"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention."
{"title":"The Question of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles Straits","authors":"Cezar Cucoș","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.5","url":null,"abstract":"\"The struggle for control of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles, strategic access points on the only waterway between the Black Sea and the oceans of the world, has a long history. It has become even topical in the modern age, as an effect of the increase in economic power and the expansionist tendencies of some states, bearing the imprint of the flourishing or decline of some empires whose fate depended on the strategic situation at the junction of Europe and Asia. However, 86 years ago, in a conciliatory setting, a diplomatic instrument was signed in Montreux, emblematic in the evolution of international law, based on a real spirit of harmonization of political, economic and military interests, which authorized the transit of ships and aircraft through the area of the Bosporus and the Dardanelles straits. Still in force today, the Montreux Convention signed on 20 July 1936, which put Ankara in possession of the keys to the straits, is one of the long-lasting international agreements, limiting the number and tonnage of vessels and, in the case of warships, the duration of their presence in the area, a fact that, in the almost nine decades, has produced effects on the interests of some states, be they Black Sea littoral states or not. The current war in Ukraine, launched on 24 February 2022, brings back in the diplomatic debates the document whose articles relating to the conflict situation have not been invoked since the end of the Second World War, although, over time, interested parties have strongly advocated for the revision of the Montreux Convention.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133644654","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper presents Romania’s strategic position on the main European security programmes reflected and accepted at EU level, as well as a brief assessment of EU officials towards Romania and the concrete actions through which Romania decided to align with EU’s security and defence standards. It discusses the main strategic objectives of Romania and the European Union, actions and measures to promote European cohesion in terms of security, but also other study elements, and research in the direction of national and international security.
{"title":"Romania in the European Cohesion Context","authors":"Ioana Nica, D. Dumitru","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.15","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.15","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents Romania’s strategic position on the main European security programmes reflected and accepted at EU level, as well as a brief assessment of EU officials towards Romania and the concrete actions through which Romania decided to align with EU’s security and defence standards. It discusses the main strategic objectives of Romania and the European Union, actions and measures to promote European cohesion in terms of security, but also other study elements, and research in the direction of national and international security.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128255558","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Observing the evolution of military actions in the Ukraine conflict, one feels the need to capitalise on the lessons identified as a result of the innovative ways of applying the principles of military art, in the conditions of real war. Thus, within this approach, I set out to identify how the evolution of the conflict in Ukraine influenced military art in general. In essence, this approach is a corollary of the results obtained as a personal contribution to the development of knowledge in the field of military sciences. Analysing the existing situation, following evaluations of the potential national response capabilities in the event of an armed conflict in the vicinity of the Black Sea, I identified didactic ways to update the doctrinal contents. The didactic approach was based on the handiest research validation tool, the war game, by testing some tactical scenarios, experienced in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. From a didactic point of view, the result was useful for updating the analytical programs in the master’s degree programs, however, the benefit from this research comes from the action-structural field, regarding the ways of responding in the maritime environment with existing capabilities or identifying the capability requirements, emphasising the importance of military services and branches cooperation during the joint coastal defence operation."
{"title":"The Impact of the Conflict in Ukraine on the Development of the Higher University Military Education Process – Adapting Maritime Operational Art to the Dynamics of Modern Military Actions –","authors":"Lucian valeriu Scipanov","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.16","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.16","url":null,"abstract":"\"Observing the evolution of military actions in the Ukraine conflict, one feels the need to capitalise on the lessons identified as a result of the innovative ways of applying the principles of military art, in the conditions of real war. Thus, within this approach, I set out to identify how the evolution of the conflict in Ukraine influenced military art in general. In essence, this approach is a corollary of the results obtained as a personal contribution to the development of knowledge in the field of military sciences. Analysing the existing situation, following evaluations of the potential national response capabilities in the event of an armed conflict in the vicinity of the Black Sea, I identified didactic ways to update the doctrinal contents. The didactic approach was based on the handiest research validation tool, the war game, by testing some tactical scenarios, experienced in the Russian-Ukrainian conflict. From a didactic point of view, the result was useful for updating the analytical programs in the master’s degree programs, however, the benefit from this research comes from the action-structural field, regarding the ways of responding in the maritime environment with existing capabilities or identifying the capability requirements, emphasising the importance of military services and branches cooperation during the joint coastal defence operation.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114555746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The article presents one of the most significant psychological aspects experienced by the military during their operations – ethics and morality. Thus, it dives deeper into the idea of “war psychology”, to then analyse the biggest ethical and moral dilemmas of the military during battle. Far from exhausting the subject, the article wants to draw attention to the fact that, in the end, the military is still human, and in the absence of adequate preparation for combat and adequate post-action psychological support at the end of the conflict, moral wounds can appear, which, most of the time, are as painful and devastating as the physical ones."
{"title":"War Psychology and the Military Moral Dilemmas","authors":"Cristian Dobre","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.17","url":null,"abstract":"\"The article presents one of the most significant psychological aspects experienced by the military during their operations – ethics and morality. Thus, it dives deeper into the idea of “war psychology”, to then analyse the biggest ethical and moral dilemmas of the military during battle. Far from exhausting the subject, the article wants to draw attention to the fact that, in the end, the military is still human, and in the absence of adequate preparation for combat and adequate post-action psychological support at the end of the conflict, moral wounds can appear, which, most of the time, are as painful and devastating as the physical ones.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116514258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"In 1943, the Soviet fleet in the Black Sea was clearly superior to its opponents (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Bulgarians), but there were no major naval confrontations in this theatre of war. In most confrontations, starting in 1941, the Soviet naval forces suffered losses and were forced to retreat. The Romanian intelligence services had data on the organisation of the Soviet fleet, the dispersal, the commanders, the naval constructions and the ways of action. At the end of 1943, when the Red Army was on the offensive and had begun the landing in Crimea, the Romanian-German naval forces started an operation to supply the defenders, and later, in 1944, an evacuation of their own troops. Despite the vulnerabilities, the Soviet fleet did not attack decisively, so the withdrawal by sea was relatively organised and saved more than 120,000 soldiers and civilians."
{"title":"The Soviet Black Sea Fleet (1943) – Organisation, Dispersal, Command –","authors":"A. Spânu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.19","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.19","url":null,"abstract":"\"In 1943, the Soviet fleet in the Black Sea was clearly superior to its opponents (Germans, Italians, Romanians, Bulgarians), but there were no major naval confrontations in this theatre of war. In most confrontations, starting in 1941, the Soviet naval forces suffered losses and were forced to retreat. The Romanian intelligence services had data on the organisation of the Soviet fleet, the dispersal, the commanders, the naval constructions and the ways of action. At the end of 1943, when the Red Army was on the offensive and had begun the landing in Crimea, the Romanian-German naval forces started an operation to supply the defenders, and later, in 1944, an evacuation of their own troops. Despite the vulnerabilities, the Soviet fleet did not attack decisively, so the withdrawal by sea was relatively organised and saved more than 120,000 soldiers and civilians.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125501838","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"This article presents a brief but informative examination of the Kaliningrad region in order to find out the mysteries of a geographical territory that belongs to Northern Europe, but currently represents Russia’s only European trophy after winning the Second World War. The paper contains general elements, as well as data that may seem new, through which the geography and history of the region are analysed in the first part. After understanding the natural state and the secular heritage of this territory, we will portray the policies of the Russian Federation imposed on its exclave, determine whether Kaliningrad is an important commercial actor on the international stage and investigate the evolution of the population from an ethnic, cultural and religious point of view. All these elements described previously represent an essential body of knowledge in our attempt to ultimately determine the importance of the Kaliningrad Oblast as a first-line geopolitical bastion in the eternal East-West confrontation in Europe."
{"title":"General Characteristics of the Kaliningrad Region","authors":"Șerban GRIGORAȘ-STĂNESCU","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.06","url":null,"abstract":"\"This article presents a brief but informative examination of the Kaliningrad region in order to find out the mysteries of a geographical territory that belongs to Northern Europe, but currently represents Russia’s only European trophy after winning the Second World War. The paper contains general elements, as well as data that may seem new, through which the geography and history of the region are analysed in the first part. After understanding the natural state and the secular heritage of this territory, we will portray the policies of the Russian Federation imposed on its exclave, determine whether Kaliningrad is an important commercial actor on the international stage and investigate the evolution of the population from an ethnic, cultural and religious point of view. All these elements described previously represent an essential body of knowledge in our attempt to ultimately determine the importance of the Kaliningrad Oblast as a first-line geopolitical bastion in the eternal East-West confrontation in Europe.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116791886","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Joint missions, exercises and deployments have shown that it is crucial to continuously coordinate processes, training, documents and technologies on a multinational basis. Interoperability on the battlefield, be it on land, in the air, in space, at sea and in the cyber and information space, can often be achieved only after many years of technical and procedural preparation. Time that is no longer available when establishing concrete mission networks, as the war in Ukraine is currently showing us. With Federated Mission Networking (FMN), a framework was created and established that allows a significant reduction in this lead time and at the same time a certain degree of national autonomy in the choice of individual communications and information technology solutions."
{"title":"Achieving Interoperability in a Federated Environment and in the Current Security Context","authors":"Doina Ilie","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.12","url":null,"abstract":"\"Joint missions, exercises and deployments have shown that it is crucial to continuously coordinate processes, training, documents and technologies on a multinational basis. Interoperability on the battlefield, be it on land, in the air, in space, at sea and in the cyber and information space, can often be achieved only after many years of technical and procedural preparation. Time that is no longer available when establishing concrete mission networks, as the war in Ukraine is currently showing us. With Federated Mission Networking (FMN), a framework was created and established that allows a significant reduction in this lead time and at the same time a certain degree of national autonomy in the choice of individual communications and information technology solutions.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"117259403","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Starting with the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, humanity is experiencing a new societal type, the information society. The emergence of computers, the Internet, digital information, artificial intelligence and digital devices with the ability to automatically process information, work autonomously, or even form networks with other devices, cyber and virtual space and so on have led to a technological explosion and the digitalization of societies. Under these circumstances, the digitalization and virtualization of many human activities and relationships in all societal domains constitutes a postmodern “game changer” of societies. Consequently, digitalization has major repercussions at the level of security and the international security environment. We are witnessing a transition from the nuclear century to the digital century, through the emergence of a new type of human confrontation, the digital confrontation. This new type of confrontation manifests itself both in virtual space, through what we so often hear as cyber war, and in real space, through digitalization of defence and the battlefield. Thus, if the security environment of the 20th century was characterized by globalization under the auspices of the nuclear threat, is it appropriate to consider that the 21st century will be characterized by de-globalization under the auspices of the digital threat?"
{"title":"The Digital Century and Its Implications on the International Security Environment. Digital Confrontations in Cyber Space and Real Space","authors":"Paul Mândraș","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.03","url":null,"abstract":"\"Starting with the end of the 20th century and the beginning of the 21st century, humanity is experiencing a new societal type, the information society. The emergence of computers, the Internet, digital information, artificial intelligence and digital devices with the ability to automatically process information, work autonomously, or even form networks with other devices, cyber and virtual space and so on have led to a technological explosion and the digitalization of societies. Under these circumstances, the digitalization and virtualization of many human activities and relationships in all societal domains constitutes a postmodern “game changer” of societies. Consequently, digitalization has major repercussions at the level of security and the international security environment. We are witnessing a transition from the nuclear century to the digital century, through the emergence of a new type of human confrontation, the digital confrontation. This new type of confrontation manifests itself both in virtual space, through what we so often hear as cyber war, and in real space, through digitalization of defence and the battlefield. Thus, if the security environment of the 20th century was characterized by globalization under the auspices of the nuclear threat, is it appropriate to consider that the 21st century will be characterized by de-globalization under the auspices of the digital threat?\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125637430","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"This article is an overview of the international strategic context in the next 20 years, designed to guide the work of international security organizations in achieving/consolidating regional and global security. The analysis is based on the work of international organizations as sound judgments on different alternative strategies that focus on the challenges of the most likely future themes. According to the assessment, the period up to 2040 will be a period of transition, characterized by instability, both in the relations between states and in the relations between groups within states. The world is likely to continue to face the reality of a changing climate, rapid population growth, resource scarcity, resurgence of ideologies, and above all, shifts in global power from West to East. No state, group or individual can face these challenges in isolation, only collective responses will be adequate. Therefore, the struggle to establish an effective system of global governance capable of meeting these challenges will continue to be a central theme of the age. Globalization, global inequality, climate change and technological innovation will affect the lives of everyone on the planet. There will be a constant tension between greater interdependence between states, groups and individuals, and increased competition between them. Dependence on complex global systems, such as global supply chains for resources, is likely to increase the risk of systemic problems."
{"title":"Strategic Trends of International Security Organizations to Achieve/Consolidate Regional and Global Security","authors":"Alexandru Eparu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.14","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.14","url":null,"abstract":"\"This article is an overview of the international strategic context in the next 20 years, designed to guide the work of international security organizations in achieving/consolidating regional and global security. The analysis is based on the work of international organizations as sound judgments on different alternative strategies that focus on the challenges of the most likely future themes. According to the assessment, the period up to 2040 will be a period of transition, characterized by instability, both in the relations between states and in the relations between groups within states. The world is likely to continue to face the reality of a changing climate, rapid population growth, resource scarcity, resurgence of ideologies, and above all, shifts in global power from West to East. No state, group or individual can face these challenges in isolation, only collective responses will be adequate. Therefore, the struggle to establish an effective system of global governance capable of meeting these challenges will continue to be a central theme of the age. Globalization, global inequality, climate change and technological innovation will affect the lives of everyone on the planet. There will be a constant tension between greater interdependence between states, groups and individuals, and increased competition between them. Dependence on complex global systems, such as global supply chains for resources, is likely to increase the risk of systemic problems.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127118253","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Starting the study from the theory of the Heartland, drawn up by Halford John Mackinder, according to which who rules Eastern Europe rules the world, we identify the geopolitical importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus. The region imaginarily bordered to the North by the Baltic Sea and to the South by the Black Sea has been a hotspot throughout history. Thus, the strategic importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the conflicting interests in the region are the current reasons for the confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West. The illegal aggression of the Russian state in Kyiv confirms the hypothesis that Moscow is the main threat to the security and territorial integrity of the states of the Ponto-Baltic region. In this respect, to become aware of the regional geopolitical realities, in the first part of the research both the geographical coordinates of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the historical coordinates stated at the national level will be outlined, in keeping with the writings of scholars such as Simion Mehedinți and Nicolae Iorga. Afterwards, the strategy of the Russian Federation in the region will be analysed, in relation to the permanent fuelling of conflicts on the territory of states that pursue their Euro-Atlantic vision. Romania’s role in the Ponto-Baltic region will also be identified, through its status of a regional pivot and a relevant actor in the process of consolidating NATO’s eastern flank. The research will be the result of the cross-use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, for an in-depth approach to the subject under study."
“我们从哈尔福德·约翰·麦金德(Halford John Mackinder)提出的‘心脏地带’理论开始研究，根据该理论，谁统治东欧谁统治世界，我们确定了本-波罗的海地峡的地缘政治重要性。这个假想中的北临波罗的海、南临黑海的地区在历史上一直是一个热点。因此，本-波罗的海地峡的战略重要性和该地区的利益冲突是目前俄罗斯联邦与西方对抗的原因。俄罗斯国家对基辅的非法侵略证实了这样一种假设，即莫斯科是对本-波罗的海地区各国安全和领土完整的主要威胁。在这方面，为了了解区域地缘政治现实，在研究的第一部分，将根据Simion Mehedinți和Nicolae Iorga等学者的著作，概述本-波罗的海地峡的地理坐标和国家一级所述的历史坐标。随后，将分析俄罗斯联邦在该地区的战略，分析其在追求欧洲-大西洋愿景的国家领土上不断加剧冲突的问题。罗马尼亚在本-波罗的海地区的作用也将通过其在巩固北约东翼过程中的区域枢纽和相关行动者的地位来确定。这项研究将是交叉使用定量和定性方法的结果，以便深入研究所研究的问题。”
{"title":"Geopolitical Configurations on the Ponto-Baltic Isthmus in the Context of the Aggression in Ukraine","authors":"Andreea-Amalia Stănică","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.4.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.4.09","url":null,"abstract":"\"Starting the study from the theory of the Heartland, drawn up by Halford John Mackinder, according to which who rules Eastern Europe rules the world, we identify the geopolitical importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus. The region imaginarily bordered to the North by the Baltic Sea and to the South by the Black Sea has been a hotspot throughout history. Thus, the strategic importance of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the conflicting interests in the region are the current reasons for the confrontation between the Russian Federation and the West. The illegal aggression of the Russian state in Kyiv confirms the hypothesis that Moscow is the main threat to the security and territorial integrity of the states of the Ponto-Baltic region. In this respect, to become aware of the regional geopolitical realities, in the first part of the research both the geographical coordinates of the Ponto-Baltic isthmus and the historical coordinates stated at the national level will be outlined, in keeping with the writings of scholars such as Simion Mehedinți and Nicolae Iorga. Afterwards, the strategy of the Russian Federation in the region will be analysed, in relation to the permanent fuelling of conflicts on the territory of states that pursue their Euro-Atlantic vision. Romania’s role in the Ponto-Baltic region will also be identified, through its status of a regional pivot and a relevant actor in the process of consolidating NATO’s eastern flank. The research will be the result of the cross-use of quantitative and qualitative methodologies, for an in-depth approach to the subject under study.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133122271","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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