It is invariably difficult to estimate the rate of return to university education, because of the problem of omitted variable bias. Using a regression discontinuity design, we estimate the effect of a four‐year university education on earnings, and we explore the pathways through which the effect operates. Our estimation exploits the centralized, score‐based college/university admission system in China, where the minimum scores required for university admission are externally determined by the provincial governments. Our findings suggest that being eligible for four‐year university admission implies a sizable increase in earnings. The payoff can be attributed to the prolonged length of education and improvements in education quality, although the quality effects cannot be precisely estimated.
{"title":"Rates of Return to Four‐Year University Education: An Application of Regression Discontinuity Design","authors":"Elliott Fan, Xin Meng, Zhichao Wei, Guochang Zhao","doi":"10.1111/sjoe.12251","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1111/sjoe.12251","url":null,"abstract":"It is invariably difficult to estimate the rate of return to university education, because of the problem of omitted variable bias. Using a regression discontinuity design, we estimate the effect of a four‐year university education on earnings, and we explore the pathways through which the effect operates. Our estimation exploits the centralized, score‐based college/university admission system in China, where the minimum scores required for university admission are externally determined by the provincial governments. Our findings suggest that being eligible for four‐year university admission implies a sizable increase in earnings. The payoff can be attributed to the prolonged length of education and improvements in education quality, although the quality effects cannot be precisely estimated.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74366458","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Miklós Lukovics, Beáta Udvari, Bence Zuti, Béla Kézi
Napjaink uralkodo globalis megatrendje, a digitalizacio figyelemre melto megoldasokkal kivanja az emberiseg eletet megkonnyiteni. Ezek kozul is kiemelkednek az onvezető autok, amelyeket a szakirodalom a radikalis innovaciok koze sorol, utalva arra, hogy az onvezető autok tomeges elterjedese nemcsak az emberiseg mindennapi eletet, de - tobbek kozott - a varosok szerkezetet es a kozlekedes szamos jellemzőjet is gyokeresen megvaltoztatja. Az onvezető autok fejlesztese az utolso tesztfazisban van: jelenleg mar 76 varos kozutjain, az utcai forgalomban vegzik a technologia utolso simitasait. E radikalis innovacio azonban megosztja a kozvelemenyt, aminek leginkabb az az oka, hogy az onvezető jarművek a megbizhatosagukon tul szamos - tarsadalmi, etikai, kornyezeti es gazdasagi - kerdest vetnek fel, amelyekre jelenleg meg nincsenek valaszok. E tanulmany celja, hogy feltarja e temakor leginkabb vitatott kihivasait, amelyek jelenlegi ismereteink szerint extrem modon fogjak felforgatni minden civilizacioban elő ember napi eletvitelet. Az onvezető autok kerdeskoret a felelőssegteljes innovacio keretrendszerebe agyazzuk, amelynek segitsegevel a feltart kihivasok kezelhetők. Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kod: O14, O18, O33.
{"title":"Az önvezető autók és a felelősségteljes innováció (Self-Driving Vehicles and Responsible Innovation)","authors":"Miklós Lukovics, Beáta Udvari, Bence Zuti, Béla Kézi","doi":"10.18414/ksz.2018.9.949","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18414/ksz.2018.9.949","url":null,"abstract":"Napjaink uralkodo globalis megatrendje, a digitalizacio figyelemre melto megoldasokkal kivanja az emberiseg eletet megkonnyiteni. Ezek kozul is kiemelkednek az onvezető autok, amelyeket a szakirodalom a radikalis innovaciok koze sorol, utalva arra, hogy az onvezető autok tomeges elterjedese nemcsak az emberiseg mindennapi eletet, de - tobbek kozott - a varosok szerkezetet es a kozlekedes szamos jellemzőjet is gyokeresen megvaltoztatja. Az onvezető autok fejlesztese az utolso tesztfazisban van: jelenleg mar 76 varos kozutjain, az utcai forgalomban vegzik a technologia utolso simitasait. E radikalis innovacio azonban megosztja a kozvelemenyt, aminek leginkabb az az oka, hogy az onvezető jarművek a megbizhatosagukon tul szamos - tarsadalmi, etikai, kornyezeti es gazdasagi - kerdest vetnek fel, amelyekre jelenleg meg nincsenek valaszok. E tanulmany celja, hogy feltarja e temakor leginkabb vitatott kihivasait, amelyek jelenlegi ismereteink szerint extrem modon fogjak felforgatni minden civilizacioban elő ember napi eletvitelet. Az onvezető autok kerdeskoret a felelőssegteljes innovacio keretrendszerebe agyazzuk, amelynek segitsegevel a feltart kihivasok kezelhetők. Journal of Economic Literature (JEL) kod: O14, O18, O33.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87511797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In the second half of the twenty century the U.S. economy went through important transformations in terms of both production and network structure between sectors, and also in terms of technology adoption. Using a network perspective we question how these changes in the inter-sector network structure have influenced the process of technology adoption. To address this issue we map Input-Output Use Tables from 1945-1995 into a weighted directed network. We found that: (i) the local and global production network properties are directly related to size of the local and global technology spillovers, (ii) the local and free global spillovers have, in general, a statistically significant and positive effect on technology diffusion, (iii) on the contrary, the controlled global technology spillovers captured by the network betweenness have, in general, a negative effect on technology diffusion, and (iv) both local and global incoming spillover effects tend to be relatively more important than the outgoing spillovers.
{"title":"Inter-Sector Technology Spillover Effects on Technology Diffusion: A Social Network Analysis","authors":"Manuela Magalhães","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3243493","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3243493","url":null,"abstract":"In the second half of the twenty century the U.S. economy went through important transformations in terms of both production and network structure between sectors, and also in terms of technology adoption. Using a network perspective we question how these changes in the inter-sector network structure have influenced the process of technology adoption. To address this issue we map Input-Output Use Tables from 1945-1995 into a weighted directed network. We found that: (i) the local and global production network properties are directly related to size of the local and global technology spillovers, (ii) the local and free global spillovers have, in general, a statistically significant and positive effect on technology diffusion, (iii) on the contrary, the controlled global technology spillovers captured by the network betweenness have, in general, a negative effect on technology diffusion, and (iv) both local and global incoming spillover effects tend to be relatively more important than the outgoing spillovers.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-09-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84070972","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Research since the 1980s has considered the economic and innovation impacts of technology standards policies. This paper extends the research on the impact of standardization policies to consider how the policies themselves, governing how the standards are created, determine standards’ impact on emerging economies’ economic performance and innovation capabilities. Using four cases of digital technology standardization in China, this paper finds that combinations of government financial and market support and openness to domestic and foreign contributors determines how and when digital standardization begets positive technological and economic impacts for firms. This paper contributes to our understanding of international technology upgrading in emerging economies, as well as suggesting policies for successful economic upgrading in large emerging economies.
{"title":"Indigenous Technology Standards for Development: The Case of China","authors":"Michael Murphree, Dan Breznitz","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3239482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3239482","url":null,"abstract":"Research since the 1980s has considered the economic and innovation impacts of technology standards policies. This paper extends the research on the impact of standardization policies to consider how the policies themselves, governing how the standards are created, determine standards’ impact on emerging economies’ economic performance and innovation capabilities. Using four cases of digital technology standardization in China, this paper finds that combinations of government financial and market support and openness to domestic and foreign contributors determines how and when digital standardization begets positive technological and economic impacts for firms. This paper contributes to our understanding of international technology upgrading in emerging economies, as well as suggesting policies for successful economic upgrading in large emerging economies.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-08-27","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91210960","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
As migration growth in Russia’s population keeps falling, Russia may face a renewed reduction of its population as early as this year amid the natural decline in the population. This situation is driven by a decreased migration growth from Ukraine amid a weak recovery of the migration inflow from Central Asian countries. Migrants’ payments to Russian regions’ budgets keep growing.
{"title":"Migration Processes: Russia's Population May Shrink","authors":"N. Mkrtchyan, Y. Florinskaya","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3223437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3223437","url":null,"abstract":"As migration growth in Russia’s population keeps falling, Russia may face a renewed reduction of its population as early as this year amid the natural decline in the population. This situation is driven by a decreased migration growth from Ukraine amid a weak recovery of the migration inflow from Central Asian countries. Migrants’ payments to Russian regions’ budgets keep growing.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80839327","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In this article we re-examine the relationship between group-based profit sharing and productivity. Our meta-regression analysis of 313 estimates from 56 studies controls for publication selection and misspecification biases and investigates the impact of firm level unionisation and national differences in values and culture. Profit sharing is positively related to productivity on average, with a stronger relationship where there is higher unionisation and in countries where honesty is less highly valued and there are higher levels of individualism. The latter two results suggest profit sharing works best in settings where cooperation does not naturally occur. The positive effect of profit sharing on productivity is larger in cooperative firms and in transition economies.
{"title":"Where Does Profit Sharing Work Best? A Meta-Analysis on the Role of Unions, Culture, and Values","authors":"C. Doucouliagos, P. Laroche, D. Kruse, T. Stanley","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3209711","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3209711","url":null,"abstract":"In this article we re-examine the relationship between group-based profit sharing and productivity. Our meta-regression analysis of 313 estimates from 56 studies controls for publication selection and misspecification biases and investigates the impact of firm level unionisation and national differences in values and culture. Profit sharing is positively related to productivity on average, with a stronger relationship where there is higher unionisation and in countries where honesty is less highly valued and there are higher levels of individualism. The latter two results suggest profit sharing works best in settings where cooperation does not naturally occur. The positive effect of profit sharing on productivity is larger in cooperative firms and in transition economies.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81930439","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This Thesis examines the relationship between fertility and female employment patterns in Russia, using the data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) spanning between 1992 and 2016. Results indicate a negative association between fertility measure (proxied by having children under 10 years old) and female labor market outcomes, which support the previous empirical evidence on this topic. However, due to the specifics of Russian labor market our findings could be of especial note. Thus, our results show that mothers with young children are punished twice in a Russian labor market. Firstly, due to the observed phenomenon of a “motherhood wage gap,�? which implies reduced opportunities to climb the career ladder (for women with children compared to the childless women). And secondly, due to persistence of “job segregation by gender,�? which keeps women (including those with children) out of high-skilled jobs in the most highly paid industries and pushes them further toward a job in a government budgetary sector (like Education, Healthcare or Consumer Services) which is the “lowest-paid�? job in Russia. The study contributes to the existing literature in several ways. First, it goes beyond the binary nature of the female labor participation indicator and provides empirical evidence from different labor market outcomes. Second, it provides an up-to-date analysis based on recent data (up to 2016) for Russia aiming to lessen the gap in existing research, which mostly relies on data from an earlier period. Lastly, this study provides an up-to-date literature review summarizing research results in the related field from the last decade.
{"title":"The Relationship between Fertility & Female Labor Market Outcomes: Empirical Evidence from Russia","authors":"Evgeniia Popova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3209896","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3209896","url":null,"abstract":"This Thesis examines the relationship between fertility and female employment patterns in Russia, using the data from the Russian Longitudinal Monitoring Survey (RLMS) spanning between 1992 and 2016. Results indicate a negative association between fertility measure (proxied by having children under 10 years old) and female labor market outcomes, which support the previous empirical evidence on this topic. However, due to the specifics of Russian labor market our findings could be of especial note. Thus, our results show that mothers with young children are punished twice in a Russian labor market. Firstly, due to the observed phenomenon of a “motherhood wage gap,�? which implies reduced opportunities to climb the career ladder (for women with children compared to the childless women). And secondly, due to persistence of “job segregation by gender,�? which keeps women (including those with children) out of high-skilled jobs in the most highly paid industries and pushes them further toward a job in a government budgetary sector (like Education, Healthcare or Consumer Services) which is the “lowest-paid�? job in Russia. The study contributes to the existing literature in several ways. First, it goes beyond the binary nature of the female labor participation indicator and provides empirical evidence from different labor market outcomes. Second, it provides an up-to-date analysis based on recent data (up to 2016) for Russia aiming to lessen the gap in existing research, which mostly relies on data from an earlier period. Lastly, this study provides an up-to-date literature review summarizing research results in the related field from the last decade.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-07-07","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76847196","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This policy brief examines the concept of a ‘Living Wage’ and its place in European political discourse. A Living wage is commonly understood as a needs-based estimate of the funds necessary for provision of basic goods for a worker and his/her family. Although the idea has seen a resurgence following the launch of the European Pillar of social rights, there is still no widely accepted conceptualization of it, or its relationship with statutory minimum wages now in place in many countries. The Briefing shows that minimum wages, particularly in Eastern EU countries, are often insufficient to cover the actual living costs of workers, even with very minimal conception of what these are.
{"title":"Living Wage a Relevant Topic for Europe","authors":"B. Fabo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3211830","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3211830","url":null,"abstract":"This policy brief examines the concept of a ‘Living Wage’ and its place in European political discourse. A Living wage is commonly understood as a needs-based estimate of the funds necessary for provision of basic goods for a worker and his/her family. Although the idea has seen a resurgence following the launch of the European Pillar of social rights, there is still no widely accepted conceptualization of it, or its relationship with statutory minimum wages now in place in many countries. The Briefing shows that minimum wages, particularly in Eastern EU countries, are often insufficient to cover the actual living costs of workers, even with very minimal conception of what these are.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-06-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77805816","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The paper focuses on examining the role of blue industries in the national economies of Estonia and Finland as two neighbouring countries that have a sea border. We exploit the Input-Output (I-O) methodology to analyse inter-industry linkages relying on the OECD I-O tables. The OECD database comprises information on 34 sectors of the national economy over the period 1995–2011. The results of the analysis show that despite rather weak overall backward and forward linkages of aggregated blue industries within the national economies, they play a remarkable role in the economic activities of maritime regions, and to a large extent drive the economic success of Estonian and Finnish regional and national economies in generating new growth and employment. The weak backward and forward linkages indicate that negative dynamics within the blue economy yield rather weak negative externalities for the overall economy, and by contrast, if the national economy as a whole is suffering under a crisis, the potential impact on industries is not particularly remarkable. These findings suggest that blue industries are relatively independent within national economies having a remarkable role in socio-economic development of maritime regions, and thereby, create good preconditions for the stable development of cross-border cooperation between the maritime regions of both countries.
{"title":"The Input-Output Analysis of Blue Industries: Comparative Study of Estonia and Finland","authors":"Gaygysyz Ashyrov, T. Paas, Maryna Tverdostup","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3176955","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3176955","url":null,"abstract":"The paper focuses on examining the role of blue industries in the national economies of Estonia and Finland as two neighbouring countries that have a sea border. We exploit the Input-Output (I-O) methodology to analyse inter-industry linkages relying on the OECD I-O tables. The OECD database comprises information on 34 sectors of the national economy over the period 1995–2011. The results of the analysis show that despite rather weak overall backward and forward linkages of aggregated blue industries within the national economies, they play a remarkable role in the economic activities of maritime regions, and to a large extent drive the economic success of Estonian and Finnish regional and national economies in generating new growth and employment. The weak backward and forward linkages indicate that negative dynamics within the blue economy yield rather weak negative externalities for the overall economy, and by contrast, if the national economy as a whole is suffering under a crisis, the potential impact on industries is not particularly remarkable. These findings suggest that blue industries are relatively independent within national economies having a remarkable role in socio-economic development of maritime regions, and thereby, create good preconditions for the stable development of cross-border cooperation between the maritime regions of both countries.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-11","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85666266","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The article reviews the dramatic changes of Moscow аnd Russian tourist market in 2017 and describes the possible development of the tourist business in 2018.
文章回顾了2017年莫斯科和俄罗斯旅游市场的巨大变化，并描述了2018年旅游业务可能的发展。
{"title":"Russian Tourist Market in 2017. Results and Prospects","authors":"A. Glagolev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3175169","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3175169","url":null,"abstract":"The article reviews the dramatic changes of Moscow аnd Russian tourist market in 2017 and describes the possible development of the tourist business in 2018.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-05-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72590617","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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