Abstract This paper investigates the contemporaneous effect of conflict on civilians living outside of the conflict zone. Applying a multi-dimensional concept of well-being, it uses two large household surveys over 2012–2016 to analyze how the Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war affected the financial well-being and health of people in both countries. We find that the conflict significantly worsened financial well-being in both countries. The impact mostly operates by worsening expectations about financial well-being and is inversely related to the distance from the conflict zone. Our analysis indicates an increase in chronic diseases in Ukraine over a longer period. Mental health is negatively impacted in both countries at the earlier stages of the conflict. However, in Russia this effect is significant only in the region bordering the conflict zone, while in Ukraine it is significant in regions farther away from the conflict zone.
{"title":"Conflict and Well-Being of Civilians: The Case of Russian-Ukrainian Hybrid War","authors":"Maryna Osiichuk, Oleksandr Shepotylo","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3102215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3102215","url":null,"abstract":"Abstract This paper investigates the contemporaneous effect of conflict on civilians living outside of the conflict zone. Applying a multi-dimensional concept of well-being, it uses two large household surveys over 2012–2016 to analyze how the Russian-Ukrainian hybrid war affected the financial well-being and health of people in both countries. We find that the conflict significantly worsened financial well-being in both countries. The impact mostly operates by worsening expectations about financial well-being and is inversely related to the distance from the conflict zone. Our analysis indicates an increase in chronic diseases in Ukraine over a longer period. Mental health is negatively impacted in both countries at the earlier stages of the conflict. However, in Russia this effect is significant only in the region bordering the conflict zone, while in Ukraine it is significant in regions farther away from the conflict zone.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78975768","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Rita Almeida, Carlos Henrique Leite Corseuil, J. Poole
Between 1999 and 2006, Brazilian cities experienced strong growth in the provision of internet services, driven in part by the privatization of the telecommunications industry. A main concern of policymakers is that digital technology replaces routine, manual tasks, displacing lower-skilled workers. In Brazil, stringent labor market institutions exist to protect workers from such shocks, but by increasing labor costs, labor policy may also constrain firms from adjusting the workforce and fully benefiting from technology adoption. We show that digital technology adoption shifted the demand for skills toward an increased use of non-routine and cognitive tasks. Furthermore, and in contrast with labor policy intentions, we show that de facto labor market regulations differentially benefit the most skilled workers, particularly those workers employed in non-routine and cognitive tasks. Our results point to important changes in the future of labor markets in middle-income settings and warn for distortive and unintended consequences of labor market policies.
{"title":"The Impact of Digital Technologies on Worker Tasks: Do Labor Policies Matter?","authors":"Rita Almeida, Carlos Henrique Leite Corseuil, J. Poole","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3123622","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3123622","url":null,"abstract":"Between 1999 and 2006, Brazilian cities experienced strong growth in the provision of internet services, driven in part by the privatization of the telecommunications industry. A main concern of policymakers is that digital technology replaces routine, manual tasks, displacing lower-skilled workers. In Brazil, stringent labor market institutions exist to protect workers from such shocks, but by increasing labor costs, labor policy may also constrain firms from adjusting the workforce and fully benefiting from technology adoption. We show that digital technology adoption shifted the demand for skills toward an increased use of non-routine and cognitive tasks. Furthermore, and in contrast with labor policy intentions, we show that de facto labor market regulations differentially benefit the most skilled workers, particularly those workers employed in non-routine and cognitive tasks. Our results point to important changes in the future of labor markets in middle-income settings and warn for distortive and unintended consequences of labor market policies.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-01-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77859998","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Bulgarian Abstract: Настоящата публикация разглежда възможностите за подобряване на работата на институциите на пазара на труда чрез прилгането на процесен модел, разработен въз основа на предварителни измервания на времето на основните процеси и дейностите в българските служби за заетост, както и експертни становища за стандартизация на тези процеси. Представянето се фокусира върху процеса на регистрация, като пример за моделиране и определяне на необходимия капацитет. В заключение се обосновава рационалното вземане на правилни решения, които са подкрепени с достатъчно информация и анализ. English Abstract: The paper discusses the opportunities for improvement of the work in the institutions on labor market through the application of a process model developed on the basis of preliminary measurements of time for the main processes and activities in labor market offices in Bulgaria, collection of experts’ opinion and standardization. The presentation is focused on the process of registration as an example of the modelling and determination of necessary capacities. The conclusions underline the importance of the rational decision making substantiated by profound information and analyses.
{"title":"Усъвършенстване на работата на институциите на пазара на труда чрез прилагане на процесен модел (Improvement in the Work of the Institutions on Labor Market Through a Process Model)","authors":"Venelin Terziev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3143030","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3143030","url":null,"abstract":"Bulgarian Abstract: Настоящата публикация разглежда възможностите за подобряване на работата на институциите на пазара на труда чрез прилгането на процесен модел, разработен въз основа на предварителни измервания на времето на основните процеси и дейностите в българските служби за заетост, както и експертни становища за стандартизация на тези процеси. Представянето се фокусира върху процеса на регистрация, като пример за моделиране и определяне на необходимия капацитет. В заключение се обосновава рационалното вземане на правилни решения, които са подкрепени с достатъчно информация и анализ. \u0000English Abstract: The paper discusses the opportunities for improvement of the work in the institutions on labor market through the application of a process model developed on the basis of preliminary measurements of time for the main processes and activities in labor market offices in Bulgaria, collection of experts’ opinion and standardization. The presentation is focused on the process of registration as an example of the modelling and determination of necessary capacities. The conclusions underline the importance of the rational decision making substantiated by profound information and analyses.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87853282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper investigates the impacts of institutions on the performances of enterprises in Vietnam. The result obtained from the quantitative research method shows that the criteria on institutions do affect the performances of enterprises in Vietnam; while some criteria have positive impacts, others negatively affect them. Moreover, the improvement in the quality of economic institutions will lead to the differences in the performances among different types of enterprises. More specifically, improving economic institutional quality will result in higher increases in the revenues and added values of state-owned enterprises than those of FDI enterprises. Similarly, the improvement also leads to the higher increase in private enterprises' revenues but lower increases in their added values and added value ratios compared to those of FDI enterprises. However, there is no difference in the impact of institutional quality improvement on the before-tax earnings of different types of enterprises. Based on the research's result, the paper proposes some suggestions to improve the quality of economic institutions, and thus improve enterprises' performances and success, on all three aspects including "rules", "players" and "implementation procedures".
{"title":"Impacts of Institutions on the Performances of Enterprises in Vietnam","authors":"Mai Phuong Chu Thi","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3104490","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3104490","url":null,"abstract":"This paper investigates the impacts of institutions on the performances of enterprises in Vietnam. The result obtained from the quantitative research method shows that the criteria on institutions do affect the performances of enterprises in Vietnam; while some criteria have positive impacts, others negatively affect them. Moreover, the improvement in the quality of economic institutions will lead to the differences in the performances among different types of enterprises. More specifically, improving economic institutional quality will result in higher increases in the revenues and added values of state-owned enterprises than those of FDI enterprises. Similarly, the improvement also leads to the higher increase in private enterprises' revenues but lower increases in their added values and added value ratios compared to those of FDI enterprises. However, there is no difference in the impact of institutional quality improvement on the before-tax earnings of different types of enterprises. Based on the research's result, the paper proposes some suggestions to improve the quality of economic institutions, and thus improve enterprises' performances and success, on all three aspects including \"rules\", \"players\" and \"implementation procedures\".","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91526753","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper models pre-invention-insight research effort and explores the proposition that competition among potential inventors, who can freely enter into the discovery process and who freely share their ideas without taking intellectual property as they strive to discover invention insights, increases research effort above what would occur without the free sharing of ideas, hence stimulating invention and ultimately innovation. Given an idealized dichotomy between pre-invention-insight research and investment in research and development (R&D), the proposition is shown to be true. Although it is also shown that the proposition is not necessarily true given realistic overlapping of R&D investment with the search for invention insight, historical evidence suggests that the idealized dichotomy may be a sufficiently accurate description to allow the proposition to provide good guidance for public policy toward intellectual property in scientific findings.
{"title":"Intellectual Property, Competition, and Science versus Technology","authors":"John T. Scott, T. J. Scott","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3077524","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3077524","url":null,"abstract":"This paper models pre-invention-insight research effort and explores the proposition that competition among potential inventors, who can freely enter into the discovery process and who freely share their ideas without taking intellectual property as they strive to discover invention insights, increases research effort above what would occur without the free sharing of ideas, hence stimulating invention and ultimately innovation. Given an idealized dichotomy between pre-invention-insight research and investment in research and development (R&D), the proposition is shown to be true. Although it is also shown that the proposition is not necessarily true given realistic overlapping of R&D investment with the search for invention insight, historical evidence suggests that the idealized dichotomy may be a sufficiently accurate description to allow the proposition to provide good guidance for public policy toward intellectual property in scientific findings.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-11-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87225885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: Мировой экономический кризис показал ограниченность роста российской экономики, базирующегося на благоприятной конъюнктуре мирового рынка энергосырьевых ресурсов, и актуализировал задачу формирования модели устойчивого развития экономики, основу которой составляет инновационная деятельность. English Abstract: The global economic crisis has shown the limited growth of the Russian economy, based on a favorable conjuncture of the world market energy resources, and actualized the task of forming a model of sustainable The development of the economy, the basis of which is innovation activity.
{"title":"Драйверы Инновационной Деятельности в Условиях Внешней Нестабильности (Drivers of Innovative Activity in the Conditions of External Instability)","authors":"Raisa Fedosova","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3046981","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3046981","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Мировой экономический кризис показал ограниченность роста российской экономики, базирующегося на благоприятной конъюнктуре мирового рынка энергосырьевых ресурсов, и актуализировал задачу формирования модели устойчивого развития экономики, основу которой составляет инновационная деятельность. <b>English Abstract:</b> The global economic crisis has shown the limited growth of the Russian economy, based on a favorable conjuncture of the world market energy resources, and actualized the task of forming a model of sustainable The development of the economy, the basis of which is innovation activity.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87388864","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The purpose of the article is to deepen theoretical and methodological provisions and to develop tools for ensuring the quality of labor potential of industrial enterprises. It was established that the basis of the development of tools for quality assurance of labor potential (within the framework of the development of industrial enterprises) lies the system of goals of managerial diagnostics of an industrial enterprise, which includes such key diagnostic objectives as: 1) diagnostics of the effectiveness of controlling the internal business processes of the enterprise; 2) diagnostics of the effectiveness of the typical organizational structure of enterprise management; 3) diagnostics of the efficiency of standardization of the work of linear and functional managers and specialists at the enterprise; 4) diagnostics of the enterprise in the areas of vocational education, labor activity and motivation, innovation work and social development; 5) diagnostics of management policies in the areas of social responsibility, information security and labor protection; 6) diagnostics of the level of conflict in the team at the enterprise 7) diagnosis of the effectiveness of the use of information technology in the management of the enterprise. It was determined that effective management of the quality of labor potential of the personnel (on the basis of its objective assessment) is one of the key conditions that determines the success of industrial enterprises. The prospect of further research in this direction is improving the system of diagnostics and planning of reserves for improving the quality of labor potential of an industrial enterprise in crisis conditions.
{"title":"Розробка інструментарію для забезпечення якості трудового потенціалу промислових підприємств (Development of Tools for Ensuring the Quality of Labor Potential of Industrial Enterprises)","authors":"R. Skrynkovskyy, Grzegorz Pawlowski, Liliia Sytar","doi":"10.22178/POS.26-8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.22178/POS.26-8","url":null,"abstract":"The purpose of the article is to deepen theoretical and methodological provisions and to develop tools for ensuring the quality of labor potential of industrial enterprises. It was established that the basis of the development of tools for quality assurance of labor potential (within the framework of the development of industrial enterprises) lies the system of goals of managerial diagnostics of an industrial enterprise, which includes such key diagnostic objectives as: 1) diagnostics of the effectiveness of controlling the internal business processes of the enterprise; 2) diagnostics of the effectiveness of the typical organizational structure of enterprise management; 3) diagnostics of the efficiency of standardization of the work of linear and functional managers and specialists at the enterprise; 4) diagnostics of the enterprise in the areas of vocational education, labor activity and motivation, innovation work and social development; 5) diagnostics of management policies in the areas of social responsibility, information security and labor protection; 6) diagnostics of the level of conflict in the team at the enterprise 7) diagnosis of the effectiveness of the use of information technology in the management of the enterprise. It was determined that effective management of the quality of labor potential of the personnel (on the basis of its objective assessment) is one of the key conditions that determines the success of industrial enterprises. The prospect of further research in this direction is improving the system of diagnostics and planning of reserves for improving the quality of labor potential of an industrial enterprise in crisis conditions.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79055677","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-09-18DOI: 10.1051/METROLOGY/201709007
W. Fisher
The vital roles of common languages, metrics, and standards in team-based innovation are well established. The historical success of science has depended extensively on mathematically rigorous, theoretically explained, experimentally evaluated, and socially distributed communications networks comprised of metrologically traceable measuring instruments. Recent descriptions of practical and theoretical correspondences between metrology and psychometrics extend scientific model-based reasoning into education and other fields. Realizing psychometrics’ metrological potentials requires attending to interrelated ethical, technical, and social issues. First, measurement must embody the ethics of the Golden Rule in support of compassionate and tolerant comparisons. Technically, effective measurement systems involve (a) invariant units, with known uncertainties, (b) scientific laws modelling substantive relationships in the world, (c) hypotheses experimentally tested against data, (d) explanatory theories providing predictive control over the construct, and (e) methods for ensuring traceability to the standard unit. But to be effective, measurement systems incorporating these features will need to be situated in a larger social context cognizant of needs for the relevant standards bodies, educational programs and textbooks, professional societies, legal and regulatory oversight, accounting and economic applications, etc. Paraphrasing Rasch, the challenges are huge, but having formulated the problem, human ingenuity will likely find a way to solve it.
{"title":"Metrology, Psychometrics, and New Horizons for Innovation","authors":"W. Fisher","doi":"10.1051/METROLOGY/201709007","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1051/METROLOGY/201709007","url":null,"abstract":"The vital roles of common languages, metrics, and standards in team-based innovation are well established. The historical success of science has depended extensively on mathematically rigorous, theoretically explained, experimentally evaluated, and socially distributed communications networks comprised of metrologically traceable measuring instruments. Recent descriptions of practical and theoretical correspondences between metrology and psychometrics extend scientific model-based reasoning into education and other fields. Realizing psychometrics’ metrological potentials requires attending to interrelated ethical, technical, and social issues. First, measurement must embody the ethics of the Golden Rule in support of compassionate and tolerant comparisons. Technically, effective measurement systems involve (a) invariant units, with known uncertainties, (b) scientific laws modelling substantive relationships in the world, (c) hypotheses experimentally tested against data, (d) explanatory theories providing predictive control over the construct, and (e) methods for ensuring traceability to the standard unit. But to be effective, measurement systems incorporating these features will need to be situated in a larger social context cognizant of needs for the relevant standards bodies, educational programs and textbooks, professional societies, legal and regulatory oversight, accounting and economic applications, etc. Paraphrasing Rasch, the challenges are huge, but having formulated the problem, human ingenuity will likely find a way to solve it.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-18","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83959259","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Russian Abstract: Несмотря на эти и другие изменения, которые осуществляются в рамках действующей политической и экономической парадигмы, ее изменение с начала реформ в 90-е годы ставит вопрос об основных шагах перехода и особенностей самого переходного этапа. Може быть менее драматичным оказывается переход, связанный с возвратом демократических гражданских прав. В Законе о защите при безработице и стимулов для занятости с 1997 г., а перед этим и в новой Конституции Республики Болгарии, принятая в 1991 г., нормативно установлено право граждан самостоятельно распоряжаться своей способностью работать без всякого принуждения. Но в экономическом плане эта трансформация оказывается очень драматичной. С одной стороны, много работников остаются «привязанными» к предприятиям с различными неденежными рычагами (жилище, детские сады и т.д.), с сохраненным институтом адресной регистрации, с отсуствием жилищного рынка и т.д. Потеря работы или ее смена означает одновременно потерю существенного социального обеспечения. С другой стороны, перераспределение экономической ответственности между гражданами и государством приводит к устранению обязанности государства гарантировать обеспечение работы для граждан. Последнее невозможно из-за выравнивания баланса между правами и обязанностями работника и работодателя. English Abstract: Despite these and other changes that are being implemented within the framework of the current political and economic paradigm, its change from the beginning of reforms in the 1990s raises the question of the main steps of transition and the characteristics of the transition stage itself. The transition, connected with the return of democratic civil rights, can be less dramatic. In the Unemployment Protection Act and incentives for employment, since 1997, and before this and in the new Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, adopted in 1991, the right of citizens to independently dispose of their ability to work without any coercion is normatively established. But economically, this transformation is very dramatic. On the one hand, many employees remain "attached" to enterprises with various non-monetary levers (housing, kindergartens, etc.), with a preserved institution of targeted registration, with no housing market, etc. The loss of work or its replacement means at the same time the loss of substantial social security. On the other hand, the redistribution of economic responsibility between citizens and the state leads to the elimination of the state's obligation to guarantee the provision of work for citizens. The latter is impossible because of the equalization of the balance between the rights and duties of the employee and the employer.
{"title":"Политики для воздействия и анализ состояния на рынок труда (Policies for Impact and Analysis of Status for the Labor Market)","authors":"Venelin Terziev, V. Banabakova, Marin Georgiev","doi":"10.2139/ssrn.3143043","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.2139/ssrn.3143043","url":null,"abstract":"<b>Russian Abstract:</b> Несмотря на эти и другие изменения, которые осуществляются в рамках действующей политической и экономической парадигмы, ее изменение с начала реформ в 90-е годы ставит вопрос об основных шагах перехода и особенностей самого переходного этапа. Може быть менее драматичным оказывается переход, связанный с возвратом демократических гражданских прав. В Законе о защите при безработице и стимулов для занятости с 1997 г., а перед этим и в новой Конституции Республики Болгарии, принятая в 1991 г., нормативно установлено право граждан самостоятельно распоряжаться своей способностью работать без всякого принуждения. Но в экономическом плане эта трансформация оказывается очень драматичной. С одной стороны, много работников остаются «привязанными» к предприятиям с различными неденежными рычагами (жилище, детские сады и т.д.), с сохраненным институтом адресной регистрации, с отсуствием жилищного рынка и т.д. Потеря работы или ее смена означает одновременно потерю существенного социального обеспечения. С другой стороны, перераспределение экономической ответственности между гражданами и государством приводит к устранению обязанности государства гарантировать обеспечение работы для граждан. Последнее невозможно из-за выравнивания баланса между правами и обязанностями работника и работодателя. <b>English Abstract:</b> Despite these and other changes that are being implemented within the framework of the current political and economic paradigm, its change from the beginning of reforms in the 1990s raises the question of the main steps of transition and the characteristics of the transition stage itself. The transition, connected with the return of democratic civil rights, can be less dramatic. In the Unemployment Protection Act and incentives for employment, since 1997, and before this and in the new Constitution of the Republic of Bulgaria, adopted in 1991, the right of citizens to independently dispose of their ability to work without any coercion is normatively established. But economically, this transformation is very dramatic. On the one hand, many employees remain \"attached\" to enterprises with various non-monetary levers (housing, kindergartens, etc.), with a preserved institution of targeted registration, with no housing market, etc. The loss of work or its replacement means at the same time the loss of substantial social security. On the other hand, the redistribution of economic responsibility between citizens and the state leads to the elimination of the state's obligation to guarantee the provision of work for citizens. The latter is impossible because of the equalization of the balance between the rights and duties of the employee and the employer.","PeriodicalId":13677,"journal":{"name":"Institutions & Transition Economics: Microeconomic Issues eJournal","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-09-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90839655","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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