Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.14744/DAJPNS.2021.00117
Rahmi Saylik, Santiago Castiello, R. A. Murphy
Correspondence: Rahmi Saylik, Mus Alparslan University, Department of Psychology, Mus Turkey E-mail: r.saylik@alparslan.edu.tr Received: October 27, 2020; Revised: November 27, 2020; Accepted: March 09, 2021 ABSTRACT Objective: Reversing learned associations interferes with previously acquired learning, a form of retroactive interference for the previous association and proactive interference on the new learning. We examined associations involving emotional content and how they might impact interference. The current study aims to discover the role positive, negative, and nonemotional stimuli play during acquisition and reversal learning in a probabilistic go/no-go task. Method: The task consisted of separate conditions of happy, sad, angry, fearful emotional stimuli and non-emotional stimuli during separate acquisition and reversal training periods. Ninety-seven participants aged 18-35 (49 females) took part in the study. Results: The results revealed that overall, participants were more accurate during acquisition than reversal. Further, happy stimuli were learned with greater accuracy during acquisition but were no easier to learn in reversal, effectively accompanied by a greater reversal cost. Conclusion: There is evidence that happy emotional stimuli act like stimuli with a stronger learning rate much like learning of other high salience stimuli. Emotion valanced stimuli like other types of stimuli and can be described mechanistically by varying learning rate parameters of associative models.
{"title":"The role of emotional interference on learning in an emotional probabilistic Go/No-Go task","authors":"Rahmi Saylik, Santiago Castiello, R. A. Murphy","doi":"10.14744/DAJPNS.2021.00117","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.14744/DAJPNS.2021.00117","url":null,"abstract":"Correspondence: Rahmi Saylik, Mus Alparslan University, Department of Psychology, Mus Turkey E-mail: r.saylik@alparslan.edu.tr Received: October 27, 2020; Revised: November 27, 2020; Accepted: March 09, 2021 ABSTRACT Objective: Reversing learned associations interferes with previously acquired learning, a form of retroactive interference for the previous association and proactive interference on the new learning. We examined associations involving emotional content and how they might impact interference. The current study aims to discover the role positive, negative, and nonemotional stimuli play during acquisition and reversal learning in a probabilistic go/no-go task. Method: The task consisted of separate conditions of happy, sad, angry, fearful emotional stimuli and non-emotional stimuli during separate acquisition and reversal training periods. Ninety-seven participants aged 18-35 (49 females) took part in the study. Results: The results revealed that overall, participants were more accurate during acquisition than reversal. Further, happy stimuli were learned with greater accuracy during acquisition but were no easier to learn in reversal, effectively accompanied by a greater reversal cost. Conclusion: There is evidence that happy emotional stimuli act like stimuli with a stronger learning rate much like learning of other high salience stimuli. Emotion valanced stimuli like other types of stimuli and can be described mechanistically by varying learning rate parameters of associative models.","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123183012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-06-29DOI: 10.5350/dajpn20183102001
C. Evren
{"title":"Comorbidity of attention deficit-hyperactivity disorder and substance use disorder","authors":"C. Evren","doi":"10.5350/dajpn20183102001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn20183102001","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132398112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Psychosurgery and other invasive approaches in treatment-refractory obsessive-compulsive disorder: a brief overview through a case","authors":"Y. Balcioglu","doi":"10.5350/dajpn2018310213","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2018310213","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115808460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Mustafa Dinçer, A. Gül, Hesna Gul, M. Aydın, Şahin Bodur, Y. Torun, M. Congologlu, K. N. Ozmenler
Mirtazapine-related manic / hypomanic shift: mini review and case report Mirtazapine is a pharmacological agent frequently used both as an antidepressant and as a hypnotic sedative agent. However, manic shift, an important side effect of other antidepressants, has not been adequately addressed in the treatment of mirtazapine, and the evidence has been only available from case reports. This mini-review and case report aimed to compile case reports on mirtazapine related manic shifts and to report a case where a manic shift was determined relatively early compared to that in these
{"title":"Mirtazapine-related manic / hypomanic shift: mini review and case report","authors":"Mustafa Dinçer, A. Gül, Hesna Gul, M. Aydın, Şahin Bodur, Y. Torun, M. Congologlu, K. N. Ozmenler","doi":"10.5350/DAJPN2018310210","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2018310210","url":null,"abstract":"Mirtazapine-related manic / hypomanic shift: mini review and case report Mirtazapine is a pharmacological agent frequently used both as an antidepressant and as a hypnotic sedative agent. However, manic shift, an important side effect of other antidepressants, has not been adequately addressed in the treatment of mirtazapine, and the evidence has been only available from case reports. This mini-review and case report aimed to compile case reports on mirtazapine related manic shifts and to report a case where a manic shift was determined relatively early compared to that in these","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114313119","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Examining the effects of audiovisual associations on motion perception through task-based fMRI Objective: Previous studies showed that associative learning can lead to drastic changes in perceptual experience and unexpected levels of sensory plasticity in the adult brain. However, how associative learning is involved in shaping perception and the underlying neural mechanisms are quite poorly understood. In the current study, by taking advantage of well-studied visual motion-processing hierarchy, the roles of different brain areas in audiovisual association-induced changes in motion perception are investigated. Method: Using a previously developed audiovisual associative paradigm, behavioral and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) data were collected from adult human participants (n=13) before and after the association phase. Behavioral data were collected through reports on visual motion direction. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was based on block design and the functional data were analyzed according to a general linear model. Results: Audiovisual associations, acquired within a short time and without any feedback, significantly affected the perception of motion direction. This effect was much more salient when the physical direction of visual motion was ambiguous. Moreover, fMRI findings pointed out that the BOLD activities across different cortical regions changed after the associative phase. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings indicate that low-level sensory, multisensory and high-level cognitive areas play a role in the effects of audiovisual associations on motion perception. In general, this suggests that our prior experiences acquired through associations may affect perceptual processing at different hierarchical levels and over different cortical areas.
{"title":"Examining the effects of audiovisual associations on motion perception through task-based fMRI","authors":"Hulusi Kafaligonul","doi":"10.5350/dajpn2018310201","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2018310201","url":null,"abstract":"Examining the effects of audiovisual associations on motion perception through task-based fMRI Objective: Previous studies showed that associative learning can lead to drastic changes in perceptual experience and unexpected levels of sensory plasticity in the adult brain. However, how associative learning is involved in shaping perception and the underlying neural mechanisms are quite poorly understood. In the current study, by taking advantage of well-studied visual motion-processing hierarchy, the roles of different brain areas in audiovisual association-induced changes in motion perception are investigated. Method: Using a previously developed audiovisual associative paradigm, behavioral and Blood Oxygen Level Dependent (BOLD) data were collected from adult human participants (n=13) before and after the association phase. Behavioral data were collected through reports on visual motion direction. Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was based on block design and the functional data were analyzed according to a general linear model. Results: Audiovisual associations, acquired within a short time and without any feedback, significantly affected the perception of motion direction. This effect was much more salient when the physical direction of visual motion was ambiguous. Moreover, fMRI findings pointed out that the BOLD activities across different cortical regions changed after the associative phase. Conclusion: Taken together, these findings indicate that low-level sensory, multisensory and high-level cognitive areas play a role in the effects of audiovisual associations on motion perception. In general, this suggests that our prior experiences acquired through associations may affect perceptual processing at different hierarchical levels and over different cortical areas.","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133019226","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms in studies conducted in Turkey: a meta-analysis study Objective: This meta-analysis study aimed to test the relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms by analyzing the studies on depression and anxiety symptoms in Turkey. The study was carried out in two stages to determine the effect of depression sypmtoms on the anxiety sypmtoms, and the moderators that could affect the mean effect size obtained in this study. Method: In order to determine the studies that will be included in the meta-analysis, a search was made in the National Higher Education Council’s National Thesis Center, ULAKBIM Social and Humanities Database, ULAKBIM Medical Data Base and Google Academic Database. In this phase, all studies including depression and anxiety were recorded by using the terms related with anxiety and depression. The screening process was reduced to title, keyword and summary fields to create study pool (143 studies). Subsequently, with the detailed examination of studies, 74 studies were excluded and 69 studies were included in the sample in accordance with the study criteria. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) was calculated as the effect size in the analysis and the random effect model was used. Results: In the study, the mean effect size depression on anxiety was calculated as 0.53, with a lower limit value of 0.48 and an upper limit value of 0.58. In addition, there was a difference between the size of effect observed in the study and the size of the virtual effect generated according to the random effects model aimed to correct the effect caused by the publication bias. Conclusion: Confidence intervals of 69 studies included in meta-analysis study were narrow, meaning that the decisions which will be made taking into consideration the data obtained from these studies are reliable. It has been found that depression has a positive effect on a wide range of anxiety. According to these findings, as depression levels increase, anxiety levels also increase, or as depression levels decrease, anxiety levels decrease. Overall, moderator variables of anxiety type, anxiety scale, and depression scale affect the relationship between depression and anxiety of individuals. Anxiety and depression levels can vary according to these moderator variables.
{"title":"Relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms in studies conducted in Turkey: a meta-analysis study","authors":"Engin Karadağ, Nihan Sölpük","doi":"10.5350/dajpn2018310204","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2018310204","url":null,"abstract":"Relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms in studies conducted in Turkey: a meta-analysis study Objective: This meta-analysis study aimed to test the relationship between depression and anxiety symptoms by analyzing the studies on depression and anxiety symptoms in Turkey. The study was carried out in two stages to determine the effect of depression sypmtoms on the anxiety sypmtoms, and the moderators that could affect the mean effect size obtained in this study. Method: In order to determine the studies that will be included in the meta-analysis, a search was made in the National Higher Education Council’s National Thesis Center, ULAKBIM Social and Humanities Database, ULAKBIM Medical Data Base and Google Academic Database. In this phase, all studies including depression and anxiety were recorded by using the terms related with anxiety and depression. The screening process was reduced to title, keyword and summary fields to create study pool (143 studies). Subsequently, with the detailed examination of studies, 74 studies were excluded and 69 studies were included in the sample in accordance with the study criteria. The Pearson Correlation Coefficient (r) was calculated as the effect size in the analysis and the random effect model was used. Results: In the study, the mean effect size depression on anxiety was calculated as 0.53, with a lower limit value of 0.48 and an upper limit value of 0.58. In addition, there was a difference between the size of effect observed in the study and the size of the virtual effect generated according to the random effects model aimed to correct the effect caused by the publication bias. Conclusion: Confidence intervals of 69 studies included in meta-analysis study were narrow, meaning that the decisions which will be made taking into consideration the data obtained from these studies are reliable. It has been found that depression has a positive effect on a wide range of anxiety. According to these findings, as depression levels increase, anxiety levels also increase, or as depression levels decrease, anxiety levels decrease. Overall, moderator variables of anxiety type, anxiety scale, and depression scale affect the relationship between depression and anxiety of individuals. Anxiety and depression levels can vary according to these moderator variables.","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122334279","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A little known topic misophonia: two case reports Misophonia is defined as hate of sound. It is characterized with intense emotional reactions like anger, anxiety, or disgust to and avoidance behavior from special sounds such as mouth sounds while eating or chewing gum, nasal sounds like breathing, smelling or blowing or some other sounds done with fingers like playing with a pen, writing or drumming on the table, especially, made by other people. Misophonia has never been present in any of the psychiatric classification systems. Some authors suggest that misophonia should be regarded as a new mental disorder. There is limited information about misophonia. Only few cases of misophonia have been reported. The causes of misophonia, risk factors, the relationship between mental disorders and treatment of misophonia are not fully known. Misophonia is a recently described, poorly understood and neglected condition. Future studies will focus on investigating the epidemiology, phenomenology, neurophysiology, and treatment of the misophonia. Two cases of women who had complaints of misophonia are presented in this study. Principles of diagnosis and treatment in this kind of patients are discussed in our case report.
{"title":"A Little Known Topic Misophonia: Two Case Reports","authors":"Ç. Hocaoğlu","doi":"10.5350/DAJPN2018310109","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN2018310109","url":null,"abstract":"A little known topic misophonia: two case reports Misophonia is defined as hate of sound. It is characterized with intense emotional reactions like anger, anxiety, or disgust to and avoidance behavior from special sounds such as mouth sounds while eating or chewing gum, nasal sounds like breathing, smelling or blowing or some other sounds done with fingers like playing with a pen, writing or drumming on the table, especially, made by other people. Misophonia has never been present in any of the psychiatric classification systems. Some authors suggest that misophonia should be regarded as a new mental disorder. There is limited information about misophonia. Only few cases of misophonia have been reported. The causes of misophonia, risk factors, the relationship between mental disorders and treatment of misophonia are not fully known. Misophonia is a recently described, poorly understood and neglected condition. Future studies will focus on investigating the epidemiology, phenomenology, neurophysiology, and treatment of the misophonia. Two cases of women who had complaints of misophonia are presented in this study. Principles of diagnosis and treatment in this kind of patients are discussed in our case report.","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128578814","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Attempting suicide by drug overdose and its prevention","authors":"B. Joob, V. Wiwanitkit","doi":"10.5350/dajpn2018310114","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2018310114","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115844990","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Assessment of perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment levels of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Objective: This study aimed to assess the perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment levels of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: This study included 64 children aged 9 to 12 who were diagnosed with ADHD and 52 healthy children and their parents. Children were evaluated with ‘Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version’. The Parental Acceptance-Rejection QuestionnaireChild Form, Personality Assessment Questionnaire and a Personal Information Questionnaire formed by the researchers have been used as data collection tools. Results: In this study in which ADHD and control groups were compared, it was found that children diagnosed with ADHD perceived parental rejection more and had worse psychological adjustment than those without the diagnosis. Children with ADHD reported more rejection from the mother whereas children in the control group reported less care from the father. Conclusion: This study is exceptionally important in terms of demonstrating perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment of children with ADHD. Besides, it has been seen that depending on the presence of ADHD, the child’s perceived parental acceptance-rejection is differently affected from the mother and the father. The findings on acceptance-rejection, in addition to giving helpful clues for ADHD family education, they will be also helpful in studies to improve the psychological assessment of these children.
{"title":"Assessment of perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment levels of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","authors":"Halime Senay Guzel, Esra Guney, G. Dinç","doi":"10.5350/dajpn2018310105","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/dajpn2018310105","url":null,"abstract":"Assessment of perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment levels of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder Objective: This study aimed to assess the perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment levels of children diagnosed with attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Method: This study included 64 children aged 9 to 12 who were diagnosed with ADHD and 52 healthy children and their parents. Children were evaluated with ‘Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children-Present and Lifetime version’. The Parental Acceptance-Rejection QuestionnaireChild Form, Personality Assessment Questionnaire and a Personal Information Questionnaire formed by the researchers have been used as data collection tools. Results: In this study in which ADHD and control groups were compared, it was found that children diagnosed with ADHD perceived parental rejection more and had worse psychological adjustment than those without the diagnosis. Children with ADHD reported more rejection from the mother whereas children in the control group reported less care from the father. Conclusion: This study is exceptionally important in terms of demonstrating perceived parental acceptance-rejection and psychological adjustment of children with ADHD. Besides, it has been seen that depending on the presence of ADHD, the child’s perceived parental acceptance-rejection is differently affected from the mother and the father. The findings on acceptance-rejection, in addition to giving helpful clues for ADHD family education, they will be also helpful in studies to improve the psychological assessment of these children.","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127303598","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-03-30DOI: 10.5350/DAJPN20183101001
C. Evren, M. Bozkurt
Methamphetamine is a substance chemically closely related to amphetamine with a greater potential for harm due to its greater potency and longer half-life (1). Among illicit stimulant drugs (cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3 , 4 M e t h y l e n e d i o x y m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e ) , amphetamine has always been the more common one in Europe, but recent data show that the methamphetamine market is on the rise (2). Acute and long-term use of methamphetamine are associated with cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, and mental health problems, ranging from anxiety, aggression, and depression to acute paranoid psychosis. In addition, injecting the drug is a risk factor for infectious diseases (2). Methamphetamine seems to be more dangerous than other stimulants due to its acute complications, long-term neurotoxicity, and high potential for dependence. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) considers the harm to public health caused by methamphetamine to be significant, even at low prevalence rates, due to its severe negative effects (3). History of Methamphetamine Use
{"title":"Update on methamphetamine: an old problem that we have recently encountered","authors":"C. Evren, M. Bozkurt","doi":"10.5350/DAJPN20183101001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5350/DAJPN20183101001","url":null,"abstract":"Methamphetamine is a substance chemically closely related to amphetamine with a greater potential for harm due to its greater potency and longer half-life (1). Among illicit stimulant drugs (cocaine, amphetamine, methamphetamine and 3 , 4 M e t h y l e n e d i o x y m e t h a m p h e t a m i n e ) , amphetamine has always been the more common one in Europe, but recent data show that the methamphetamine market is on the rise (2). Acute and long-term use of methamphetamine are associated with cardiovascular, pulmonary, neurological, and mental health problems, ranging from anxiety, aggression, and depression to acute paranoid psychosis. In addition, injecting the drug is a risk factor for infectious diseases (2). Methamphetamine seems to be more dangerous than other stimulants due to its acute complications, long-term neurotoxicity, and high potential for dependence. The European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) considers the harm to public health caused by methamphetamine to be significant, even at low prevalence rates, due to its severe negative effects (3). History of Methamphetamine Use","PeriodicalId":136580,"journal":{"name":"Düşünen Adam: The Journal of Psychiatry and Neurological Sciences","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-03-30","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133469278","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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