Pub Date : 2023-12-14DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040054
Oliver Williams, Atsushi Fukasawa, Yusuke Sakai, Gerard Andonian, Fabio Bosco, Martina Carillo, Pratik Manwani, Sean O’Tool, Jessica Pan, Monika Yadav, James Rosenzweig
Presented here are the first results of commissioning of the S-Band hybrid photoinjector and laser systems at the new accelerator and light source facility, MITHRA, at UCLA. The radiation bunker and capabilities of the facility are described with motivation for detailed measurement of beam parameters explained. Following thorough characterization of the photoinjector, a 1.5 m linac is to be installed and experiments up to 30 MeV will begin. These will include experiments in basic plasma physics, space plasma, terahertz production in dielectric structures, and inverse Compton scattering and applications for the X-rays produced.
本文介绍的是加州大学洛杉矶分校新加速器和光源设施 MITHRA 的 S 波段混合光射器和激光系统的首批调试结果。文中介绍了该设施的辐射掩体和功能，并解释了详细测量光束参数的动机。在对光射器进行全面鉴定之后，将安装一个 1.5 米的直列加速器，并开始进行高达 30 MeV 的实验。这些实验将包括基础等离子体物理学、空间等离子体、电介质结构中的太赫兹产生、反康普顿散射以及所产生的 X 射线的应用。
{"title":"Overview and Commissioning Status of the UCLA MITHRA Facility","authors":"Oliver Williams, Atsushi Fukasawa, Yusuke Sakai, Gerard Andonian, Fabio Bosco, Martina Carillo, Pratik Manwani, Sean O’Tool, Jessica Pan, Monika Yadav, James Rosenzweig","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040054","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040054","url":null,"abstract":"Presented here are the first results of commissioning of the S-Band hybrid photoinjector and laser systems at the new accelerator and light source facility, MITHRA, at UCLA. The radiation bunker and capabilities of the facility are described with motivation for detailed measurement of beam parameters explained. Following thorough characterization of the photoinjector, a 1.5 m linac is to be installed and experiments up to 30 MeV will begin. These will include experiments in basic plasma physics, space plasma, terahertz production in dielectric structures, and inverse Compton scattering and applications for the X-rays produced.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139002821","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-08DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040052
Andrea Frazzitta, A. Bacci, Arianna Carbone, A. Cianchi, Alessandro Curcio, I. Drebot, M. Ferrario, V. Petrillo, Marcello Rossetti Conti, S. Samsam, L. Serafini, A. Rossi
X-ray production through betatron radiation emission from electron bunches is a valuable resource for several research fields. The EuAPS (EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Sources) project, within the framework of EuPRAXIA, aims to provide 1–10 keV photons (X-rays), developing a compact plasma-based system designed to exploit self-injection processes that occur in the highly nonlinear laser-plasma interaction (LWFA) to drive electron betatron oscillations. Since the emitted radiation spectrum, intensity, angular divergence, and possible coherence strongly depend on the properties of the self-injected beam, accurate preliminary simulations of the process are necessary to evaluate the optimal diagnostic device specifications and to provide an initial estimate of the source’s performance. A dedicated tool for these tasks has been developed; electron trajectories from particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are currently undergoing numerical analysis through the calculation of retarded fields and spectra for various plasma and laser parameter combinations. The implemented forward approach evaluation of the fields could allow for the integration of the presented scheme into already existing PIC codes. The spectrum calculation is thus performed in detector time, giving a linear complex exponential phase; this feature allows for a semi-analitical Fourier transform evaluation. The code structure and some trajectories analysis results are presented.
{"title":"First Simulations for the EuAPS Betatron Radiation Source: A Dedicated Radiation Calculation Code","authors":"Andrea Frazzitta, A. Bacci, Arianna Carbone, A. Cianchi, Alessandro Curcio, I. Drebot, M. Ferrario, V. Petrillo, Marcello Rossetti Conti, S. Samsam, L. Serafini, A. Rossi","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040052","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040052","url":null,"abstract":"X-ray production through betatron radiation emission from electron bunches is a valuable resource for several research fields. The EuAPS (EuPRAXIA Advanced Photon Sources) project, within the framework of EuPRAXIA, aims to provide 1–10 keV photons (X-rays), developing a compact plasma-based system designed to exploit self-injection processes that occur in the highly nonlinear laser-plasma interaction (LWFA) to drive electron betatron oscillations. Since the emitted radiation spectrum, intensity, angular divergence, and possible coherence strongly depend on the properties of the self-injected beam, accurate preliminary simulations of the process are necessary to evaluate the optimal diagnostic device specifications and to provide an initial estimate of the source’s performance. A dedicated tool for these tasks has been developed; electron trajectories from particle-in-cell (PIC) simulations are currently undergoing numerical analysis through the calculation of retarded fields and spectra for various plasma and laser parameter combinations. The implemented forward approach evaluation of the fields could allow for the integration of the presented scheme into already existing PIC codes. The spectrum calculation is thus performed in detector time, giving a linear complex exponential phase; this feature allows for a semi-analitical Fourier transform evaluation. The code structure and some trajectories analysis results are presented.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138587588","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-12-07DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040050
A. Di Salvo, S. Garbolino, M. Mignone, S. Zugravel, Angelo Rivetti, M. Bertaina, Pietro Antonio Palmieri
This work presents the development of a 64-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), implemented to detect the optical Cherenkov light from sub-orbital and orbital altitudes. These kinds of signals are generated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and cosmic neutrinos (CNs). The purpose of this front-end electronics is to provide a readout unit for a matrix of silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) to identify extensive air showers (EASs). Each event can be stored into a configurable array of 256 cells where the on-board digitization can take place with a programmable 12-bits Wilkinson analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The sampling, the conversion process, and the main digital logic of the ASIC run at 200 MHz, while the readout is managed by dedicated serializers operating at 400 MHz in double data rate (DDR). The chip is designed in a commercial 65 nm CMOS technology, ensuring a high configurability by selecting the partition of the channels, the resolution in the interval 8–12 bits, and the source of its trigger. The production and testing of the ASIC is planned for the forthcoming months.
{"title":"A Configurable 64-Channel ASIC for Cherenkov Radiation Detection from Space","authors":"A. Di Salvo, S. Garbolino, M. Mignone, S. Zugravel, Angelo Rivetti, M. Bertaina, Pietro Antonio Palmieri","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040050","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040050","url":null,"abstract":"This work presents the development of a 64-channel application-specific integrated circuit (ASIC), implemented to detect the optical Cherenkov light from sub-orbital and orbital altitudes. These kinds of signals are generated by ultra-high energy cosmic rays (UHECRs) and cosmic neutrinos (CNs). The purpose of this front-end electronics is to provide a readout unit for a matrix of silicon photo-multipliers (SiPMs) to identify extensive air showers (EASs). Each event can be stored into a configurable array of 256 cells where the on-board digitization can take place with a programmable 12-bits Wilkinson analog-to-digital converter (ADC). The sampling, the conversion process, and the main digital logic of the ASIC run at 200 MHz, while the readout is managed by dedicated serializers operating at 400 MHz in double data rate (DDR). The chip is designed in a commercial 65 nm CMOS technology, ensuring a high configurability by selecting the partition of the channels, the resolution in the interval 8–12 bits, and the source of its trigger. The production and testing of the ASIC is planned for the forthcoming months.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-12-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"138590427","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-28DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040048
Emily Frame, Afnan Al Marzouk, O. Chubenko, S. Doran, Philippe Piot, John Power, E. Wisniewski
Bright electron beams have played a critical role in many recent advances in accelerator technology. Producing bright beams via photo-emission is ultimately limited by the mean transverse energy (MTE), which is determined by the photocathode. This paper discusses the opportunity to generate bright electron beams using an upgraded version of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) photo-injector. The focus of this study is to examine the optimal configurations of the AWA photo-injector to produce 100 pC with a ∼100 nm transverse emittance (corresponding to a 5D brightness B5≥1015 A·m−2). The numerical optimization of the AWA photo-injector operating point, including realistic electromagnetic field maps, is presented for the different types of photocathodes under consideration.
{"title":"Opportunities for Bright Beam Generation at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA)","authors":"Emily Frame, Afnan Al Marzouk, O. Chubenko, S. Doran, Philippe Piot, John Power, E. Wisniewski","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040048","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040048","url":null,"abstract":"Bright electron beams have played a critical role in many recent advances in accelerator technology. Producing bright beams via photo-emission is ultimately limited by the mean transverse energy (MTE), which is determined by the photocathode. This paper discusses the opportunity to generate bright electron beams using an upgraded version of the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator (AWA) photo-injector. The focus of this study is to examine the optimal configurations of the AWA photo-injector to produce 100 pC with a ∼100 nm transverse emittance (corresponding to a 5D brightness B5≥1015 A·m−2). The numerical optimization of the AWA photo-injector operating point, including realistic electromagnetic field maps, is presented for the different types of photocathodes under consideration.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-28","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139217542","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-24DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040046
Edoardo Mancini, L. Mussolin, G. Morettini, M. Palmieri, M. Ionica, G. Silvestre, Franck Cadoux, A. Staffa, Giovanni Ambrosi, F. Cianetti, C. Braccesi, L. Farnesini, M. Caprai, G. Scolieri, R. Petrucci, Luigi Torre
Physics research is constantly pursuing more efficient silicon detectors, often trying to develop complex and optimized geometries, thus leading to non-trivial engineering challenges. Although critical for this optimization, there are few silicon tile mechanical data available in the literature. In an attempt to partially fill this gap, the present work details various mechanical-related aspects of spaceborne silicon detectors. Specifically, this study concerns three experimental campaigns with different objectives: a mechanical characterization of the material constituting the detector(in terms of density, elastic, and failure properties), an analysis of the adhesive effect on the loads, and a wirebond vibrational endurance campaign performed on three different unpotted samples. By collecting and discussing the experimental results, this work aims to fulfill its purpose of providing insight into the mechanical problems associated with this specific application and procuring input data of paramount importance. For the study to be complete, the perspective taken is broader than mere silicon analysis and embraces all related aspects; i.e., the detector–structure adhesive interface and the structural integrity of wirebonds. In summary, this paper presents experimental data on the material properties of silicon detectors, the impact of the adhesive on the gluing stiffness, and unpotted wirebond vibrational endurance. At the same time, the discussion of the results furnishes an all-encompassing view of the design-associated criticalities in experiments where silicon detectors are employed.
{"title":"Collection of Silicon Detectors Mechanical Properties from Static and Dynamic Characterization Test Campaigns","authors":"Edoardo Mancini, L. Mussolin, G. Morettini, M. Palmieri, M. Ionica, G. Silvestre, Franck Cadoux, A. Staffa, Giovanni Ambrosi, F. Cianetti, C. Braccesi, L. Farnesini, M. Caprai, G. Scolieri, R. Petrucci, Luigi Torre","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040046","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040046","url":null,"abstract":"Physics research is constantly pursuing more efficient silicon detectors, often trying to develop complex and optimized geometries, thus leading to non-trivial engineering challenges. Although critical for this optimization, there are few silicon tile mechanical data available in the literature. In an attempt to partially fill this gap, the present work details various mechanical-related aspects of spaceborne silicon detectors. Specifically, this study concerns three experimental campaigns with different objectives: a mechanical characterization of the material constituting the detector(in terms of density, elastic, and failure properties), an analysis of the adhesive effect on the loads, and a wirebond vibrational endurance campaign performed on three different unpotted samples. By collecting and discussing the experimental results, this work aims to fulfill its purpose of providing insight into the mechanical problems associated with this specific application and procuring input data of paramount importance. For the study to be complete, the perspective taken is broader than mere silicon analysis and embraces all related aspects; i.e., the detector–structure adhesive interface and the structural integrity of wirebonds. In summary, this paper presents experimental data on the material properties of silicon detectors, the impact of the adhesive on the gluing stiffness, and unpotted wirebond vibrational endurance. At the same time, the discussion of the results furnishes an all-encompassing view of the design-associated criticalities in experiments where silicon detectors are employed.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139239462","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-21DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040044
Christopher M. Pierce, Young-Kee Kim
Bright beams are commonly represented by sampled data in the numerical algorithms used to simulate their properties. However, in these calculations and the analyses of their outputs, the beam’s density is sometimes required and must be calculated from the samples. Axisymmetric beams, which possess a rotational symmetry and are naturally expressed in polar coordinates, pose a particular challenge to density estimators. The area element in polar coordinates shrinks as the radius becomes small, and weighting the samples to account for their reduced frequency may cause unwelcome artifacts. In this work, we derive analytical expressions for two kernel density estimators, which solve these problems in the spatial coordinates and in the transverse phase space. We show how the kernels can be found by averaging the Gaussian kernel in Cartesian coordinates over the polar angle and demonstrate their use on test problems. These results show that particle beam symmetries can be taken advantage of in density estimation while avoiding artifacts.
{"title":"Kernel Density Estimators for Axisymmetric Particle Beams","authors":"Christopher M. Pierce, Young-Kee Kim","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040044","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040044","url":null,"abstract":"Bright beams are commonly represented by sampled data in the numerical algorithms used to simulate their properties. However, in these calculations and the analyses of their outputs, the beam’s density is sometimes required and must be calculated from the samples. Axisymmetric beams, which possess a rotational symmetry and are naturally expressed in polar coordinates, pose a particular challenge to density estimators. The area element in polar coordinates shrinks as the radius becomes small, and weighting the samples to account for their reduced frequency may cause unwelcome artifacts. In this work, we derive analytical expressions for two kernel density estimators, which solve these problems in the spatial coordinates and in the transverse phase space. We show how the kernels can be found by averaging the Gaussian kernel in Cartesian coordinates over the polar angle and demonstrate their use on test problems. These results show that particle beam symmetries can be taken advantage of in density estimation while avoiding artifacts.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139251975","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-17DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040042
F. Cropp, J. Ruan, James Santucci, Daniel MacLean, A. Lumpkin, Christopher C. Hall, Jonathan P. Edelen, A. Murokh, Daniel Broemmelsiek, Pietro Musumeci
The FAST beamline is the injector for the planned Gamma-Ray Electron ENhanced Source (GREENS) program, which aims to achieve the demonstration and first application of a high-efficiency, high-average-power free-electron laser at 515 nm. FAST-GREENS requires high 5D peak brightness; transverse normalized projected emittances of 3 mm-mrad and a peak current of 600 A are the minimum beam requirements for the FEL to reach the 10% efficiency goal. In this work, studies of the low-energy section of the FAST beamline are presented toward these ends, including preliminary measurements of beam compression and beam emittance. An effort toward developing a high-fidelity simulation model that could be later optimized for FAST-GREENS is presented.
FAST 光束线是计划中的伽马射线电子增强源（GREENS）计划的注入器，该计划旨在实现 515 nm 处高效率、高平均功率自由电子激光器的演示和首次应用。FAST-GREENS 要求高 5D 峰值亮度；横向归一化投射幅射为 3 mm-mrad，峰值电流为 600 A，这是 FEL 达到 10% 效率目标的最低光束要求。在这项工作中，将介绍为实现这些目标而对 FAST 光束线低能段进行的研究，包括对光束压缩和光束幅射的初步测量。此外，还介绍了为开发高保真模拟模型所做的努力，该模型可在以后针对 FAST-GREENS 进行优化。
{"title":"FAST Low-Energy Beamline Studies: Toward High-Peak 5D Brightness Beams for FAST-GREENS","authors":"F. Cropp, J. Ruan, James Santucci, Daniel MacLean, A. Lumpkin, Christopher C. Hall, Jonathan P. Edelen, A. Murokh, Daniel Broemmelsiek, Pietro Musumeci","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040042","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040042","url":null,"abstract":"The FAST beamline is the injector for the planned Gamma-Ray Electron ENhanced Source (GREENS) program, which aims to achieve the demonstration and first application of a high-efficiency, high-average-power free-electron laser at 515 nm. FAST-GREENS requires high 5D peak brightness; transverse normalized projected emittances of 3 mm-mrad and a peak current of 600 A are the minimum beam requirements for the FEL to reach the 10% efficiency goal. In this work, studies of the low-energy section of the FAST beamline are presented toward these ends, including preliminary measurements of beam compression and beam emittance. An effort toward developing a high-fidelity simulation model that could be later optimized for FAST-GREENS is presented.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139266352","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-15DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040041
R. Mckenzie, R. van Rensburg, Seyedali Moeyedi, E. Nkadimeng, S. Nemecek, Juan Buritica Yate, H. Hadavand, Bruce Mellado
The upgrade of the A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS) hadronic Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) Low-Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) forms a part of the Phase-II Upgrade preparations undertaken by the ATLAS experiment for the data taking during the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider era. This paper serves to provide a detailed overview of the development of a Burn-in test station for an upgraded LVPS component known as a Brick. The production, quality assurance testing, and all associated apparatus are being jointly undertaken by the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). These Bricks are radiation-hard transformer-coupled buck converters that function to step-down bulk 200 VDC power to the 10 VDC required by the on-detector electronics. To ensure the high reliability of the Bricks, once installed within the TileCal, a Burn-in test station has been designed and built. The Burn-in station functions to implement a Burn-in procedure on eight Bricks simultaneously. This procedure subjects the Bricks to sub-optimal operating conditions, which function to accelerate their ageing, as well as to stimulate failure mechanisms. This results in elements of the Brick that would fail prematurely within the TileCal failing within the Burn-in station or experience performance degradation that can be detected by follow-up testing effectively screening out the non-performative sub-population. The Burn-in station is of fully custom design in both its hardware and software. The development of the test station will be explored in detail; the preliminary Burn-in procedure to be employed will be provided; the preliminary and final commissioning of the test station will be presented. The paper will culminate in the presentation and discussion of the Burn-in of a V8.4.2 Brick and the future outlook of the project.
{"title":"A Burn-In Apparatus for the ATLAS Tile Calorimeter Phase-II Upgrade Transformer-Coupled Buck Converters","authors":"R. Mckenzie, R. van Rensburg, Seyedali Moeyedi, E. Nkadimeng, S. Nemecek, Juan Buritica Yate, H. Hadavand, Bruce Mellado","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040041","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040041","url":null,"abstract":"The upgrade of the A Toroidal LHC ApparatuS (ATLAS) hadronic Tile Calorimeter (TileCal) Low-Voltage Power Supply (LVPS) forms a part of the Phase-II Upgrade preparations undertaken by the ATLAS experiment for the data taking during the High-Luminosity Large Hadron Collider era. This paper serves to provide a detailed overview of the development of a Burn-in test station for an upgraded LVPS component known as a Brick. The production, quality assurance testing, and all associated apparatus are being jointly undertaken by the University of the Witwatersrand (Wits) and the University of Texas at Arlington (UTA). These Bricks are radiation-hard transformer-coupled buck converters that function to step-down bulk 200 VDC power to the 10 VDC required by the on-detector electronics. To ensure the high reliability of the Bricks, once installed within the TileCal, a Burn-in test station has been designed and built. The Burn-in station functions to implement a Burn-in procedure on eight Bricks simultaneously. This procedure subjects the Bricks to sub-optimal operating conditions, which function to accelerate their ageing, as well as to stimulate failure mechanisms. This results in elements of the Brick that would fail prematurely within the TileCal failing within the Burn-in station or experience performance degradation that can be detected by follow-up testing effectively screening out the non-performative sub-population. The Burn-in station is of fully custom design in both its hardware and software. The development of the test station will be explored in detail; the preliminary Burn-in procedure to be employed will be provided; the preliminary and final commissioning of the test station will be presented. The paper will culminate in the presentation and discussion of the Burn-in of a V8.4.2 Brick and the future outlook of the project.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139274769","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-13DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040040
Riccardo Nicolaidis, Francesco Nozzoli, Giancarlo Pepponi
NUSES is a planned space mission aiming to test new observational and technological approaches related to the study of relatively low-energy cosmic rays, gamma rays, and high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. Two scientific payloads will be hosted onboard the NUSES space mission: Terzina and Zirè. Terzina will be an optical telescope readout by SiPM arrays, for the detection and study of Cerenkov light emitted by Extensive Air Showers generated by high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos in the atmosphere. Zirè will focus on the detection of protons and electrons up to a few hundred MeV and to 0.1–10 MeV photons and will include the Low Energy Module (LEM). The LEM will be a particle spectrometer devoted to the observation of fluxes of relatively low-energy electrons in the 0.1–7-MeV range and protons in the 3–50 MeV range along the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) followed by the hosting platform. The detection of Particle Bursts (PBs) in this Physics channel of interest could give new insight into the understanding of complex phenomena such as eventual correlations between seismic events or volcanic activity with the collective motion of particles in the plasma populating van Allen belts. With its compact sizes and limited acceptance, the LEM will allow the exploration of hostile environments such as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and the inner Van Allen Belt, in which the anticipated electron fluxes are on the order of 106 to 107 electrons per square centimeter per steradian per second. Concerning the vast literature of space-based particle spectrometers, the innovative aspect of the LEM resides in its compactness, within 10 × 10 × 10 cm3, and in its “active collimation” approach dealing with the problem of multiple scattering at these very relatively low energies. In this work, the geometry of the detector, its detection concept, its operation modes, and the hardware adopted will be presented. Some preliminary results from the Monte Carlo simulation (Geant4) will be shown.
{"title":"A Compact Particle Detector for Space-Based Applications: Development of a Low-Energy Module (LEM) for the NUSES Space Mission","authors":"Riccardo Nicolaidis, Francesco Nozzoli, Giancarlo Pepponi","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040040","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040040","url":null,"abstract":"NUSES is a planned space mission aiming to test new observational and technological approaches related to the study of relatively low-energy cosmic rays, gamma rays, and high-energy astrophysical neutrinos. Two scientific payloads will be hosted onboard the NUSES space mission: Terzina and Zirè. Terzina will be an optical telescope readout by SiPM arrays, for the detection and study of Cerenkov light emitted by Extensive Air Showers generated by high-energy cosmic rays and neutrinos in the atmosphere. Zirè will focus on the detection of protons and electrons up to a few hundred MeV and to 0.1–10 MeV photons and will include the Low Energy Module (LEM). The LEM will be a particle spectrometer devoted to the observation of fluxes of relatively low-energy electrons in the 0.1–7-MeV range and protons in the 3–50 MeV range along the Low Earth Orbit (LEO) followed by the hosting platform. The detection of Particle Bursts (PBs) in this Physics channel of interest could give new insight into the understanding of complex phenomena such as eventual correlations between seismic events or volcanic activity with the collective motion of particles in the plasma populating van Allen belts. With its compact sizes and limited acceptance, the LEM will allow the exploration of hostile environments such as the South Atlantic Anomaly (SAA) and the inner Van Allen Belt, in which the anticipated electron fluxes are on the order of 106 to 107 electrons per square centimeter per steradian per second. Concerning the vast literature of space-based particle spectrometers, the innovative aspect of the LEM resides in its compactness, within 10 × 10 × 10 cm3, and in its “active collimation” approach dealing with the problem of multiple scattering at these very relatively low energies. In this work, the geometry of the detector, its detection concept, its operation modes, and the hardware adopted will be presented. Some preliminary results from the Monte Carlo simulation (Geant4) will be shown.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136348282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-11-09DOI: 10.3390/instruments7040039
Maximilian Lenz, Pietro Musumeci
THz sources offer the potential for higher frequencies and higher breakdown thresholds in accelerating structures in comparison with conventional RF sources. They also benefit from larger field strengths, field gradients, better beam synchronization and compactness. In this work, we first present the development of a 49μJ single-cycle THz source centered at 0.6 THz that provides fields over 30 MV/m. With further modifications, multicycle pulses were produced, narrowing the bandwidth of the source and potentially easing the coupling of THz radiation to relativistic electron beams and increasing the usability in other areas of research.
{"title":"Multipulse Optical-Rectification-Based THz Source for Accelerator Applications","authors":"Maximilian Lenz, Pietro Musumeci","doi":"10.3390/instruments7040039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments7040039","url":null,"abstract":"THz sources offer the potential for higher frequencies and higher breakdown thresholds in accelerating structures in comparison with conventional RF sources. They also benefit from larger field strengths, field gradients, better beam synchronization and compactness. In this work, we first present the development of a 49μJ single-cycle THz source centered at 0.6 THz that provides fields over 30 MV/m. With further modifications, multicycle pulses were produced, narrowing the bandwidth of the source and potentially easing the coupling of THz radiation to relativistic electron beams and increasing the usability in other areas of research.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-11-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135240805","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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