This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan, a multi-ethnic country that has switched its official state language from Russian to Kazakh since 1997. Using two newly assembled data sets, we find negative returns to speaking Kazakh and a negative effect of bilingualism on earnings while Russian was the official state language in the 1990s. Since neither sectoral segmentation, nor reverse causality can explain our findings, we argue that the most likely source for the earnings disadvantage was (language) discrimination. Surprisingly, the Kazakh language continues to yield a negative wage premium 13 years after it has been made official state language. Since discrimination against the titular language is implausible, we explain the low economic value of the Kazakh language in 2010 by the deteriorated quality of schools with Kazakh as language of instruction. Based on PISA data, we illustrate that scholastic achievements are substantially lower for pupils taught in Kazakh, despite the official support for the titular language. Our results suggest that switching the official state language without appropriate investments in school resources is unlikely to cure the economic disadvantage of a previously marginalized language.
{"title":"Fractionalisation at the Micro-Level: Economic Returns to Speaking the Right Language(s) in a Multilinguistic Society","authors":"A. Aldashev, A. Danzer","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2940099","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2940099","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the economic returns to language skills and bilingualism. The analysis is staged in Kazakhstan, a multi-ethnic country that has switched its official state language from Russian to Kazakh since 1997. Using two newly assembled data sets, we find negative returns to speaking Kazakh and a negative effect of bilingualism on earnings while Russian was the official state language in the 1990s. Since neither sectoral segmentation, nor reverse causality can explain our findings, we argue that the most likely source for the earnings disadvantage was (language) discrimination. Surprisingly, the Kazakh language continues to yield a negative wage premium 13 years after it has been made official state language. Since discrimination against the titular language is implausible, we explain the low economic value of the Kazakh language in 2010 by the deteriorated quality of schools with Kazakh as language of instruction. Based on PISA data, we illustrate that scholastic achievements are substantially lower for pupils taught in Kazakh, despite the official support for the titular language. Our results suggest that switching the official state language without appropriate investments in school resources is unlikely to cure the economic disadvantage of a previously marginalized language.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89905994","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Jobs are the number one policy concern of policy makers in many countries. The global financial crisis, rising demographic pressures, high unemployment rates, and concerns over automation all make it seem imperative that policy makers employ increasingly more active labor market policies. This paper critically examines recent evaluations of labor market policies that have provided vocational training, wage subsidies, job search assistance, and assistance moving to argue that many active labor market policies are much less effective than policymakers typically assume. Many of these evaluations find no significant impacts on either employment or earnings. One reason is that urban labor markets appear to work reasonably well in many cases, with fewer market failures than is often thought. As a result, there is less of a role for many traditional active labor market policies than is common practice. The review then discusses examples of job creation policies that do seem to offer promise, and concludes with lessons for impact evaluation and policy is this area.
{"title":"How Effective are Active Labor Market Policies in Developing Countries? A Critical Review of Recent Evidence","authors":"David McKenzie","doi":"10.1093/WBRO/LKX001","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1093/WBRO/LKX001","url":null,"abstract":"Jobs are the number one policy concern of policy makers in many countries. The global financial crisis, rising demographic pressures, high unemployment rates, and concerns over automation all make it seem imperative that policy makers employ increasingly more active labor market policies. This paper critically examines recent evaluations of labor market policies that have provided vocational training, wage subsidies, job search assistance, and assistance moving to argue that many active labor market policies are much less effective than policymakers typically assume. Many of these evaluations find no significant impacts on either employment or earnings. One reason is that urban labor markets appear to work reasonably well in many cases, with fewer market failures than is often thought. As a result, there is less of a role for many traditional active labor market policies than is common practice. The review then discusses examples of job creation policies that do seem to offer promise, and concludes with lessons for impact evaluation and policy is this area.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85039564","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
China's rapid development and urbanization over the past 30 years have caused large numbers of rural residents to migrate to urban areas in search of work. This has created a generation of children who remain behind in rural areas when their parents migrate for work. Previous research has found mixed impacts of parental migration on the educational achievement of left-behind children (LBC), perhaps because of methodological deficiencies and lack of recognition of the heterogeneity of this population of children. Our study attempts to examine the impact of six types of parental migration on the academic achievement of a rural junior high school sample. Our study uses a panel of 7148 junior high school students to implement a difference-in-difference analysis and finds that parental migration has a negative and significant impact on the academic achievement of junior high school students. Our study suggests that the Chinese Government should implement measures to dismantle barriers to the human capital accumulation of LBC to ensure sustainable economic growth and human capital development in China.
{"title":"Effect of Parental Migration on the Academic Performance of Left‐Behind Middle School Students in Rural China","authors":"Lili Li, Lei Wang, J. Nie","doi":"10.1111/cwe.12193","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/cwe.12193","url":null,"abstract":"China's rapid development and urbanization over the past 30 years have caused large numbers of rural residents to migrate to urban areas in search of work. This has created a generation of children who remain behind in rural areas when their parents migrate for work. Previous research has found mixed impacts of parental migration on the educational achievement of left-behind children (LBC), perhaps because of methodological deficiencies and lack of recognition of the heterogeneity of this population of children. Our study attempts to examine the impact of six types of parental migration on the academic achievement of a rural junior high school sample. Our study uses a panel of 7148 junior high school students to implement a difference-in-difference analysis and finds that parental migration has a negative and significant impact on the academic achievement of junior high school students. Our study suggests that the Chinese Government should implement measures to dismantle barriers to the human capital accumulation of LBC to ensure sustainable economic growth and human capital development in China.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87988496","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Using data from the 2006 Turkish Time-Use Survey, we examine gender differences in time allocation among married heterosexual couples over the life cycle. While we find large discrepancies in the gender division of both paid and unpaid work at each life stage, the gender gap in paid and unpaid work is largest among parents of infants compared to parents of older children and couples without children. The gender gap narrows as children grow up and parents age. Married women's housework time remains relatively unchanged across their life cycle, while older men spend more time doing housework than their younger counterparts. Over the course of the life cycle, women's total work burden increases relative to men's. Placing our findings within the gendered institutional context in Turkey, we argue that gender-inequitable work-family reconciliation policies that are based on gendered assumptions of women's role as caregivers exacerbate gender disparities in time use.
{"title":"Gendered Patterns of Time Use over the Life Cycle: Evidence from Turkey","authors":"Ebru Kongar, Emel Memiş","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2924805","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2924805","url":null,"abstract":"Using data from the 2006 Turkish Time-Use Survey, we examine gender differences in time allocation among married heterosexual couples over the life cycle. While we find large discrepancies in the gender division of both paid and unpaid work at each life stage, the gender gap in paid and unpaid work is largest among parents of infants compared to parents of older children and couples without children. The gender gap narrows as children grow up and parents age. Married women's housework time remains relatively unchanged across their life cycle, while older men spend more time doing housework than their younger counterparts. Over the course of the life cycle, women's total work burden increases relative to men's. Placing our findings within the gendered institutional context in Turkey, we argue that gender-inequitable work-family reconciliation policies that are based on gendered assumptions of women's role as caregivers exacerbate gender disparities in time use.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77240236","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper explores how political connections can influence the likelihood of “going global” by assisting privately owned enterprises (POEs) in China to complete cross-border acquisitions. Using a sample of Chinese POEs from 2007 to 2016, we show that politically connected POEs are more likely to acquire foreign companies and to have outsize financial performance than domestic POEs in the three years after beginning the globalization process. We also find that multinational POEs in China exhibit better corporate governance.
{"title":"Do Political Connections Help Privately Owned Chinese Enterprises Go Global?","authors":"D. Schweizer, Thomas J. Walker, Aoran Zhang","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2925014","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2925014","url":null,"abstract":"This paper explores how political connections can influence the likelihood of “going global” by assisting privately owned enterprises (POEs) in China to complete cross-border acquisitions. Using a sample of Chinese POEs from 2007 to 2016, we show that politically connected POEs are more likely to acquire foreign companies and to have outsize financial performance than domestic POEs in the three years after beginning the globalization process. We also find that multinational POEs in China exhibit better corporate governance.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87462740","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We present a preliminary snapshot of the social composition of faculty at the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). We find that the faculty body at these institutions is drawn from a very narrow spectrum of Indian society. We argue that by not paying attention to faculty diversity, IIMs engender a crisis of relevance and legitimacy. The proposed legislation that will convert IIMs into degree granting institutions offers a canvas for public deliberation on the question of social diversity at IIMs.
{"title":"Faculty Diversity at the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs): A Preliminary Snapshot","authors":"Siddharth Joshi, Deepak Malgan","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2921720","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2921720","url":null,"abstract":"We present a preliminary snapshot of the social composition of faculty at the Indian Institutes of Management (IIMs). We find that the faculty body at these institutions is drawn from a very narrow spectrum of Indian society. We argue that by not paying attention to faculty diversity, IIMs engender a crisis of relevance and legitimacy. The proposed legislation that will convert IIMs into degree granting institutions offers a canvas for public deliberation on the question of social diversity at IIMs.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89026030","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Given the manifold problems of this world, we need ways to actively address them; better forms of organizing are required. I suggest that we need to embrace more humanistic forms of management and move away from economistic ones. This chapter provides a conceptual framework that allows us to get perspective on how to go about this transition. The framework represents a synthesis of the foundational work laid down in Chapters 1-5. It outlines a number of ideal types that provide clarity of the parameters that influence our current reality. The framework also shows the possibility of alternative forms of organizing that outline our potentiality. The framework will guide a discussion of how we can transform research, practice, pedagogy and policy in the next section of the book.
{"title":"Economistic and Humanistic Archetypes of Management","authors":"M. Pirson","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2916457","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2916457","url":null,"abstract":"Given the manifold problems of this world, we need ways to actively address them; better forms of organizing are required. I suggest that we need to embrace more humanistic forms of management and move away from economistic ones. This chapter provides a conceptual framework that allows us to get perspective on how to go about this transition. \u0000The framework represents a synthesis of the foundational work laid down in Chapters 1-5. It outlines a number of ideal types that provide clarity of the parameters that influence our current reality. The framework also shows the possibility of alternative forms of organizing that outline our potentiality. The framework will guide a discussion of how we can transform research, practice, pedagogy and policy in the next section of the book.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77074862","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper analyses the horizontal cross‐border mergers under the framework of political economy in mixed markets. We explore the conditions under which a cross‐border merger between a partially privatized foreign public firm and a profit‐maximizing domestic firm occurs and is approved by the domestic government. We show that a welfare‐maximizing domestic government approves the merger if the share owned by the foreign government is sufficiently low and the merger is relatively efficient; a government only caring about political contributions always approves such a merger; we also consider the case where the government cares about both social welfare and political contributions.
{"title":"Political Economy Model of Cross‐Border Mergers Under Mixed Oligopoly","authors":"Jie Li, Jing Lu, Mobing Jiang","doi":"10.1111/1468-0106.12205","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/1468-0106.12205","url":null,"abstract":"This paper analyses the horizontal cross‐border mergers under the framework of political economy in mixed markets. We explore the conditions under which a cross‐border merger between a partially privatized foreign public firm and a profit‐maximizing domestic firm occurs and is approved by the domestic government. We show that a welfare‐maximizing domestic government approves the merger if the share owned by the foreign government is sufficiently low and the merger is relatively efficient; a government only caring about political contributions always approves such a merger; we also consider the case where the government cares about both social welfare and political contributions.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78812270","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: В статье рассмотрены вопросы клиентоориентированной деятельности участников рынка образовательных услуг и охарактеризованы модели маркетинга, используемые для реализации задач реализации образовательных услуг учреждений образования. English Abstract: The paper dwells on a сustomer-oriented activity of participants of educational services market and characterize a character model of marketing, using for realization educational services for educational institutions.
{"title":"Клиентоориентированная Деятельность Учреждений Образования: Кому и Зачем Это Нужно? (Customer-Oriented Activity of Institutions of Education: To Whom and Why It Is Necessary?)","authors":"E. Matrosova","doi":"10.2139/SSRN.2896634","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/SSRN.2896634","url":null,"abstract":"Russian Abstract: В статье рассмотрены вопросы клиентоориентированной деятельности участников рынка образовательных услуг и охарактеризованы модели маркетинга, используемые для реализации задач реализации образовательных услуг учреждений образования. \u0000English Abstract: The paper dwells on a сustomer-oriented activity of participants of educational services market and characterize a character model of marketing, using for realization educational services for educational institutions.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74019518","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Low Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) constitutes a foregone opportunity at both the macro and at the micro levels, potentially increasing the vulnerability of households and lowering the long-run development perspectives of a country. Most international organizations and national policy makers see low FLFP as a serious issue that needs to be addressed by adopting appropriate policies. We investigate the possible reasons of the remarkable stability of FLFP in a top-reforming upper-middle income country. Our goal is to in disentangle the different forces at work and to draw useful lessons for the design of participation-enhancing policies. Using data from a nationally representative Household Survey covering the period 2003-2015, we employ Blinder-Oaxaca (Blinder, 1973 and Oaxaca, 1973) type decomposition to decompose changes over time in FLFP levels into parts that are due to changes in observable factors versus changes in the strength of impact of these factors. This allows us to identify possible shifters of the FLFP rate and propose areas of special interest for policy making. We show that the stability of FLFP in Georgia during the period 2003-2013 is due to offsetting socio-economic changes taking place in the country, and that the increase in the last period covered by our dataset – 2013-2015 – can be attributed to the emergence of new labor opportunities for women. We conclude that, while useful, supply-side economic reforms are not sufficient to increase FLFP and need to be complemented by demand-side policies aiming at creating more and better work opportunities for women.
{"title":"Toothless Reforms? The Remarkable Stability of Female Labor Force Participation in a Top-Reforming Country","authors":"Norberto Pignatti, K. Torosyan, Maka Chitanava","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.2895248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.2895248","url":null,"abstract":"Low Female Labor Force Participation (FLFP) constitutes a foregone opportunity at both the macro and at the micro levels, potentially increasing the vulnerability of households and lowering the long-run development perspectives of a country. Most international organizations and national policy makers see low FLFP as a serious issue that needs to be addressed by adopting appropriate policies. We investigate the possible reasons of the remarkable stability of FLFP in a top-reforming upper-middle income country. Our goal is to in disentangle the different forces at work and to draw useful lessons for the design of participation-enhancing policies. Using data from a nationally representative Household Survey covering the period 2003-2015, we employ Blinder-Oaxaca (Blinder, 1973 and Oaxaca, 1973) type decomposition to decompose changes over time in FLFP levels into parts that are due to changes in observable factors versus changes in the strength of impact of these factors. This allows us to identify possible shifters of the FLFP rate and propose areas of special interest for policy making. We show that the stability of FLFP in Georgia during the period 2003-2013 is due to offsetting socio-economic changes taking place in the country, and that the increase in the last period covered by our dataset – 2013-2015 – can be attributed to the emergence of new labor opportunities for women. We conclude that, while useful, supply-side economic reforms are not sufficient to increase FLFP and need to be complemented by demand-side policies aiming at creating more and better work opportunities for women.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-01-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87583477","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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