Pub Date : 2024-07-26DOI: 10.3390/instruments8030039
Michael Mayerhofer, Stefan Brenner, M. Dickmann, Michael Doppler, S. Gruber, R. Helm, Elena Lopez, Verena Maier, J. Mitteneder, Carsten Neukirchen, V. Nedeljkovic-Groha, Bernd Reinarz, Michael Schuch, L. Stepien, Günther Dollinger
Linear particle accelerators (Linacs) are primarily composed of radio frequency cavities (cavities). Compared to traditional manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) holds the potential to fabricate cavities in a single piece, enhancing Linac performance and significantly reducing investment costs. However, the question of whether red or green laser PBF yields superior results for pure copper remains a subject of ongoing debate. Eight 4.2 GHz single-cell cavities (SCs) were manufactured from pure copper using both red and green PBF (SCs R and SCs G). Subsequently, the surface roughness of the SCs was reduced through a chemical post-processing method (Hirtisation) and annealed at 460 ∘C to maximize their quality factor (Q0). The geometric accuracy of the printed SCs was evaluated using optical methods and resonant frequency (fR) measurements. Surface conductivity was determined by measuring the quality factor (Q0) of the SCs. Laser scanning microscopy was utilized for surface roughness characterization. The impact of annealing was quantified using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Electron Backscatter Diffraction to evaluate chemical surface properties and grain size. Both the SCs R and SCs G achieved the necessary geometric accuracy and thus fR precision. The SCs R achieved a 95% Q0 after a material removal of 40 µm. The SCs G achieved an approximately 80% Q0 after maximum material removal of 160 µm. Annealing increased the Q0 by an average of about 5%. The additive manufacturing process is at least equivalent to conventional manufacturing for producing cavities in the low-gradient range. The presented cavities justify the first high-gradient tests.
直线粒子加速器（Linacs）主要由射频腔体（空腔）组成。与传统制造方法相比，激光粉末床熔融技术（L-PBF）具有单件制造空腔的潜力，可提高直线加速器的性能并显著降低投资成本。然而，对于纯铜而言，红激光还是绿激光 PBF 能产生更好的效果，仍然是一个争论不休的问题。我们使用红光和绿光 PBF（SCs R 和 SCs G）在纯铜上制造了 8 个 4.2 GHz 单腔 (SCs)。随后，通过化学后处理方法（Hirtisation）降低了 SC 的表面粗糙度，并在 460 ∘C 下退火，以最大限度地提高其品质因数（Q0）。使用光学方法和谐振频率 (fR) 测量法评估了印刷 SC 的几何精度。通过测量 SC 的品质因数（Q0），确定了表面电导率。激光扫描显微镜用于表征表面粗糙度。利用能量色散 X 射线光谱法和电子背散射衍射法对退火的影响进行量化，以评估化学表面特性和晶粒尺寸。SCs R 和 SCs G 都达到了所需的几何精度，从而实现了 fR 精度。在去除 40 µm 的材料后，SCs R 达到了 95% 的 Q0。SCs G 在最大材料去除 160 微米后达到了约 80% 的 Q0。退火使 Q0 平均提高了约 5%。在生产低梯度范围内的空腔时，增材制造工艺至少与传统制造工艺相当。所展示的空腔证明了首次高梯度测试的正确性。
{"title":"Red and Green Laser Powder Bed Fusion of Pure Copper in Combination with Chemical Post-Processing for RF Cavity Fabrication","authors":"Michael Mayerhofer, Stefan Brenner, M. Dickmann, Michael Doppler, S. Gruber, R. Helm, Elena Lopez, Verena Maier, J. Mitteneder, Carsten Neukirchen, V. Nedeljkovic-Groha, Bernd Reinarz, Michael Schuch, L. Stepien, Günther Dollinger","doi":"10.3390/instruments8030039","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8030039","url":null,"abstract":"Linear particle accelerators (Linacs) are primarily composed of radio frequency cavities (cavities). Compared to traditional manufacturing, Laser Powder Bed Fusion (L-PBF) holds the potential to fabricate cavities in a single piece, enhancing Linac performance and significantly reducing investment costs. However, the question of whether red or green laser PBF yields superior results for pure copper remains a subject of ongoing debate. Eight 4.2 GHz single-cell cavities (SCs) were manufactured from pure copper using both red and green PBF (SCs R and SCs G). Subsequently, the surface roughness of the SCs was reduced through a chemical post-processing method (Hirtisation) and annealed at 460 ∘C to maximize their quality factor (Q0). The geometric accuracy of the printed SCs was evaluated using optical methods and resonant frequency (fR) measurements. Surface conductivity was determined by measuring the quality factor (Q0) of the SCs. Laser scanning microscopy was utilized for surface roughness characterization. The impact of annealing was quantified using Energy-Dispersive X-ray Spectroscopy and Electron Backscatter Diffraction to evaluate chemical surface properties and grain size. Both the SCs R and SCs G achieved the necessary geometric accuracy and thus fR precision. The SCs R achieved a 95% Q0 after a material removal of 40 µm. The SCs G achieved an approximately 80% Q0 after maximum material removal of 160 µm. Annealing increased the Q0 by an average of about 5%. The additive manufacturing process is at least equivalent to conventional manufacturing for producing cavities in the low-gradient range. The presented cavities justify the first high-gradient tests.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141801358","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-07-17DOI: 10.3390/instruments8030038
S. D. Do Carmo, Ângela Neves, E. Kral, J. Geets, B. Nactergal, A. Abrunhosa, Francisco Alves
The implementation of the Variable Energy (VE) feature in the previously fixed-energy IBA Cyclone® Kiube cyclotron is presented as an upgrade enabling the production of novel radioisotopes with improved radionuclidic purity and production yields. The possibility of easily decreasing the energy of the extracted proton beam, from 18 down to 13 MeV, allows us to avoid the use of degraders and/or thick target windows, thus preventing related beam current limitations. The immediate application of the Variable Energy feature is proven by presenting the improved results obtained for the production of 68Ga from the irradiation of liquid targets simultaneously in terms of radionuclidic purity and activity produced.
{"title":"Improved Production of Novel Radioisotopes with Custom Energy Cyclone® Kiube","authors":"S. D. Do Carmo, Ângela Neves, E. Kral, J. Geets, B. Nactergal, A. Abrunhosa, Francisco Alves","doi":"10.3390/instruments8030038","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8030038","url":null,"abstract":"The implementation of the Variable Energy (VE) feature in the previously fixed-energy IBA Cyclone® Kiube cyclotron is presented as an upgrade enabling the production of novel radioisotopes with improved radionuclidic purity and production yields. The possibility of easily decreasing the energy of the extracted proton beam, from 18 down to 13 MeV, allows us to avoid the use of degraders and/or thick target windows, thus preventing related beam current limitations. The immediate application of the Variable Energy feature is proven by presenting the improved results obtained for the production of 68Ga from the irradiation of liquid targets simultaneously in terms of radionuclidic purity and activity produced.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-07-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141828464","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-02DOI: 10.3390/instruments8020035
Xi Yang, Lihua Yu, V. Smaluk, T. Shaftan
To align with the global trend of integrating synchrotron light source (SLS) and free electron laser (FEL) facilities on one site, in line with examples such as SPring-8 and SACLA in Japan and ELETTRA and FERMI in Italy, we actively explore FEL options leveraging the ultralow-emittance electron beam of the NSLS-II upgrade. These options show promising potential for synergy with storage ring (SR) operations, thereby significantly enhancing our facility’s capabilities. Echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) is well-suited to SR-based FELs, and has already been demonstrated with the capability of generating extremely narrow bandwidth as well as high brightness, realized using diffraction-limited short pulses in transverse planes and Fourier transform-limited bandwidth in the soft X-ray spectrum. However, regarding a conventional EEHG scheme, the combination of the shortest seed laser wavelength (256 nm) and highest harmonic (200) sets the short wavelength limit to λ = 1.28 nm. To further extend the short wavelength limit down to the tender and hard X-ray region, a vital option is to shorten the seed laser wavelength. Thanks to recent advances in high harmonic generation (HHG), packing 109 photons at one harmonic within a few-femtosecond pulse could turn such a novel HHG source into an ideal seeding for EEHG. Thus, compared to the cascaded EEHG, the HHG seeding option could not only lower the cost, but also free the SR space for accommodating more user beamlines. Moreover, to mitigate the SASE background noise on the sample and detector, we combine the HHG seeding EEHG with the crab cavity short pulse scheme for maximum benefit.
{"title":"High Harmonic Generation Seeding Echo-Enabled Harmonic Generation toward a Storage Ring-Based Tender and Hard X-ray-Free Electron Laser","authors":"Xi Yang, Lihua Yu, V. Smaluk, T. Shaftan","doi":"10.3390/instruments8020035","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020035","url":null,"abstract":"To align with the global trend of integrating synchrotron light source (SLS) and free electron laser (FEL) facilities on one site, in line with examples such as SPring-8 and SACLA in Japan and ELETTRA and FERMI in Italy, we actively explore FEL options leveraging the ultralow-emittance electron beam of the NSLS-II upgrade. These options show promising potential for synergy with storage ring (SR) operations, thereby significantly enhancing our facility’s capabilities. Echo-enabled harmonic generation (EEHG) is well-suited to SR-based FELs, and has already been demonstrated with the capability of generating extremely narrow bandwidth as well as high brightness, realized using diffraction-limited short pulses in transverse planes and Fourier transform-limited bandwidth in the soft X-ray spectrum. However, regarding a conventional EEHG scheme, the combination of the shortest seed laser wavelength (256 nm) and highest harmonic (200) sets the short wavelength limit to λ = 1.28 nm. To further extend the short wavelength limit down to the tender and hard X-ray region, a vital option is to shorten the seed laser wavelength. Thanks to recent advances in high harmonic generation (HHG), packing 109 photons at one harmonic within a few-femtosecond pulse could turn such a novel HHG source into an ideal seeding for EEHG. Thus, compared to the cascaded EEHG, the HHG seeding option could not only lower the cost, but also free the SR space for accommodating more user beamlines. Moreover, to mitigate the SASE background noise on the sample and detector, we combine the HHG seeding EEHG with the crab cavity short pulse scheme for maximum benefit.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141273278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-06-01DOI: 10.3390/instruments8020034
Shahnaz Mukta, Ebenezer H. Bondzie, Sara E. Bell, Chase Deberry, Christopher C. Mulligan
Mass spectrometry (MS) is a highly selective and sensitive analytical tool with a myriad of applications, but such techniques are typically used in laboratory settings due to the handling and preparations that are necessary. The merging of two streams of robust research, portable MS systems and next-generation ambient ionization methods, now provides the ability to perform high-performance chemical screening in an on-site and on-demand manner, with natural applications in disciplines such as forensic science, where samples of interest are typically found in field environments (i.e., traffic stops, crime scenes, etc.). Correspondingly, investigations regarding the suitability and robustness of these methodologies when they are utilized for authentic forensic evidence processing are prudent. This work reports critical insights into the role that choice of spray solvent system plays regarding analytical performance of two spray-based ambient ionization sources, paper spray ionization (PSI) and filter cone spray ionization (FCSI), when employed for evidence types containing emerging synthetic cannabinoids. The systematic characterization studies reported herein show that the applied spray solvent can dramatically affect both spectral intensity and signal duration, and in some circumstances, yield deleterious false negative responses. Overall, acetonitrile-based systems are shown to strike a balance between analyte solubility concerns and spray ionization dynamics of the novel ion sources employed on portable MS systems.
质谱法（MS）是一种选择性强、灵敏度高的分析工具，应用广泛，但由于需要处理和准备，此类技术通常在实验室环境中使用。便携式质谱系统和下一代环境电离方法这两个强大的研究方向的融合，使我们现在有能力以现场和按需的方式进行高性能的化学筛选，并自然而然地应用于法医学等学科，在这些学科中，感兴趣的样本通常是在现场环境中发现的（如交通站、犯罪现场等）。因此，在将这些方法用于真实的法医证据处理时，对其适用性和稳健性进行调查是非常谨慎的。本研究报告对喷雾溶剂系统的选择在两种基于喷雾的环境电离源（纸喷雾电离（PSI）和过滤锥喷雾电离（FCSI））的分析性能方面所起的作用进行了深入探讨，这两种环境电离源用于含有新合成大麻素的证据类型。本文所报告的系统特性研究表明，所使用的喷雾溶剂会极大地影响光谱强度和信号持续时间，在某些情况下还会产生有害的假阴性反应。总体而言，基于乙腈的系统可在分析物溶解度问题和便携式 MS 系统采用的新型离子源的喷雾电离动力学之间取得平衡。
{"title":"Criticality of Spray Solvent Choice on the Performance of Next Generation, Spray-Based Ambient Mass Spectrometric Ionization Sources: A Case Study Based on Synthetic Cannabinoid Forensic Evidence","authors":"Shahnaz Mukta, Ebenezer H. Bondzie, Sara E. Bell, Chase Deberry, Christopher C. Mulligan","doi":"10.3390/instruments8020034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020034","url":null,"abstract":"Mass spectrometry (MS) is a highly selective and sensitive analytical tool with a myriad of applications, but such techniques are typically used in laboratory settings due to the handling and preparations that are necessary. The merging of two streams of robust research, portable MS systems and next-generation ambient ionization methods, now provides the ability to perform high-performance chemical screening in an on-site and on-demand manner, with natural applications in disciplines such as forensic science, where samples of interest are typically found in field environments (i.e., traffic stops, crime scenes, etc.). Correspondingly, investigations regarding the suitability and robustness of these methodologies when they are utilized for authentic forensic evidence processing are prudent. This work reports critical insights into the role that choice of spray solvent system plays regarding analytical performance of two spray-based ambient ionization sources, paper spray ionization (PSI) and filter cone spray ionization (FCSI), when employed for evidence types containing emerging synthetic cannabinoids. The systematic characterization studies reported herein show that the applied spray solvent can dramatically affect both spectral intensity and signal duration, and in some circumstances, yield deleterious false negative responses. Overall, acetonitrile-based systems are shown to strike a balance between analyte solubility concerns and spray ionization dynamics of the novel ion sources employed on portable MS systems.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141278607","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-05-22DOI: 10.3390/instruments8020032
Rolf Behling, C. Hulme, P. Tolias, Gavin Poludniowski, Mats Danielsson
The spatiotemporal resolution of diagnostic X-ray images obtained with rotating-anode X-ray tubes has remained limited as the development of rigid, high-performance target materials has slowed down. However, novel imaging techniques using finer detector pixels and orthovolt cancer therapy employing narrow X-ray focal spots demand improved output from brilliant keV X-ray sources. Since its advent in 1929, rotating-anode technology has become the greatest bottleneck to improvement. To overcome this limitation, the current authors have devised a novel X-ray generation technology based on tungsten microparticle targets. The current study investigated a hybrid solution of a stream of fast tungsten microparticles and a rotating anode to both harvest the benefits of the improved performance of the new solution and to reuse known technology. The rotating anode captures energy that may pass a partially opaque microparticle stream and thereby contributes to X-ray generation. With reference to fast-rotating anodes and a highly appreciated small focal spot of a standardized size of 0.3 for an 8° target angle (physical: 0.45 mm × 4.67 mm), we calculated a potential output gain of at least 85% for non-melting microparticles and of 124% if melting is envisioned. Microparticle charging can be remediated by electron backscattering and electron field emission. The adoption of such a solution enables substantially improved image resolution.
由于刚性高性能靶材料的开发速度放缓，使用旋转阳极 X 射线管获得的诊断 X 射线图像的时空分辨率仍然有限。然而，使用更精细探测器像素的新型成像技术和使用窄 X 射线焦点的正伏特癌症疗法，都要求改进高亮度千伏 X 射线源的输出。旋转阳极技术自 1929 年问世以来，已成为制约改进的最大瓶颈。为了克服这一限制，作者设计了一种基于钨微粒子靶的新型 X 射线生成技术。目前的研究调查了快速钨微粒子流和旋转阳极的混合解决方案，以便既能从新解决方案的性能改进中获益，又能重复使用已知技术。旋转阳极可以捕获通过部分不透明微粒子流的能量，从而促进 X 射线的产生。参照快速旋转阳极和 8° 靶角标准尺寸为 0.3（物理尺寸：0.45 mm × 4.67 mm）的小焦斑，我们计算出非熔化微颗粒的潜在输出增益至少为 85%，如果设想熔化，则为 124%。微粒子充电可以通过电子反向散射和电子场发射来解决。采用这种解决方案可大幅提高图像分辨率。
{"title":"Microparticle Hybrid Target Simulation for keV X-ray Sources","authors":"Rolf Behling, C. Hulme, P. Tolias, Gavin Poludniowski, Mats Danielsson","doi":"10.3390/instruments8020032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020032","url":null,"abstract":"The spatiotemporal resolution of diagnostic X-ray images obtained with rotating-anode X-ray tubes has remained limited as the development of rigid, high-performance target materials has slowed down. However, novel imaging techniques using finer detector pixels and orthovolt cancer therapy employing narrow X-ray focal spots demand improved output from brilliant keV X-ray sources. Since its advent in 1929, rotating-anode technology has become the greatest bottleneck to improvement. To overcome this limitation, the current authors have devised a novel X-ray generation technology based on tungsten microparticle targets. The current study investigated a hybrid solution of a stream of fast tungsten microparticles and a rotating anode to both harvest the benefits of the improved performance of the new solution and to reuse known technology. The rotating anode captures energy that may pass a partially opaque microparticle stream and thereby contributes to X-ray generation. With reference to fast-rotating anodes and a highly appreciated small focal spot of a standardized size of 0.3 for an 8° target angle (physical: 0.45 mm × 4.67 mm), we calculated a potential output gain of at least 85% for non-melting microparticles and of 124% if melting is envisioned. Microparticle charging can be remediated by electron backscattering and electron field emission. The adoption of such a solution enables substantially improved image resolution.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-05-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141111294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.3390/instruments8020030
Raul-Victor Erhan, Victor-Otto de Haan, Christoph Frommen, Kenneth Dahl Knudsen, Isabel Llamas-Jansa, Bjørn Christian Hauback
The design of a time-of-flight neutron reflectometer proposed for the new generation of compact neutron sources is presented. The reflectometer offers the possibility to use spin-polarized neutrons. The reflectometer design presented here takes advantage of a cold neutron source and uses neutrons with wavelengths in the range of 2–15 Å for the unpolarized mode. In general, due to tight spatial restrictions and the need to avoid moving parts inside the beam channel, a multi-channel collimator guide and reflective neutron guide are used for the first section of the instrument. This enables definition of the desired wavelength band and easy selection of one out of three different Q-resolutions. A low background for the collimator system and the reflectometer is ensured by employing a tangential beam channel and an in-channel sapphire filter. The second section is the time-of-flight (TOF) system, which uses a double-disk neutron chopper followed by polarization elements, the sample environment and the neutron detector system. Monte Carlo simulations and neutron beamline intensity measurements are presented. The design considerations are adoptable for neutron sources where space is limited and sections of the instrument are in a high-radiation environment.
介绍了为新一代紧凑型中子源设计的飞行时间中子反射仪。该反射仪可以使用自旋极化中子。本文介绍的反射仪设计利用了冷中子源的优势，在非偏振模式下使用波长范围为 2-15 Å 的中子。一般来说，由于空间上的严格限制和避免光束通道内移动部件的需要，仪器的第一部分使用了多通道准直器导轨和反射中子导轨。这样就可以定义所需的波长带，并从三种不同的 Q 值分辨率中轻松选择一种。通过采用切向光束通道和通道内蓝宝石滤波器，确保了准直器系统和反射仪的低背景。第二部分是飞行时间（TOF）系统，它使用双盘中子斩波器，然后是偏振元件、样品环境和中子探测器系统。介绍了蒙特卡罗模拟和中子束线强度测量。设计考虑因素可用于空间有限且仪器部分处于高辐射环境中的中子源。
{"title":"A Concept for a Multipurpose Time-of-Flight Neutron Reflectometer at Compact Neutron Sources","authors":"Raul-Victor Erhan, Victor-Otto de Haan, Christoph Frommen, Kenneth Dahl Knudsen, Isabel Llamas-Jansa, Bjørn Christian Hauback","doi":"10.3390/instruments8020030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020030","url":null,"abstract":"The design of a time-of-flight neutron reflectometer proposed for the new generation of compact neutron sources is presented. The reflectometer offers the possibility to use spin-polarized neutrons. The reflectometer design presented here takes advantage of a cold neutron source and uses neutrons with wavelengths in the range of 2–15 Å for the unpolarized mode. In general, due to tight spatial restrictions and the need to avoid moving parts inside the beam channel, a multi-channel collimator guide and reflective neutron guide are used for the first section of the instrument. This enables definition of the desired wavelength band and easy selection of one out of three different Q-resolutions. A low background for the collimator system and the reflectometer is ensured by employing a tangential beam channel and an in-channel sapphire filter. The second section is the time-of-flight (TOF) system, which uses a double-disk neutron chopper followed by polarization elements, the sample environment and the neutron detector system. Monte Carlo simulations and neutron beamline intensity measurements are presented. The design considerations are adoptable for neutron sources where space is limited and sections of the instrument are in a high-radiation environment.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140662678","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-24DOI: 10.3390/instruments8020029
Marcos Turqueti, Gustav Wagner, Azriel Goldschmidt, Rebecca Carney
In this study, we introduce the concept and construction of an innovative Digital Miniature Cathode Ray Magnetometer designed for the precise detection of magnetic fields. This device addresses several limitations inherent to magnetic probes such as D.C. offset, nonlinearity, temperature drift, sensor aging, and the need for frequent recalibration, while capable of operating in a wide range of magnetic fields. The core principle of this device involves the utilization of a charged particle beam as the sensitivity medium. The system leverages the interaction of an electron beam with a scintillator material, which then emits visible light that is captured by an imager. The emitted scintillation light is captured by a CMOS sensor. This sensor not only records the scintillation light but also accurately determines the position of the electron beam, providing invaluable spatial information crucial for magnetic field mapping. The key innovation lies in the combination of electron beam projection, CMOS imager scintillation-based detection, and digital image signal processing. By employing this synergy, the magnetometer achieves remarkable accuracy, sensitivity and dynamic range. The precise position registration enabled by the CMOS sensor further enhances the device’s utility in capturing complex magnetic field patterns, allowing for 2D field mapping. In this work, the optimization of the probe’s performance is tailored for applications related to the characterization of insertion devices in light sources, including undulators.
{"title":"Digital Miniature Cathode Ray Magnetometer","authors":"Marcos Turqueti, Gustav Wagner, Azriel Goldschmidt, Rebecca Carney","doi":"10.3390/instruments8020029","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020029","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, we introduce the concept and construction of an innovative Digital Miniature Cathode Ray Magnetometer designed for the precise detection of magnetic fields. This device addresses several limitations inherent to magnetic probes such as D.C. offset, nonlinearity, temperature drift, sensor aging, and the need for frequent recalibration, while capable of operating in a wide range of magnetic fields. The core principle of this device involves the utilization of a charged particle beam as the sensitivity medium. The system leverages the interaction of an electron beam with a scintillator material, which then emits visible light that is captured by an imager. The emitted scintillation light is captured by a CMOS sensor. This sensor not only records the scintillation light but also accurately determines the position of the electron beam, providing invaluable spatial information crucial for magnetic field mapping. The key innovation lies in the combination of electron beam projection, CMOS imager scintillation-based detection, and digital image signal processing. By employing this synergy, the magnetometer achieves remarkable accuracy, sensitivity and dynamic range. The precise position registration enabled by the CMOS sensor further enhances the device’s utility in capturing complex magnetic field patterns, allowing for 2D field mapping. In this work, the optimization of the probe’s performance is tailored for applications related to the characterization of insertion devices in light sources, including undulators.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140665690","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-04-10DOI: 10.3390/instruments8020028
G. Andonian, Nathan Burger, Nathan Cook, S. Doran, Tara Hodgetts, Seong-II Kim, G. Ha, Wanming Liu, W. Lynn, N. Majernik, John Power, Alexey Pronikov, James Rosenzweig, E. Wisniewski
The recently demonstrated concept of the plasma photocathode, whereby a high-brightness bunch is initialized by laser ionization within a plasma wakefield acceleration bubble, is informally referred to as Trojan Horse wakefield acceleration. In a similar vein, the dielectric Trojan Horse concept incorporates a dielectric-lined waveguide to support a charged particle beam-driven accelerating mode and uses laser initiated ionization of neutral gas within the waveguide to generate a witness beam. One of the advantages of the dielectric Trojan Horse concept is the reduced requirements in terms of timing precision due to operation at a lower frequency. In this paper, we present experimental results on the generation and characterization of a four-bunch drive train for resonant excitation of wakefields in a cylindrical dielectric waveguide conducted at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility. The results lay the foundation for the demonstration of a plasma photocathode scheme within a dielectric wakefield accelerating structure. Modifications to improve capture efficiency with improved beam transmission are suggested as well.
{"title":"Drive Bunch Train for the Dielectric Trojan Horse Experiment at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator","authors":"G. Andonian, Nathan Burger, Nathan Cook, S. Doran, Tara Hodgetts, Seong-II Kim, G. Ha, Wanming Liu, W. Lynn, N. Majernik, John Power, Alexey Pronikov, James Rosenzweig, E. Wisniewski","doi":"10.3390/instruments8020028","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8020028","url":null,"abstract":"The recently demonstrated concept of the plasma photocathode, whereby a high-brightness bunch is initialized by laser ionization within a plasma wakefield acceleration bubble, is informally referred to as Trojan Horse wakefield acceleration. In a similar vein, the dielectric Trojan Horse concept incorporates a dielectric-lined waveguide to support a charged particle beam-driven accelerating mode and uses laser initiated ionization of neutral gas within the waveguide to generate a witness beam. One of the advantages of the dielectric Trojan Horse concept is the reduced requirements in terms of timing precision due to operation at a lower frequency. In this paper, we present experimental results on the generation and characterization of a four-bunch drive train for resonant excitation of wakefields in a cylindrical dielectric waveguide conducted at the Argonne Wakefield Accelerator facility. The results lay the foundation for the demonstration of a plasma photocathode scheme within a dielectric wakefield accelerating structure. Modifications to improve capture efficiency with improved beam transmission are suggested as well.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-04-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140719037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-17DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010024
Juan Botero-Valencia, E. Reyes-Vera, E. Ospina-Rojas, Flavio Prieto-Ortiz
In this study, a novel system was designed to enhance the efficiency of data acquisition in a portable and compact instrument dedicated to the spectral analysis of various surfaces, including plant leaves, and materials requiring characterization within the 410 to 915 nm range. The proposed system incorporates two nine-band detectors positioned on the top and bottom of the target surface, each equipped with a digitally controllable LED. The detectors are capable of measuring both reflection and transmission properties, depending on the LED configuration. Specifically, when the upper LED is activated, the lower detector operates without its LED, enabling the precise measurement of light transmitted through the sample. The process is reversed in subsequent iterations, facilitating an accurate assessment of reflection and transmission for each side of the target surface. For reliability, the error estimation utilizes a color checker, followed by a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) implementation integrated into the microcontroller unit (MCU) using TinyML technology for real-time refined data acquisition. The system is constructed with 3D-printed components and cost-effective electronics. It also supports USB or Bluetooth communication for data transmission. This innovative detector marks a significant advancement in spectral analysis, particularly for plant research, offering the potential for disease detection and nutritional deficiency assessment.
本研究设计了一种新型系统，以提高便携式紧凑型仪器的数据采集效率，该仪器专门用于对各种表面（包括植物叶片）和需要在 410 至 915 纳米范围内进行表征的材料进行光谱分析。拟议的系统包含两个九波段探测器，分别安装在目标表面的顶部和底部，每个探测器都配有一个数字可控发光二极管。探测器能够测量反射和透射特性，具体取决于 LED 的配置。具体来说，当上部 LED 灯启动时，下部探测器在没有 LED 灯的情况下工作，从而能够精确测量透过样品的光线。在随后的迭代中，该过程会反向进行，从而有助于准确评估目标表面每一面的反射和透射情况。为了保证可靠性，误差估计采用了颜色校验器，然后使用 TinyML 技术将多层感知器 (MLP) 实现集成到微控制器 (MCU) 中，以进行实时精细数据采集。该系统由 3D 打印元件和高性价比电子元件构成。它还支持 USB 或蓝牙通信进行数据传输。这种创新型检测器标志着光谱分析技术的重大进步，特别是在植物研究领域，为疾病检测和营养缺乏评估提供了可能。
{"title":"A Portable Tool for Spectral Analysis of Plant Leaves That Incorporates a Multichannel Detector to Enable Faster Data Capture","authors":"Juan Botero-Valencia, E. Reyes-Vera, E. Ospina-Rojas, Flavio Prieto-Ortiz","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010024","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010024","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, a novel system was designed to enhance the efficiency of data acquisition in a portable and compact instrument dedicated to the spectral analysis of various surfaces, including plant leaves, and materials requiring characterization within the 410 to 915 nm range. The proposed system incorporates two nine-band detectors positioned on the top and bottom of the target surface, each equipped with a digitally controllable LED. The detectors are capable of measuring both reflection and transmission properties, depending on the LED configuration. Specifically, when the upper LED is activated, the lower detector operates without its LED, enabling the precise measurement of light transmitted through the sample. The process is reversed in subsequent iterations, facilitating an accurate assessment of reflection and transmission for each side of the target surface. For reliability, the error estimation utilizes a color checker, followed by a multi-layer perceptron (MLP) implementation integrated into the microcontroller unit (MCU) using TinyML technology for real-time refined data acquisition. The system is constructed with 3D-printed components and cost-effective electronics. It also supports USB or Bluetooth communication for data transmission. This innovative detector marks a significant advancement in spectral analysis, particularly for plant research, offering the potential for disease detection and nutritional deficiency assessment.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140235101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-16DOI: 10.3390/instruments8010023
G. Gugliandolo, Antonino Quattrocchi, G. Campobello, G. Crupi, N. Donato
In recent years, inkjet printing has emerged as a promising advanced fabrication technology in the field of electronics, offering remarkable advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, design flexibility, and rapid prototyping. For these reasons, inkjet printing technology has been widely adopted in various applications, including printed circuit board fabrication, sensor development (e.g., temperature, humidity, and pressure sensing), and antenna and filter production, up to the microwave frequency range. The present paper is focused on the investigation of a methodology based on Monte Carlo simulations for quantitatively assessing the influence of fabrication tolerances on the performance of inkjet-printed microwave devices. In particular, the proposed methodology is applied to an inkjet-printed hairpin band pass filter specifically tailored for operation in the L band (i.e., from 1 GHz to 2 GHz). The initial design phase involved the use of computer aided design (CAD) software to optimize the geometric dimensions of the designed filter to closely match the desired performance specifications in terms of bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss. Later, a Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to evaluate the propagation of tolerances in the fabrication process throughout the design and to estimate their effects on device performance. The fabrication process exploited the advanced capabilities of the Voltera inkjet printer, which was used to deposit a silver-based conductive ink on a commercial Rogers substrate. The device’s performance was evaluated by comparing the simulated scattering parameters with those measured on the developed filter using a vector network analyzer (VNA), thus ensuring accurate validation of real-world performance.
近年来，喷墨打印已成为电子领域一种前景广阔的先进制造技术，在成本效益、设计灵活性和快速原型制作方面具有显著优势。因此，喷墨打印技术已被广泛应用于各种领域，包括印刷电路板制造、传感器开发（如温度、湿度和压力传感）、天线和滤波器生产（直至微波频率范围）。本文主要研究一种基于蒙特卡洛模拟的方法，用于定量评估制造公差对喷墨打印微波器件性能的影响。特别是，所提出的方法适用于喷墨打印发夹式带通滤波器，该滤波器专门为在 L 波段（即从 1 GHz 到 2 GHz）工作而定制。最初的设计阶段包括使用计算机辅助设计（CAD）软件来优化所设计滤波器的几何尺寸，使其在带宽、插入损耗和回波损耗方面与所需的性能指标紧密匹配。随后，进行了蒙特卡洛分析，以评估制造过程中的公差在整个设计中的传播情况，并估计其对器件性能的影响。制造过程利用了 Voltera 喷墨打印机的先进功能，在商用罗杰斯基底上沉积银基导电墨水。通过比较模拟散射参数和使用矢量网络分析仪（VNA）在开发的滤波器上测量的参数，对器件的性能进行了评估，从而确保了对实际性能的准确验证。
{"title":"On the Development of Inkjet-Printed Band Pass Filters Based on the Microstrip Hairpin Structure","authors":"G. Gugliandolo, Antonino Quattrocchi, G. Campobello, G. Crupi, N. Donato","doi":"10.3390/instruments8010023","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.3390/instruments8010023","url":null,"abstract":"In recent years, inkjet printing has emerged as a promising advanced fabrication technology in the field of electronics, offering remarkable advantages in terms of cost-effectiveness, design flexibility, and rapid prototyping. For these reasons, inkjet printing technology has been widely adopted in various applications, including printed circuit board fabrication, sensor development (e.g., temperature, humidity, and pressure sensing), and antenna and filter production, up to the microwave frequency range. The present paper is focused on the investigation of a methodology based on Monte Carlo simulations for quantitatively assessing the influence of fabrication tolerances on the performance of inkjet-printed microwave devices. In particular, the proposed methodology is applied to an inkjet-printed hairpin band pass filter specifically tailored for operation in the L band (i.e., from 1 GHz to 2 GHz). The initial design phase involved the use of computer aided design (CAD) software to optimize the geometric dimensions of the designed filter to closely match the desired performance specifications in terms of bandwidth, insertion loss, and return loss. Later, a Monte Carlo analysis was conducted to evaluate the propagation of tolerances in the fabrication process throughout the design and to estimate their effects on device performance. The fabrication process exploited the advanced capabilities of the Voltera inkjet printer, which was used to deposit a silver-based conductive ink on a commercial Rogers substrate. The device’s performance was evaluated by comparing the simulated scattering parameters with those measured on the developed filter using a vector network analyzer (VNA), thus ensuring accurate validation of real-world performance.","PeriodicalId":13582,"journal":{"name":"Instruments","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-16","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140236719","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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