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A.N. Kostyakov – founder of land reclamation science a·n·克斯特亚科夫——土地复垦科学的创始人
Pub Date : 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-2-2-4
G. Gulyuk
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引用次数: 1
Exploration of the operating mode of irrigation reservoirs in the lower reaches of the Amudarya river 阿穆达里亚河下游灌溉水库运行模式探索
Pub Date : 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-2-10-15
K. Baymanov, R. Baymanov, Kadirbek Nazarbekov
The article deals with the results of gild studies of regimes of work of irrigational sumps, working without dam and at dam water intake from the river Amudarya. The regimes of peculiarities of sedimentation are identified and dynamics of siltation of sediments in sumps in conditions of changing water levels and channel processes in the water intake zone. Recommendations for improving the operation mode of the settling tanks in the lower reaches of the Amudarya river are propsed.
本文论述了对灌溉池工作制度、无坝工作制度和大坝取水制度的研究结果。在水位变化和取水区河道过程的条件下,确定了泥沙淤积特性的机制和泥沙淤积的动力学。对阿穆达里亚河下游沉降池的运行方式提出了改进建议。
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引用次数: 0
Transformation of evaluation criteria of lands withdrawn from agricultural turnover due to radioactive contamination 放射性污染退耕土地评价标准的改造
Pub Date : 2020-07-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-2-23-27
Olga Merzlova
One of the measures to eliminate the consequences of the Chernobyl accident was the exclusion of highly contaminated land from agricultural use. Due to the positive dynamics of the radiation situation, the issue of land return becomes relevant. However, in the period of exclusion of these lands the land clearance degradation processes were developing. The second part of the article is devoted to the issue of economic evaluation of the expediency of land return and the mutual coordination of the results of separate stages of complex ecological and economic evaluation. The research was carried out in Mogilev branch Institute of radiology (Republic of Belarus).
消除切尔诺贝利事故后果的措施之一是禁止高度污染的土地用于农业。由于辐射形势的积极动态,土地归还问题变得相关。然而,在这些土地被排除在外的时期,土地清理退化过程正在发展。文章的第二部分探讨了土地归还权宜之计的经济评价问题,以及复杂生态经济评价各阶段结果的相互协调问题。这项研究是在莫吉廖夫放射研究所分院(白俄罗斯共和国)进行的。
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引用次数: 0
Natural waters and soils of agrolandscape under influence of aerial technogenic pollution 航空技术污染对农业景观自然水体和土壤的影响
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-32-39
Elena Dubina-Chehovich, Anton Mingaleev, Ol'ga Bahmet
The area of lands in Karelia that do not satisfy sanitary and hygienic standards is increasing. The major shift is observed in areas under influence of industrial enterprises which emissions influence the condition of soil cover and surrounding water bodies. The study shows results of research of natural waters and soils of agricultural lands that are under influence of a mining company in Karelia. The purpose of research is to study aerial technogenic influence on soils of reclaimed agricultural lands nearby a quarry of a mining company. Among purposes were research of element structure of snow fallout and soils. A shift in physical and chemical characteristics of soils was found during research of dust pollution of agrolandscape. As a result of research a concentration ratio of some chemical elements was estimated as well as total indicators and levels of pollution of natural waters and soils. Content of chemical elements (Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr) can be described by high level of concentration ratio, and these elements are the main pollutants. Recomendations were suggested to organise sanitary protection dust-catching forest belts along the source of technogenic pollution as well as carrying out of intensive dust-catching activities.
卡累利阿不符合卫生和卫生标准的土地面积正在增加。这种变化主要发生在受工业企业影响的地区,工业企业的排放影响了土壤覆盖和周围水体的状况。该研究显示了对卡累利阿一家矿业公司影响下的农业用地的自然水和土壤的研究结果。本研究的目的是研究航空技术对某矿业公司采石场附近复垦农田土壤的影响。目的之一是研究雪尘和土壤的元素结构。在农田景观扬尘污染研究中,发现土壤理化特性发生了变化。研究结果估计了一些化学元素的浓度比,以及自然水体和土壤污染的总指标和水平。化学元素(Fe, Mn, Ni, Co, Cu, Cr)的含量可以用高浓度比来描述,这些元素是主要的污染物。建议沿技术污染源组织卫生防护捕尘林带,开展集约化捕尘活动。
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引用次数: 1
Effect of irrigation methods and techniques of earthing up on the potato yield 灌溉方式和培土技术对马铃薯产量的影响
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-12-16
V. Melihov, A. Novikov, D. Vasilyuk
The article considers three ways of watering potatoessprinkling, furrowing, drip and two methods of hilling – ridge and ridge at early spring and summer planting times. The use of drip irrigation systems in the cultivation of potatoes in the subzone of light-chestnut soils of the Lower Volga region leads to an increase in yield of 63 % compared with sprinkler irrigation, at 31 % compared to irrigation furrows in the spring planting time and by 34 % compared to sprinkler irrigation, by 28 % compared to irrigation furrows on the options for summer planting time. Ridge hilling technique led to an increase in potato yield compared to the ridge technique by 8.5…13.3 % at early spring planting times and by 6.6…13.5 % at summer planting times. The analysis of yield of the main production shows that potatoes of spring term of landing formed mass of tubers to 57,4 t/ha, and at summer plantings to 62,6 t/ha. On average, the yield of potatoes at summer planting dates was higher than the yield of potatoes at spring planting dates by 13 %.
本文探讨了早春、夏播时期马铃薯的三种灌溉方式:喷、沟、滴和垄、垄两种灌溉方式。在伏尔加河下游地区浅栗色土壤分区种植马铃薯时,采用滴灌系统,与喷灌相比,产量增加63%,与春季播种时的灌溉沟相比,产量增加31%,与喷灌相比,产量增加34%,与夏季播种时的灌溉沟相比,产量增加28%。与垄作技术相比,垄作技术在早春播种时期的马铃薯产量提高了8.5 ~ 13.3%,在夏播时期的马铃薯产量提高了6.6 ~ 13.5%。主产区产量分析表明,马铃薯春播期块茎质量为57.4 t/ha,夏播期块茎质量为62.6 t/ha。夏播期马铃薯产量平均比春播期马铃薯产量高13%。
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引用次数: 0
Influence of agromeliorative measures on the density and water yield of sodpodzolic soil when irrigated with livestock runoff 农业改良措施对畜禽径流灌溉盐碱土密度和水量的影响
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-27-32
Viktor Kopytovskiy
The article discusses the results of long-term field research on irrigation of perennial grasses with livestock runoff. The aim of the research was the experimental justification of land reclamation measures and drainage-free run off during irrigation of land with runoff from pig-breeding complexes. Experimental studies were conducted on a specialized reclamation system in Orsha district of Vitebsk region, where the soil cover is represented by sod-podzolic loamy soils. The experimental design included 8 options. As a result of research, it was found out that irrigation with livestock runoff leads to compaction of the upper soil layers. In the arable layer of 0–20 cm, the additional density increased from 1.26 to 1, 32 g/cm3, or 4.8 %, compared to the control, and in variants with irrigation and drainage measures, the compaction was somewhat less. In the soil layer of 0–40 cm, deconsolidation was greater only in the variants with soil deepening and loosening by 4 %, and when applying straw – by 5.1 %.In the 0–60 cm layer, a decrease in the density of addition was observed only in the variants with deep loosening and the introduction of straw. It was also found out that soil water loss varies over time. It is most intense in the first 2–3 hours and almost completely stops after 10–18 hours for monoliths with a thickness of 0.4–0.6 m, and in monoliths of 1.0 m, after 36–48 hours. The highest intensity of water loss was registered in options 5, 6 and 7. The lowest was in the control variant and option 2, where no land reclamation measures were taken. In options 5, 6 and 7, a decrease in the intensity of water loss by years was noted. Thus, in option 5 in 2000, water loss amounted to 0.9 mm /h, in 2001 – 0.87 mm/h, and in 2002 – 0.85 mm/h. Similar patterns were revealed in options 6 and 7. In the control option and option 2 without agro-reclamation measures, the intensity of water loss also decreased. The decrease in the intensity of water loss over the years is associated with changes in the density of the soil caused by anthropogenic impact on it. First of all, with compaction by farm machines and ongoing irrigation of perennial grasses.
本文讨论了利用牲畜径流灌溉多年生牧草的长期田间研究结果。本研究的目的是对土地复垦措施和利用养猪场径流灌溉土地时的无排水径流进行实验论证。实验研究是在维捷布斯克州奥尔沙地区的一个专门的开垦系统上进行的,那里的土壤覆盖是由灰化土壤土代表的。实验设计包括8个方案。研究发现,家畜径流灌溉会导致上层土壤的压实。在0 ~ 20 cm耕层,与对照相比,附加密度从1.26 g/cm3增加到1.32 g/cm3,增幅为4.8%,在采取灌排措施的变异中,压实量有所减少。在0-40 cm土层中,只有土壤深度松动4%的变异体失固结更大,施用秸秆的变异体失固结率为5.1%。在0 ~ 60 cm层,只有深度松动和引入秸秆的变异体的添加密度降低。研究还发现,土壤水分流失随时间的变化而变化。对于厚度为0.4-0.6 m的巨石,在前2-3小时内最剧烈,在10-18小时后几乎完全停止;对于厚度为1.0 m的巨石,在36-48小时后几乎完全停止。方案5、6和7的失水强度最高。最低的是控制方案和方案2,其中没有采取土地复垦措施。在备选方案5、6和7中,注意到按年计算的失水强度的减少。因此,在方案5中,2000年的失水量为0.9 mm/h, 2001年为0.87 mm/h, 2002年为0.85 mm/h。选项6和选项7也显示了类似的模式。在不采取农垦措施的控制方案和方案2中,水土流失强度也有所降低。多年来水土流失强度的降低与人为影响造成的土壤密度变化有关。首先,通过农业机械的压实和多年生草的持续灌溉。
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引用次数: 0
It’s time for non-black earth! 非黑土时代到来了!
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-2-5
G. Gulyuk
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引用次数: 0
Fertility of peat soils in Western Siberia 西伯利亚西部泥炭土的肥力
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-16-22
A. Motorin
The smallest moisture capacity in medium-thick peat soil in a meter layer is 671,2 mm, which is 19,3 % more than that of low-power and 38,9 % peat-gley soil. During the formation of the first mowing of perennial grasses, the moisture reserves in the 0,5‑meter layer were always in the optimal range (0,7–0,9 HB). The lack of moisture during deep occurrence of groundwater (1,2–1,6 m) causes a decrease in the yield of the second mowing of perennial grasses by 46–89 % in peat-gley soil and 25–40 % in medium-power soil. The arable layer of peaty-gley soil contains 4,4 times more nitrates than the average power. Without fertilizing after 3 years, the amount of nitrate nitrogen in peaty-gley soil is reduced by 1,9 times, low- and medium-power soil – by 2,3–2,4 times. The amount of nitrate nitrogen is more than that of ammonia, in peat-gley soil 4 times, low-power – 3,5 times. Reserves of available phosphorus in the arable layer of peaty-gley soil are 2,5 times greater than in lowpower, and 3,1 times in average power. Without fertilizing after 4 years, in the arable layer of peaty-gley soil under perennial grasses, the content of available phosphorus decreased by 45,4 %, in low-power – by 20,5 %, in medium-power – by 15,8 %. The advantage in potassium reserves in the arable layer belongs to peaty-gley soil and is due to its high content in the underlying mineral peat. In peaty-gley soil, the decrease in potassium reserves down the profile is 1,6 times; in thin soil – 3,2 times; average power – 2,5 times. Hay productivity of perennial grasses on peaty-gleyic soil is respectively higher by 8.3 and 24,5 % than on low- and medium-power peaty soils. A crucial role in increasing the yield of herbs and gaining increases is played by the nutritional regime.
中厚泥炭土的最小含水率为672.1 mm,比低深泥炭土和浅泥炭土的最小含水率分别高19.3%和38.9%。在多年生牧草第一次刈割形成过程中,0.5 m层水分储量始终处于最佳范围(0,7 ~ 0,9 HB)。地下水深层(1、2-1、6 m)水分缺乏导致泥炭质土壤多年生牧草第二次刈割产量下降46 - 89%,中等动力土壤产量下降25 - 40%。泥炭质粘土可耕层的硝酸盐含量是平均水平的4、4倍。3年后不施肥,泥炭质粘土中硝态氮的含量减少了1.9倍,中、低功率土壤中硝态氮的含量减少了2、3、2、4倍。硝态氮的量大于氨态氮的量,泥炭壤为4倍,低功率为3倍,低功率为5倍。泥炭-灰壤可耕层有效磷储量是低功率下的2.5倍,是平均功率下的3.1倍。不施肥4年后,在多年生禾草下的泥炭-灰壤可耕地层,速效磷含量下降了45.4%,在低功率下下降了20.5%,在中等功率下下降了15.8%。可耕层钾储量的优势是属于泥炭-泥质土壤,由于其在下伏矿物泥炭中含量高。在泥炭质泥质土中,钾储量沿剖面下降了1.6倍;在薄土- 3,2倍;平均幂- 2,5倍。多年生牧草在泥炭-灰化土壤上的干草生产力分别比低、中功率泥炭土壤高8.3和24.5%。营养制度在提高草本植物产量和增加产量方面起着至关重要的作用。
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引用次数: 3
Cold bitumen-polymer compositions for anticorrosive and sealing protection of structural elements of hydraulic structures 水工建筑物结构构件防腐密封用冷沥青聚合物组合物
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-39-41
Andrey Petrov
This article discusses the improvement of the known waterproofing composition in order to provide technological advantages in the production of material in the field.
本文对已知防水组合物的改进进行了探讨,以期为该领域材料的生产提供技术优势。
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引用次数: 0
The ratio of moisture and chemicals in the processes of infiltration and evaporation of groundwater in soddy-podzolic loamy soil 盐碱化壤土中地下水入渗和蒸发过程中水分和化学物质的比例
Pub Date : 2020-06-03 DOI: 10.32962/0235-2524-2020-1-22-26
Nikolay Muromcev, D. Kucher, E. Piven, Nikolay Semenov, K. Anisimov
The specificities of leaching (outflow) of chemicals from soddy-podzolic loamy deeply gleyed soil by infiltration and its return from groundwater during their evaporation are considered in the paper. In the annual cycle calcium is the element which is mostly washed out with amount of 89…106 kg/ha. It was shown that potassium (15…14), manganese (13,6…9,3), zinc (13,6…7,7), calcium (7,5…5,2) and magnesium (7,1…4,7) in percentage of the outflow return in the soil with the capillary rise of groundwater. It is shown that the ratio of infiltration (I) and evaporation of groundwater (K) in soddy-podzolic soil is within the range of 0,3…0,6 for medium arid, 2,6…2,9 for average long-term and 2,6…2,9 for humid conditions of atmospheric moistening. Thus, the lowest values of ratios for medium arid, and the highest ones – for medium humid conditions, which reflects the real specificities of the infiltration and evaporation of groundwater in natural conditions.
本文考虑了盐碱化壤土中化学物质的入渗淋出及其蒸发过程中从地下水中返回的特殊性。在年循环中,钙是流失最多的元素,流失量为89 ~ 106 kg/ha。结果表明,随着地下水毛细上升,钾(15…14)、锰(13,6…9,3)、锌(13,6…7,7)、钙(7,5…5,2)和镁(7,1…4,7)的流出量在土壤中所占的百分比有所增加。结果表明:中度干旱条件下,盐碱化土壤地下水入渗(I)与蒸发(K)之比在0,3 ~ 0,6之间,平均长期条件下为2,6 ~ 2,9之间,湿润大气湿润条件下为2,6 ~ 2,9之间。因此,在中等干旱条件下比例最小,中等湿润条件下比例最高,这反映了自然条件下地下水入渗和蒸发的真实特殊性。
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引用次数: 0
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Melioration and Water Management
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