cages but far from fishing activities and ship traffic. Measurement of the concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cd using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (SSA) method with reference to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Number 06-6992.2-2004 heavy metals Pb and Cd in feather shells (Anadara antiquata). The results of the measurement of heavy metal concentrations of Pb and Cd in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) in the first year were the content of (Cd) at station 1 of 0.0214 g/g, station 2 of 0.0236 g/g and (Pb) of station 1 of 0. 0.0109 g/g, station 2 was not detected, while in the second year the content (Cd) of station 1 was 1.3472 g/g, station 2 was 0.9980 g/g and (Pb) stations 1 and 2 were not detected. heavy metal content. Measurements in the second year of heavy metal content of Pb and Cd were lower than in the first year which had exceeded the threshold allowed in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 7387 of 2009 concerning the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food Lead (Pb) 1.5 mg/kg and Cadmium (Cd) 1.0 mg/kg
{"title":"PENENTUAN KADAR LOGAM BERAT TIMBAL (Pb) DAN Kadmium (Cd) PADA KERANG BULU (Anadara antiquata) DI PERAIRAN SEDANAU KABUPATEN NATUNA (DETERMINATION OF LEVELS OF HEAVY METALS Lead (Pb) AND Cadmium (Cd) IN BULU SHELLS (Anadara antiquata) IN SANDANA WATERS, NATUNA REGENCY)","authors":"Samira Samira, W. Warsidah, D. I. Prayitno","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i3.59125","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i3.59125","url":null,"abstract":"The waters of Sedanau, Natuna Regency are congested with traffic activities of inter-island transport ships and the construction of docks that have the potential to cause pollution to the aquatic environment. Determination of the levels of heavy metals (Pb) and (Cd) in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) in these waters has been carried out. The purpose of this study was to determine the concentration of heavy metals Pb, Cd in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) which was carried out for 2 time periods, 2020 and 2021 at 2 different sampling stations. Station 1 is close to fishing activities, fishing boat traffic docks and inter-island passenger ships, station 2 is close to fishing boat docks and floating net cages but far from fishing activities and ship traffic. Measurement of the concentration of heavy metals Pb and Cd using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer (SSA) method with reference to the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) Number 06-6992.2-2004 heavy metals Pb and Cd in feather shells (Anadara antiquata). The results of the measurement of heavy metal concentrations of Pb and Cd in feather shells (Anadara antiquata) in the first year were the content of (Cd) at station 1 of 0.0214 g/g, station 2 of 0.0236 g/g and (Pb) of station 1 of 0. 0.0109 g/g, station 2 was not detected, while in the second year the content (Cd) of station 1 was 1.3472 g/g, station 2 was 0.9980 g/g and (Pb) stations 1 and 2 were not detected. heavy metal content. Measurements in the second year of heavy metal content of Pb and Cd were lower than in the first year which had exceeded the threshold allowed in the Indonesian National Standard (SNI) No. 7387 of 2009 concerning the Maximum Limit of Heavy Metal Contamination in Food Lead (Pb) 1.5 mg/kg and Cadmium (Cd) 1.0 mg/kg","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-10-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91005060","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.56554
Syafri Syamsudin, A. Alimuddin, Berlian Sitorus
Gallic acid have been isolated from the leaves of the Putat plant (Planchonia valida Blume). This study aimed to isolate and characterize isolates from Putat leaves by phytochemical and FTIR spectrophotometry. The research procedures included extraction by maceration, partitioning by fractionation, vacuum liquid chromatography (KCV), gravity column chromatography (KKG), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and FTIR analysis. A total of 1400 grams of putat leaf powder was macerated to produce 159.243 grams (11.38%) of methanol extract. A total of 101 grams of methanol extract was dechlorophyllated to obtain 21.430 grams (21.21%) of dechlorophyllated extract. The dechlorophyllated extract was partitioned gradually with n-hexane and ethyl acetate to produce n-hexane fractions of 0.341 grams (1.591%), and ethyl acetate of 10.143 grams (47.33%), and methanol of 9.170 grams (42.79%). A phytochemical test showed that in the dechlorophyllated extract, the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions contained alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids while the n-hexane fraction contained alkaloids and flavonoids. A total of 7 grams of ethyl acetate fraction was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography to produce fractions B1 to B8. The B4 fraction was continued to the separation step by gravity column chromatography so that the fractions S1 to S9 were obtained. The S4 fraction was continued to the separation stage using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) to produce isolates S4.1 to S4.5. Isolate S4.1 was tested for purity by two-dimensional TLC showed that the isolate was not pure. The results of the phytochemical test with 5% FeCl3 spray reagent indicated a positive phenolic compound which was strengthened by FTIR characterization of the presence of –OH, -CH aromatic, -CH aliphatic, C=C, C=O and C-O goups. Based on these results, it was concluded that the isolate from the dechlorophyllated extract of Putat leaves belonged to phenolic compounds.
{"title":"ISOLASI DAN KARAKTERISASI SENYAWA FENOLIK DARI DAUN PUTAT (Planchonia valida Blume) (ISOLATION AND CHARACTERIZATION OF PHENOLIC COMPOUND FROM PUTAT LEAVES (Planchonia valida Blume))","authors":"Syafri Syamsudin, A. Alimuddin, Berlian Sitorus","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.56554","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.56554","url":null,"abstract":"Gallic acid have been isolated from the leaves of the Putat plant (Planchonia valida Blume). This study aimed to isolate and characterize isolates from Putat leaves by phytochemical and FTIR spectrophotometry. The research procedures included extraction by maceration, partitioning by fractionation, vacuum liquid chromatography (KCV), gravity column chromatography (KKG), thin layer chromatography (TLC), and FTIR analysis. A total of 1400 grams of putat leaf powder was macerated to produce 159.243 grams (11.38%) of methanol extract. A total of 101 grams of methanol extract was dechlorophyllated to obtain 21.430 grams (21.21%) of dechlorophyllated extract. The dechlorophyllated extract was partitioned gradually with n-hexane and ethyl acetate to produce n-hexane fractions of 0.341 grams (1.591%), and ethyl acetate of 10.143 grams (47.33%), and methanol of 9.170 grams (42.79%). A phytochemical test showed that in the dechlorophyllated extract, the methanol and ethyl acetate fractions contained alkaloids, phenolics, flavonoids, and terpenoids while the n-hexane fraction contained alkaloids and flavonoids. A total of 7 grams of ethyl acetate fraction was fractionated by vacuum liquid chromatography to produce fractions B1 to B8. The B4 fraction was continued to the separation step by gravity column chromatography so that the fractions S1 to S9 were obtained. The S4 fraction was continued to the separation stage using preparative thin layer chromatography (TLC) to produce isolates S4.1 to S4.5. Isolate S4.1 was tested for purity by two-dimensional TLC showed that the isolate was not pure. The results of the phytochemical test with 5% FeCl3 spray reagent indicated a positive phenolic compound which was strengthened by FTIR characterization of the presence of –OH, -CH aromatic, -CH aliphatic, C=C, C=O and C-O goups. Based on these results, it was concluded that the isolate from the dechlorophyllated extract of Putat leaves belonged to phenolic compounds.","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82599937","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.55595
E. Wahyuni, M. A. Wibowo, A. Sapar
Baeckea frutescens L is a tropical plant that usually grows in coastal areas. Its leaves resemble needles with trees that resemble large pines. Baeckea frutescens L can be found in various regions in Indonesia, one of which is in Nanjung Village, Ketapang Regency, and West Kalimantan. Baeckea frutescens L essential oil was obtained by isolation using steam distillation. The results obtained from the isolation of the essential oil of Baeckea frutescens L was a yield of 0.0037% (v/v) and a density of 0.874 g/mL. Baeckea frutescens L essential oil was then analyzed using GC-MS. The results of the analysis showed that there were 32 compounds, with the main compounds being -ocimene, eucalyptol, -myrcene, -humulene, -terpineol. The results of the antibacterial activity test against Escherichia coli bacteria, concentrations of 5% (15.9 mm), 2.5% (15.6 mm), 1.25% (12.9 mm) and 0.625% (11.8 mm).
{"title":"IDENTIFIKASI KOMPONEN UTAMA MINYAK ATSIRI DAUN UJUNG ATAP (Baeckea frutescens L.) DAN UJI AKTIVITAS ANTIBAKTERI TERHADAP BAKTERI Escherichia coli IDENTIFICATION OF MAIN COMPONENTS OF LEAF TIP ESSENTIAL OIL (Baeckea frutescens L.) AND ANTIBACTERIAL ACTIVITY TEST AGAINST Escherichia coli BACTERIA","authors":"E. Wahyuni, M. A. Wibowo, A. Sapar","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.55595","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.55595","url":null,"abstract":"Baeckea frutescens L is a tropical plant that usually grows in coastal areas. Its leaves resemble needles with trees that resemble large pines. Baeckea frutescens L can be found in various regions in Indonesia, one of which is in Nanjung Village, Ketapang Regency, and West Kalimantan. Baeckea frutescens L essential oil was obtained by isolation using steam distillation. The results obtained from the isolation of the essential oil of Baeckea frutescens L was a yield of 0.0037% (v/v) and a density of 0.874 g/mL. Baeckea frutescens L essential oil was then analyzed using GC-MS. The results of the analysis showed that there were 32 compounds, with the main compounds being -ocimene, eucalyptol, -myrcene, -humulene, -terpineol. The results of the antibacterial activity test against Escherichia coli bacteria, concentrations of 5% (15.9 mm), 2.5% (15.6 mm), 1.25% (12.9 mm) and 0.625% (11.8 mm).","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78293869","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49068
Ilmauwati Qurniasih, I. Safitri, A. B. Aritonang, W. Warsidah, Shifa Helena
Caulerpa racemosa belongs to Chlorophyceae grow abundantly along Indonesian waters, including Kabung Island, West Kalimantan. This species has important role and is able to synthesize a wide range of bioactive compounds that are potential to be developed. However, their existence have not been used optimally. This study aims to determine the bioactive compound and evaluate total phenol contents in methanol and ethyl acetate of C. racemosa from Kabung Island. The methods in this study were maceration, phytochemicals, and Folin-Ciocalteau using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. racemosa contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. Thus, the total phenol content in ethyl acetate extracts was 0.077817 mgGAE/g while in methanol extract was 0.05682 mgGAE/g, respectively. This value was classified as low category.
{"title":"KANDUNGAN TOTAL FENOL DALAM EKSTRAK METANOL DAN ETIL ASETAT Caulerpa racemosa (TOTAL PHENOL CONTENTS IN METHANOL AND ETHYL ACETATE EXTRACTS OF Caulerpa racemosa)","authors":"Ilmauwati Qurniasih, I. Safitri, A. B. Aritonang, W. Warsidah, Shifa Helena","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49068","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49068","url":null,"abstract":"Caulerpa racemosa belongs to Chlorophyceae grow abundantly along Indonesian waters, including Kabung Island, West Kalimantan. This species has important role and is able to synthesize a wide range of bioactive compounds that are potential to be developed. However, their existence have not been used optimally. This study aims to determine the bioactive compound and evaluate total phenol contents in methanol and ethyl acetate of C. racemosa from Kabung Island. The methods in this study were maceration, phytochemicals, and Folin-Ciocalteau using Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy (AAS). The result showed that methanol and ethyl acetate extracts of C. racemosa contained alkaloids, flavonoids, saponins, phenols, and tannins. Thus, the total phenol content in ethyl acetate extracts was 0.077817 mgGAE/g while in methanol extract was 0.05682 mgGAE/g, respectively. This value was classified as low category.","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78857369","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49170
Dewi Kartika Putri, N. Idiawati, M. Sofiana
Seaweed grows abundantly in Indonesian waters. Seaweed is an important commodity and valuable for the cosmetic industry. The aim of this research was to determine the phytochemical content and SPF value of the methanol extract of seaweeds, namely Caulerpa serrulata, Turbinaria decurrens, and Hypnea pannosa. The sample was macerated with methanol solvent. The methanol extract of C. serrulata obtained the highest yield of 4.42 g. The results of phytochemical screening on C. serrulata, T. decurrens, and H. pannosa contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The SPF of methanol extract was analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. SPF values with a concentration of 100 ppm were obtained for C. serrulata (4.80), T. deccurens (0.81), and H. pannosa (0.80). The methanol extract from C. serrulata was the highest SPF. It was categorized in the moderate protection category.
{"title":"KANDUNGAN FITOKIMIA DAN NILAI SUN PROTECTION FACTORS (SPF) PADA EKSTRAK METANOL Hypnea pannosa, Turbinaria decurrens, DAN Caulerpa serrulata. (PHYTOCHEMICAL CONTENT AND VALUE OF SUN PROTECTION FACTORS (SPF) IN METHANOL EXTRACTS OF Hypnea pannosa, Turbinaria decurrens, AND Caulerpa serrulata)","authors":"Dewi Kartika Putri, N. Idiawati, M. Sofiana","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.49170","url":null,"abstract":"Seaweed grows abundantly in Indonesian waters. Seaweed is an important commodity and valuable for the cosmetic industry. The aim of this research was to determine the phytochemical content and SPF value of the methanol extract of seaweeds, namely Caulerpa serrulata, Turbinaria decurrens, and Hypnea pannosa. The sample was macerated with methanol solvent. The methanol extract of C. serrulata obtained the highest yield of 4.42 g. The results of phytochemical screening on C. serrulata, T. decurrens, and H. pannosa contains alkaloids, flavonoids, terpenoids, tannins, and saponins. The SPF of methanol extract was analyzed by UV-Vis Spectrophotometer. SPF values with a concentration of 100 ppm were obtained for C. serrulata (4.80), T. deccurens (0.81), and H. pannosa (0.80). The methanol extract from C. serrulata was the highest SPF. It was categorized in the moderate protection category.","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91355191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-07-31DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.52987
Erma Maruni, Nurlina Nurlina, Nelly Wahyuni
ABSTRACT Activated carbon is a porous solid that contains 85-95% carbon. The study used coconut shells as carbon sources and sodium bicarbonate as activators. Sodium bicarbonate can release carbon dioxide (CO2), where the CO2 will be used as a carbon donor. The study aims to explain the properties of carbon, activated carbon (KA) and its performance test in the solutions of Pb(II) ions. Metallic lead is toxic, which can slow down the normal working of red blood cells so that it can cause anaemia and can also inhibit the biosynthesis of haemoglobin. The research phase starts from the pyrolysis of coconut shells (t =2 hours, T=230 oC) to carbon. Carbon is activated with the variated percentage of sodium bicarbonate from 0 % to 8% and soaked for 24 hours (KA 0%, KA 4% and KA 8%). Activated carbon is characterized by water content, ash content, uptake of iodine, and methylene blue following the SNI method. Carbon, KA 0%, KA 4% and KA 8% tested its performance as adsorbent ion Pb(II) from PbNO3 solution with concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm. The results showed that the water content, ash levels, and uptake of blue methylene KA met SNI No. 06-3730-1995. The highest adsorption efficiency at five ppm Pb(II) of carbon = 86.87%, KA 4% = 99.01% Isotherm adsorption of Pb(II) ions fitted to Langmuir for Carbon and KA 4% with K = 1.5044 L/g, am = 0.11 mg/g and K= 4.9468 L/g, am = 1.0735 mg/g, respectively
活性炭是一种含有85-95%碳的多孔固体。该研究使用椰子壳作为碳源，碳酸氢钠作为活化剂。碳酸氢钠可以释放二氧化碳(CO2)，二氧化碳将被用作碳供体。本研究旨在说明活性炭(KA)的性质及其在Pb(II)离子溶液中的性能测试。金属铅是有毒的，它可以减缓红细胞的正常工作，从而导致贫血，也可以抑制血红蛋白的生物合成。研究阶段从椰壳(t = 2h, t =230 oC)热解成碳开始。活性炭在碳酸氢钠浓度为0% ~ 8%的条件下活化，浸泡24小时(KA 0%、KA 4%、KA 8%)。根据SNI方法，活性炭的特征是含水量、灰分含量、碘的吸收和亚甲基蓝。在浓度为5、10、15、20和25 ppm的PbNO3溶液中，测试了碳、KA 0%、KA 4%和KA 8%对Pb(II)的吸附性能。结果表明，蓝亚甲基KA的含水率、灰分和吸收量均符合SNI 06-3730-1995的要求。Pb(II)离子在5 ppm时的最高吸附效率为86.87%，KA 4% = 99.01%，在K= 1.5044 L/g, am = 0.11 mg/g和K= 4.9468 L/g, am = 1.0735 mg/g条件下，Pb(II)离子的等温吸附分别适用于Langmuir for carbon和KA 4%
{"title":"ISOTERM ADSORPSI Pb(II) PADA KARBON AKTIF TEMPURUNG KELAPA DENGAN VARIASI KONSENTRASI AKTIVATOR NATRIUM BIKARBONAT (ISOTHERMAL ADSORPTION OF Pb(II) BY ACTIVATED CARBON WITH VARIATIONS IN CONCENTRATION OF SODIUM BICARBONATE)","authors":"Erma Maruni, Nurlina Nurlina, Nelly Wahyuni","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.52987","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i2.52987","url":null,"abstract":" ABSTRACT Activated carbon is a porous solid that contains 85-95% carbon. The study used coconut shells as carbon sources and sodium bicarbonate as activators. Sodium bicarbonate can release carbon dioxide (CO2), where the CO2 will be used as a carbon donor. The study aims to explain the properties of carbon, activated carbon (KA) and its performance test in the solutions of Pb(II) ions. Metallic lead is toxic, which can slow down the normal working of red blood cells so that it can cause anaemia and can also inhibit the biosynthesis of haemoglobin. The research phase starts from the pyrolysis of coconut shells (t =2 hours, T=230 oC) to carbon. Carbon is activated with the variated percentage of sodium bicarbonate from 0 % to 8% and soaked for 24 hours (KA 0%, KA 4% and KA 8%). Activated carbon is characterized by water content, ash content, uptake of iodine, and methylene blue following the SNI method. Carbon, KA 0%, KA 4% and KA 8% tested its performance as adsorbent ion Pb(II) from PbNO3 solution with concentrations of 5, 10, 15, 20 and 25 ppm. The results showed that the water content, ash levels, and uptake of blue methylene KA met SNI No. 06-3730-1995. The highest adsorption efficiency at five ppm Pb(II) of carbon = 86.87%, KA 4% = 99.01% Isotherm adsorption of Pb(II) ions fitted to Langmuir for Carbon and KA 4% with K = 1.5044 L/g, am = 0.11 mg/g and K= 4.9468 L/g, am = 1.0735 mg/g, respectively","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76245893","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Fly ash is one of the combustion residues from coal-fired power plants which is produced in large quantities. The main elemental composition of fly ash is silica and alumina with content of 48.055% and 14.653%, respectively. This study aims to determine the characteristics of zeolite A synthesized from fly ash with various ratios of SiO2 and Al2O3. Zeolite A was synthesized using the alkaline hydrothermal method by varying the Si/Al molar ratio of 0.8 1 and 1.2. The initial process begins with the leaching process of fly ash waste and is followed by alkaline smelting. Furthermore, zeolite A was synthesized by adding sodium silicate and sodium aluminate to form a white gel. These steps were followed by a hydrothermal process using a hydrothermal autoclave at a temperature of 100֯C for 5 hours. Qualitative results on XRD showed that zeolite A synthesized at a ratio of Si/Al 1,2 had a 2ϴ position closer to standard zeolite A, which was seen based on the highest peaks at 2ϴ=12,420, 16,070, 20,360, 21,590, 23,960, 26,070, 27,080, 29,910, 32,500, 41,480, 44,090, 52,540, 54,230 and 66,660 and the structure formed is in cubic form with a crystallinity of 76.36%. Analysis using XRF showed that the Si/Al 1.2 ratio was the best for the formation of zeolite A. In this variation the silica and alumina content increased by 54.412% and 35.054%, respectively
{"title":"SINTESIS ZEOLIT A BERBAHAN DASAR ABU TERBANG (FLY ASH) LIMBAH PT. INDONESIA CHEMICAL ALUMINA (ICA) MENGGUNAKAN METODE ALKALI HIDROTERMAL (SYNTHESIS OF ZEOLITE A BASE ON FLY ASH WASTE PT. INDONESIA CHEMICAL ALUMINA (ICA) USING HYDROTHERMAL ALKALINE METHOD)","authors":"Rizky Fitri Febrianti, Titin Anita Zahara, Adhitiyawarman Adhitiyawarman","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53072","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53072","url":null,"abstract":"Fly ash is one of the combustion residues from coal-fired power plants which is produced in large quantities. The main elemental composition of fly ash is silica and alumina with content of 48.055% and 14.653%, respectively. This study aims to determine the characteristics of zeolite A synthesized from fly ash with various ratios of SiO2 and Al2O3. Zeolite A was synthesized using the alkaline hydrothermal method by varying the Si/Al molar ratio of 0.8 1 and 1.2. The initial process begins with the leaching process of fly ash waste and is followed by alkaline smelting. Furthermore, zeolite A was synthesized by adding sodium silicate and sodium aluminate to form a white gel. These steps were followed by a hydrothermal process using a hydrothermal autoclave at a temperature of 100֯C for 5 hours. Qualitative results on XRD showed that zeolite A synthesized at a ratio of Si/Al 1,2 had a 2ϴ position closer to standard zeolite A, which was seen based on the highest peaks at 2ϴ=12,420, 16,070, 20,360, 21,590, 23,960, 26,070, 27,080, 29,910, 32,500, 41,480, 44,090, 52,540, 54,230 and 66,660 and the structure formed is in cubic form with a crystallinity of 76.36%. Analysis using XRF showed that the Si/Al 1.2 ratio was the best for the formation of zeolite A. In this variation the silica and alumina content increased by 54.412% and 35.054%, respectively","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88564143","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53566
Septian Triadi Syahputra, A. Sapar, Ari Widiyantoro
Mangrove leaves or also known as “bakau” by the people of Mempawah Regency, which has (Rhizopora stylose) species containing alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins that can be used as antioxidant compounds. This study was aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts and secondary metabolite fractions, and also to determine the characteristics of isolate compounds from mangrove leaves (Rhizopora stylose). Maceration of 1.57 kg of dry powder of mangrove leaves (Rhizopora stylose) with methanol as a solvent obtained a crude extract of 141.13 g of methanol with a percent yield of 8.98%. Partitioning the crude methanol extract obtained the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and residue fractions by weight and percent yield, respectively, namely 6.95 g (0.44%), 26.74 g (1.70%), 26 .66 (1.69%), and 25.75 g (1.64%). The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction had a better antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 121.314 g/mL. Separation and purification of the dichloromethane fraction to obtain isolates were carried out by column chromatography in order to obtain pure isolates which were characterized by the appearance of a single spot on the tested plate with various eluents, namely, isolate F7. The 1H-NMR data for isolate F7 showed chemical shifts for aromatic protons of 8.52 ppm, 7.70 ppm, 7.67 ppm, protons for tertiary C of 5.41 ppm, and protons for methyl and methylene of 3.50 ppm, 3.47 ppm, 1.59 ppm, 1.23 ppm, 1.05 ppm, and 0.84 ppm. H-NMR data showed that isolate F7 had similarities with the chemical shift of p-Oxy-2-Ethylhexyl benzaldehyde, namely 7.71 ppm, 7.54 ppm, 4.22 ppm, 1.68 ppm, 1.35 ppm, 1.32 ppm, 1.30 ppm, 0.90 ppm but different in the alkoxy substituent position from isolate F7 which was in the meta position
{"title":"KARAKTERISASI METABOLIT SEKUNDER DARI DAUN MANGROVE Rhizopora stylosa SEBAGAI ANTIOKSIDAN (CHARACTERIZATION OF SECONDARY METABOLITE MANGROVE LEAVES Rhizopora stylosa SPECIES AS ANTIOXIDANTS)","authors":"Septian Triadi Syahputra, A. Sapar, Ari Widiyantoro","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53566","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53566","url":null,"abstract":"Mangrove leaves or also known as “bakau” by the people of Mempawah Regency, which has (Rhizopora stylose) species containing alkaloids, flavonoids, steroids, terpenoids, phenolics, and saponins that can be used as antioxidant compounds. This study was aimed to determine the antioxidant activity of extracts and secondary metabolite fractions, and also to determine the characteristics of isolate compounds from mangrove leaves (Rhizopora stylose). Maceration of 1.57 kg of dry powder of mangrove leaves (Rhizopora stylose) with methanol as a solvent obtained a crude extract of 141.13 g of methanol with a percent yield of 8.98%. Partitioning the crude methanol extract obtained the n-hexane, dichloromethane, ethylacetate, and residue fractions by weight and percent yield, respectively, namely 6.95 g (0.44%), 26.74 g (1.70%), 26 .66 (1.69%), and 25.75 g (1.64%). The results of the antioxidant activity test showed that the dichloromethane fraction had a better antioxidant activity with an IC50 value of 121.314 g/mL. Separation and purification of the dichloromethane fraction to obtain isolates were carried out by column chromatography in order to obtain pure isolates which were characterized by the appearance of a single spot on the tested plate with various eluents, namely, isolate F7. The 1H-NMR data for isolate F7 showed chemical shifts for aromatic protons of 8.52 ppm, 7.70 ppm, 7.67 ppm, protons for tertiary C of 5.41 ppm, and protons for methyl and methylene of 3.50 ppm, 3.47 ppm, 1.59 ppm, 1.23 ppm, 1.05 ppm, and 0.84 ppm. H-NMR data showed that isolate F7 had similarities with the chemical shift of p-Oxy-2-Ethylhexyl benzaldehyde, namely 7.71 ppm, 7.54 ppm, 4.22 ppm, 1.68 ppm, 1.35 ppm, 1.32 ppm, 1.30 ppm, 0.90 ppm but different in the alkoxy substituent position from isolate F7 which was in the meta position","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82807492","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-04-30DOI: 10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53663
N. Nurhaliza, R. Rudiyansyah, Harlia Harlia
Limonin is a limonoid compound belonging to a terpenoid and it is found in Citrus plants including in the seeds of C. microcarpa. According to literature, limonin has been isolated by different methods from various Citrus plants with variable concentration. In this study, three extraction methods, maceration, soxhletation, and sonication were compared to examine a limonin concentration from the seeds of C. microcarpa. The purpose of this study is to determine the best extraction method which is able to give the highest concentration of limonin in the methanol extract. On the basis of phytochemical screening with the Liebermann-Burchard reagent and TLC data, it was found that the extracts from maceration, soxhletation, and sonication were positive for the triterpenoid. Further, based on the quantitative analysis, the average concentration of terpenoids obtained from the maceration, soxhletation, and sonication were 55.329%, 75.413%, and 83.473%, respectively. In conclusion, a sonication is the best method to extract a limonin by using terpenoid content.
{"title":"PERBANDINGAN METODE EKSTRAKSI TERHADAP KANDUNGAN LIMONIN PADA EKSTRAK METANOL BIJI JERUK SAMBAL (Citrus microcarpa Bunge) (COMPARISON OF EXTRACTION METHODS FOR LIMONIN CONTENT IN METHANOL EXTRACT OF SEEDS OF Citrus microcarpa Bunge)","authors":"N. Nurhaliza, R. Rudiyansyah, Harlia Harlia","doi":"10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53663","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.26418/indonesian.v5i1.53663","url":null,"abstract":"Limonin is a limonoid compound belonging to a terpenoid and it is found in Citrus plants including in the seeds of C. microcarpa. According to literature, limonin has been isolated by different methods from various Citrus plants with variable concentration. In this study, three extraction methods, maceration, soxhletation, and sonication were compared to examine a limonin concentration from the seeds of C. microcarpa. The purpose of this study is to determine the best extraction method which is able to give the highest concentration of limonin in the methanol extract. On the basis of phytochemical screening with the Liebermann-Burchard reagent and TLC data, it was found that the extracts from maceration, soxhletation, and sonication were positive for the triterpenoid. Further, based on the quantitative analysis, the average concentration of terpenoids obtained from the maceration, soxhletation, and sonication were 55.329%, 75.413%, and 83.473%, respectively. In conclusion, a sonication is the best method to extract a limonin by using terpenoid content.","PeriodicalId":13554,"journal":{"name":"Indonesian Journal of Pure and Applied Chemistry","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82793830","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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