"The military measures established by the Paris Peace Treaty of 10 February 1947 considerably diminished the Romanian Armed Forces combat capacity. The international diplomatic document stipulated that the armed forces should not exceed 138,000 troops, the number of military aircraft was reduced to 150, of which 100 were fighter jets, and the Navy was forbidden to have submarines and torpedoes in the inventory. Moreover, the Navy could be staffed with a maximum of 5,000 people, and the value of the total tonnage of the ships could not exceed 15,000 TDW. Starting in 1948, the Romanian People’s Republic Armed Forces were reorganised, in compliance with the impositions of the Allied Control Commission (Soviet Party) and the provisions of the Paris Peace Treaty. In this context, the Navy, together with the Navy Command as a higher echelon, had a new organisation, which also took into account the budgetary problems Romania had to face after the Second World War."
{"title":"The State of the Romanian Navy in 1950","authors":"I. Rîşnoveanu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.3.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.3.12","url":null,"abstract":"\"The military measures established by the Paris Peace Treaty of 10 February 1947 considerably diminished the Romanian Armed Forces combat capacity. The international diplomatic document stipulated that the armed forces should not exceed 138,000 troops, the number of military aircraft was reduced to 150, of which 100 were fighter jets, and the Navy was forbidden to have submarines and torpedoes in the inventory. Moreover, the Navy could be staffed with a maximum of 5,000 people, and the value of the total tonnage of the ships could not exceed 15,000 TDW. Starting in 1948, the Romanian People’s Republic Armed Forces were reorganised, in compliance with the impositions of the Allied Control Commission (Soviet Party) and the provisions of the Paris Peace Treaty. In this context, the Navy, together with the Navy Command as a higher echelon, had a new organisation, which also took into account the budgetary problems Romania had to face after the Second World War.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126814651","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The increase in regional instability, generated by the current Russian-Ukrainian conflict as well as the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have highlighted the need for effective governance through the application of tools aimed at providing security to the citizens. The development of technology, which has led to unrestricted access to information, has also created the emergence of new types of threats, such as fake-news, propaganda or disinformation, threats that require punctual, flexible and adaptable methods to counter, diminish or eliminate. A very good knowledge of the specifics of the Romanian people and their perception of security risks is required. Starting from the premise that the mentioned threats have already manifested, resulting in a wrong perception of the population on security risks, a tool that has proven its effectiveness since Antiquity and that can be used by the state, through its institutions, could be represented by strategic communication. This article first addresses the issue of the population’s perception of security risks, then issues related to strategic communication, and as a final research direction, the way in which risk perception can be changed through StratCom."
{"title":"The Role of Strategic Communication in Changing the Population’s Perception of the Risks to National Security","authors":"Georgiana-Daniela Lupulescu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.3.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.3.06","url":null,"abstract":"\"The increase in regional instability, generated by the current Russian-Ukrainian conflict as well as the effects of the Covid-19 pandemic have highlighted the need for effective governance through the application of tools aimed at providing security to the citizens. The development of technology, which has led to unrestricted access to information, has also created the emergence of new types of threats, such as fake-news, propaganda or disinformation, threats that require punctual, flexible and adaptable methods to counter, diminish or eliminate. A very good knowledge of the specifics of the Romanian people and their perception of security risks is required. Starting from the premise that the mentioned threats have already manifested, resulting in a wrong perception of the population on security risks, a tool that has proven its effectiveness since Antiquity and that can be used by the state, through its institutions, could be represented by strategic communication. This article first addresses the issue of the population’s perception of security risks, then issues related to strategic communication, and as a final research direction, the way in which risk perception can be changed through StratCom.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122923048","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The activity of the German Military Mission in Romania in 1940 consisted mainly of training the Romanian armed forces in accordance with the new techniques of war. The efficiency of this military mission was strongly reflected among the Romanian armed forces from the perspective of the Romanian soldier’s training and morale. These defining aspects are addressed in the present article, using the method of historiographical investigation and comparative analysis. The objective historical analysis of Romanian-German relations during the German Military Mission in Romania highlights a legal issue, because between the two countries there were no alliance treaties or military conventions as the legal basis for Romania’s participation alongside Germany in the war, most of the subordination of the Romanian armed forces to the German echelons of command being done by verbal agreement. At the same time, the German Military Mission had a dominant influence on the activities of the General Headquarters and the General Staff, minimising their responsibilities for the design and command of the Romanian armed forces in the theatre of war."
{"title":"Geopolitical Perspectives of the Action of the German Military Mission on Romanian Territory between 1940 and 1941","authors":"Daniela Ștefănescu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.3.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.3.11","url":null,"abstract":"\"The activity of the German Military Mission in Romania in 1940 consisted mainly of training the Romanian armed forces in accordance with the new techniques of war. The efficiency of this military mission was strongly reflected among the Romanian armed forces from the perspective of the Romanian soldier’s training and morale. These defining aspects are addressed in the present article, using the method of historiographical investigation and comparative analysis. The objective historical analysis of Romanian-German relations during the German Military Mission in Romania highlights a legal issue, because between the two countries there were no alliance treaties or military conventions as the legal basis for Romania’s participation alongside Germany in the war, most of the subordination of the Romanian armed forces to the German echelons of command being done by verbal agreement. At the same time, the German Military Mission had a dominant influence on the activities of the General Headquarters and the General Staff, minimising their responsibilities for the design and command of the Romanian armed forces in the theatre of war.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125425448","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Judging from the Russian Federation’s current behavior, its attachment to the Eurasian identity stressed by Zbigniew Brzezinski 25 years ago is still very important. Equally important is projecting its influence to the Eastern NATO Flank to revive its dominance in Europe. For that to happen, logically, the democratic cohesion of the European Union and the dominance of the Euro-Atlantic Military Alliance have to be weakened. This paper aims to analyse the two most recent crises in which the Russian Federation is directly involved and its strategy for dominance – the Ukrainian crisis and the Belarus-EU border crisis. The methods employed by the Russian Federation – fake news and weaponising migration – are representative for the complex insecurity landscape that the democratic countries have to counterbalance. Analysing the degree to which these novel methods of aggression advanced Russian Federation’s interests in the Black Sea would be the central point of the paper. To conduct such an analysis, qualitative methods were predominately used, such as content analysis of primary (official declarations and security briefs) and secondary sources (articles written and opinions expressed in mainstream media regarding the security crises).The conclusion does not aim to be a final one, but rather place the most recent events into the broader perspective of the new security landscape, dominated by complex threats and insecurity sources."
{"title":"Fake news, Refugees and Russian Federation’s Strategy in the Black Sea Region","authors":"Corneliu-Mugurel Cozmanciuc","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.3.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.3.02","url":null,"abstract":"\"Judging from the Russian Federation’s current behavior, its attachment to the Eurasian identity stressed by Zbigniew Brzezinski 25 years ago is still very important. Equally important is projecting its influence to the Eastern NATO Flank to revive its dominance in Europe. For that to happen, logically, the democratic cohesion of the European Union and the dominance of the Euro-Atlantic Military Alliance have to be weakened. This paper aims to analyse the two most recent crises in which the Russian Federation is directly involved and its strategy for dominance – the Ukrainian crisis and the Belarus-EU border crisis. The methods employed by the Russian Federation – fake news and weaponising migration – are representative for the complex insecurity landscape that the democratic countries have to counterbalance. Analysing the degree to which these novel methods of aggression advanced Russian Federation’s interests in the Black Sea would be the central point of the paper. To conduct such an analysis, qualitative methods were predominately used, such as content analysis of primary (official declarations and security briefs) and secondary sources (articles written and opinions expressed in mainstream media regarding the security crises).The conclusion does not aim to be a final one, but rather place the most recent events into the broader perspective of the new security landscape, dominated by complex threats and insecurity sources.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-09-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134351759","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
At the beginning of the 21st century, the People’s Republic of China stands as an emergent global military and nuclear power. The expansion of China’s nuclear arsenal and its capabilities is a primary objective of the state’s defensive efforts, being concurrent with updating China’s overall security strategy. The present paper seeks to provide a glance into Chinese perceptions and concerns for nuclear security and to analyse the key points and developments in the country’s nuclear strategy over the past decade. Ultimately, the paper has as the primary purpose to provide a comprehensive insight into the objectives of China and its nuclear forces and strategy.
{"title":"The Chinese Nuclear Strategy at the Beginning of the 21st Century","authors":"Plamen Bogdanov, M. Marinov","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.2.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.02","url":null,"abstract":"At the beginning of the 21st century, the People’s Republic of China stands as an emergent global military and nuclear power. The expansion of China’s nuclear arsenal and its capabilities is a primary objective of the state’s defensive efforts, being concurrent with updating China’s overall security strategy. The present paper seeks to provide a glance into Chinese perceptions and concerns for nuclear security and to analyse the key points and developments in the country’s nuclear strategy over the past decade. Ultimately, the paper has as the primary purpose to provide a comprehensive insight into the objectives of China and its nuclear forces and strategy.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134640487","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"When defence decision-makers tend to look to the future and set objectives for short, medium and long term, they face uncertainties and try to work around multiple scenarios that differ in relation to various fields. One such field is that of economy. And economy has changed as global economic power has shifted. If global economy has shifted so has defence power. The purpose of this paper is to analyse what economic factors influence long-term defence planning and what decision-makers should try to consider when deciding upon different scenarios. Without rushing to conclusions, we can assume that we live in a highly volatile world, where there is a shift in terms of main global actors. With the evolution of technology, with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, with geopolitical shifts, like the situation in Afghanistan, all of these factors can be monitored under the umbrella of the economic impact that they have. The effects are there for us to study and to conclude on how the world that we will live in tomorrow shapes up and what decision-makers should focus on when it comes to thinking strategically about developing own countries’ defence power."
{"title":"The Economic Factor and Its Role in the Global Shift in Defence Strategy and Power","authors":"V. Dumitrache","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.2.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.07","url":null,"abstract":"\"When defence decision-makers tend to look to the future and set objectives for short, medium and long term, they face uncertainties and try to work around multiple scenarios that differ in relation to various fields. One such field is that of economy. And economy has changed as global economic power has shifted. If global economy has shifted so has defence power. The purpose of this paper is to analyse what economic factors influence long-term defence planning and what decision-makers should try to consider when deciding upon different scenarios. Without rushing to conclusions, we can assume that we live in a highly volatile world, where there is a shift in terms of main global actors. With the evolution of technology, with the impact of the Covid-19 pandemic, with geopolitical shifts, like the situation in Afghanistan, all of these factors can be monitored under the umbrella of the economic impact that they have. The effects are there for us to study and to conclude on how the world that we will live in tomorrow shapes up and what decision-makers should focus on when it comes to thinking strategically about developing own countries’ defence power.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133434455","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"In these times, dominated by accelerated cognitisation and sophisticated automation, rapid development of computers and multiplication of forms of communication, the human factor seems to have a secondary role. From our point of view, this is just an appearance, because the new cognitive instruments do not replace, but mirror and simulate aspects of people’s higher psychic functions, acting as a multiplier for talented, educated and original minds. The concept of Human Performance Optimization (HPO) represents a systematic effort to use the latest technologies and knowledge to achieve the maximum performance of individuals, teams and/or organisations. At the same time, HPO is an ethical way to optimize technological synapse between the forms of artificial and human intelligence."
{"title":"Human Performance Optimization Concept Development and Applications In The Military Field","authors":"C. Dugan, R. Stanciu, C. Vizitiu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.2.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.10","url":null,"abstract":"\"In these times, dominated by accelerated cognitisation and sophisticated automation, rapid development of computers and multiplication of forms of communication, the human factor seems to have a secondary role. From our point of view, this is just an appearance, because the new cognitive instruments do not replace, but mirror and simulate aspects of people’s higher psychic functions, acting as a multiplier for talented, educated and original minds. The concept of Human Performance Optimization (HPO) represents a systematic effort to use the latest technologies and knowledge to achieve the maximum performance of individuals, teams and/or organisations. At the same time, HPO is an ethical way to optimize technological synapse between the forms of artificial and human intelligence.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124527028","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The European political events of the fourth decade of the twentieth century had bad repercussions on Romania’s security system, which led to the intensification of measures to prepare the economy, population and territory for defence so that the Romanian army was able to counter possible aggression on the national territory. Dobrogea was to know, in its turn, the transformations of the Romanian territory defence system: the 9th Infantry Division was located on the southern border of Dobrogea, and the 10th Infantry Division was located in the Delta and Tulcea County area. In those circumstances, the then-mayor of Constanța, General (r.) Teodor Nicolau, took measures to protect the population in case of possible bombing, building high-capacity underground shelters."
{"title":"Dobrogea Defence System Organisation and Action in the Years 1939-1941","authors":"Costin Scurtu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.2.12","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.12","url":null,"abstract":"\"The European political events of the fourth decade of the twentieth century had bad repercussions on Romania’s security system, which led to the intensification of measures to prepare the economy, population and territory for defence so that the Romanian army was able to counter possible aggression on the national territory. Dobrogea was to know, in its turn, the transformations of the Romanian territory defence system: the 9th Infantry Division was located on the southern border of Dobrogea, and the 10th Infantry Division was located in the Delta and Tulcea County area. In those circumstances, the then-mayor of Constanța, General (r.) Teodor Nicolau, took measures to protect the population in case of possible bombing, building high-capacity underground shelters.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127541068","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Global governance brings together various actors to coordinate collective action around the world. This concept encompasses all the institutions, policies, rules, procedures and initiatives by which states and their citizens seek to bring more predictability, stability and order into their responses to transnational challenges and is largely achieved through international organisations. In fact, the goal of global governance is to provide global policies and services, in particular peace and security systems, justice and conflict mediation, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. In the current international context, sustainable development is an important goal of global policy, and intergovernmental and governmental agencies as well as private sector companies have a duty to explore different approaches to how national intergovernmental and national strategies, policies and projects address issues. Global governance guidelines are formulated, implemented and evaluated to support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda objectives."
{"title":"The Role of Governance in Achieving UN Global Goals","authors":"Nicușor Cojan","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.2.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.06","url":null,"abstract":"\"Global governance brings together various actors to coordinate collective action around the world. This concept encompasses all the institutions, policies, rules, procedures and initiatives by which states and their citizens seek to bring more predictability, stability and order into their responses to transnational challenges and is largely achieved through international organisations. In fact, the goal of global governance is to provide global policies and services, in particular peace and security systems, justice and conflict mediation, functioning markets and unified standards for trade and industry. In the current international context, sustainable development is an important goal of global policy, and intergovernmental and governmental agencies as well as private sector companies have a duty to explore different approaches to how national intergovernmental and national strategies, policies and projects address issues. Global governance guidelines are formulated, implemented and evaluated to support the achievement of the 2030 Agenda objectives.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124171777","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
There is an abundance of perspectives and interpretations about the practices and actions of the Russian Federation on states and individuals, especially at the information level. However, in some respects, Western perspectives tend to simplify Russian actions and categorise them as zero-sum games. In this respect, the paper tries to interpret the actions of the Russian Federation, especially at the informational level, by defining key concepts, as well as to provide a perspective on how Russian military theorists use the notion of “hostile actions” in the context of designing peacetime operations. Moreover, the complexity of the Russian military theoretical background is highlighted, with brief comparisons between the theoretical forms of some concepts from the Soviet period and the present. The paper also reviews some conceptions of the hybrid form of Russian action, attempts to synthesise certain views of Russian military theorists and, based on Russian strategic culture, to show the levels of action in the context of a series of operations. Finally, the paper proposes an orientation model that addresses a holistic perspective on how the subversive and informational actions of the Russian Federation can influence the policy and security of a state targeting the individual, society and the political system.
{"title":"Opinions on the Definitions and Interpretations of Some Concepts from Russian Military Thinking and Theory","authors":"Teodor Badiu","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2022.2.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2022.2.01","url":null,"abstract":"There is an abundance of perspectives and interpretations about the practices and actions of the Russian Federation on states and individuals, especially at the information level. However, in some respects, Western perspectives tend to simplify Russian actions and categorise them as zero-sum games. In this respect, the paper tries to interpret the actions of the Russian Federation, especially at the informational level, by defining key concepts, as well as to provide a perspective on how Russian military theorists use the notion of “hostile actions” in the context of designing peacetime operations. Moreover, the complexity of the Russian military theoretical background is highlighted, with brief comparisons between the theoretical forms of some concepts from the Soviet period and the present. The paper also reviews some conceptions of the hybrid form of Russian action, attempts to synthesise certain views of Russian military theorists and, based on Russian strategic culture, to show the levels of action in the context of a series of operations. Finally, the paper proposes an orientation model that addresses a holistic perspective on how the subversive and informational actions of the Russian Federation can influence the policy and security of a state targeting the individual, society and the political system.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122857348","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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