"The hybrid approach, as a new way of promoting diplomatic, informational, military and economic interests, represents the most common threat used by state or non-state actors all over the world. The purpose of this article is to create a new analytical tool by studying the hybrid challenges in the Black Sea region related to the Snake Island situation. The two research questions which create the premises for building our analysis are: How can hybrid threats be identified and visualized? and How can the aggressor’s progress be evaluated related to hybrid challenges? In this respect, our analysis is based on Patrick J. Cullen and Erik Reichborn-Kjennerud Analytical Framework Model for visualizing hybrid warfare applied to the particular Snake Island situation in order to identify critical functions and vulnerabilities, synchronization of means and actions and desired effects of the hybrid warfare actor. Moreover, we have applied the Process Tracing method and the Measure of Performance (MOP) tool to identify means in order to establish which of them can create the most disastrous consequences to Romanian energy security and to evaluate the aggressor’s progress in obtaining the desired effect(s). The paper results in a seven-step algorithm to identify hybrid warfare by combining an Analytical Framework Model, the Process Tracing research methodology and the Measure of Performance military evaluation tool with the main purpose of creating a new tool useful for future analysts and researchers."
“作为一种促进外交、信息、军事和经济利益的新方式，这种混合方式代表了世界各地国家或非国家行为体最常见的威胁。本文的目的是通过研究黑海地区与蛇岛局势相关的混合挑战，创造一种新的分析工具。为构建我们的分析提供前提的两个研究问题是:如何识别和可视化混合威胁?如何评估与混合挑战相关的侵略者的进步?在这方面，我们的分析基于Patrick J. Cullen和Erik Reichborn-Kjennerud分析框架模型，该模型用于可视化混合战争，适用于特定的蛇岛情况，以确定混合战争参与者的关键功能和脆弱性，手段和行动的同步以及期望的效果。此外，我们还应用了过程追踪方法和绩效衡量(MOP)工具来确定手段，以便确定哪些手段可以对罗马尼亚能源安全造成最严重的灾难性后果，并评估侵略者在获得预期效果方面的进展。本文通过结合分析框架模型、过程跟踪研究方法和性能度量军事评估工具，提出了一种识别混合战争的七步算法，主要目的是为未来的分析人员和研究人员创造一种有用的新工具。”
{"title":"Seven-Step Algorithm to Identify Hybrid Warfare – The Black Sea Snake Island Case Study –","authors":"Ionuț-Cosmin Buță","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.1","url":null,"abstract":"\"The hybrid approach, as a new way of promoting diplomatic, informational, military and economic interests, represents the most common threat used by state or non-state actors all over the world. The purpose of this article is to create a new analytical tool by studying the hybrid challenges in the Black Sea region related to the Snake Island situation. The two research questions which create the premises for building our analysis are: How can hybrid threats be identified and visualized? and How can the aggressor’s progress be evaluated related to hybrid challenges? In this respect, our analysis is based on Patrick J. Cullen and Erik Reichborn-Kjennerud Analytical Framework Model for visualizing hybrid warfare applied to the particular Snake Island situation in order to identify critical functions and vulnerabilities, synchronization of means and actions and desired effects of the hybrid warfare actor. Moreover, we have applied the Process Tracing method and the Measure of Performance (MOP) tool to identify means in order to establish which of them can create the most disastrous consequences to Romanian energy security and to evaluate the aggressor’s progress in obtaining the desired effect(s). The paper results in a seven-step algorithm to identify hybrid warfare by combining an Analytical Framework Model, the Process Tracing research methodology and the Measure of Performance military evaluation tool with the main purpose of creating a new tool useful for future analysts and researchers.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131925932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022.
{"title":"Causes of the Failure of Russian Aviation in Achieving Air Supremacy in the Ukraine Conflict and Subsequent Influences on Its Evolution","authors":"Ioana Mischie","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.2","url":null,"abstract":"The large-scale conflicts from recent decades in Yugoslavia (1999), Iraq (1991 and 2003), Afghanistan (2001-2014) and Libya (2011) have shown the importance of achieving and maintaining air supremacy. The states of the world are trying to modernize their aircraft or build new ones in order to meet this goal, simultaneously with doctrinal changes in the field and changes in the techniques, tactics and procedures by which military pilots act. The states that remain anchored in the past and do not take into account these developments, risk not being able to use the air force effectively, with major repercussions on the results of military operations, a fact also seen in the war in Ukraine in 2022.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114393743","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Russian-Ukrainian military conflict is the most unexpected event having a major societal impact, not only on the conflicting parties, but also on the entire international community. The irreparable damage to critical infrastructures, the loss of human life and the constantly increasing considerable material damage are just three indicators that signal possible future crisis situations. The question that is justifiably raised is “Could this military conflict have been prevented?” Implicitly, another series of questions arises, such as “Can future crisis situations generated by this military conflict be prevented?” When expressing the answers to such questions, the military and societal security specialists turn to specific tools such as threat predictions and scenarios. In this context, we can talk about planning military actions in a much more realistic way, observing the battles taking place in the Ukrainian space, which is a new reality in Eastern Europe. The lessons learned following recent military conflicts refer to the complexity of the combat actions generated by the digitalization of the confrontation space and the interaction of the societal domains in a difficult-to-decipher manner. The experimental vignette methodology – EVM – applied in the development of the threat scenarios by using podcasts, supports the planning of the military actions as a solution to prevent crisis situations. The optimization of the process of teaching and training the military specialist through experimental vignettes opens new horizons on planning the military actions as interactions of the military component with the other components of the societal domains that ensure the transition from a macro- to a micromilitary confrontational environment.
{"title":"Scenario Development in Planning Military Actions to Prevent a Crisis Situation","authors":"D. Roman","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.6","url":null,"abstract":"The Russian-Ukrainian military conflict is the most unexpected event having a major societal impact, not only on the conflicting parties, but also on the entire international community. The irreparable damage to critical infrastructures, the loss of human life and the constantly increasing considerable material damage are just three indicators that signal possible future crisis situations. The question that is justifiably raised is “Could this military conflict have been prevented?” Implicitly, another series of questions arises, such as “Can future crisis situations generated by this military conflict be prevented?” When expressing the answers to such questions, the military and societal security specialists turn to specific tools such as threat predictions and scenarios. In this context, we can talk about planning military actions in a much more realistic way, observing the battles taking place in the Ukrainian space, which is a new reality in Eastern Europe. The lessons learned following recent military conflicts refer to the complexity of the combat actions generated by the digitalization of the confrontation space and the interaction of the societal domains in a difficult-to-decipher manner. The experimental vignette methodology – EVM – applied in the development of the threat scenarios by using podcasts, supports the planning of the military actions as a solution to prevent crisis situations. The optimization of the process of teaching and training the military specialist through experimental vignettes opens new horizons on planning the military actions as interactions of the military component with the other components of the societal domains that ensure the transition from a macro- to a micromilitary confrontational environment.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114880701","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Military changes and transformations over the past decade have highlighted the rise of competitive manifestations of state actors with complex global claims to counter the normal economic and military conduct of the world’s greatest power. To this end, US military specialists have developed the concept of “Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)” to implement all the requirements of countering the complex competitive actions of US adversaries globally. This study provides a theoretical approach with applied impact, specific to the military operational sphere, containing information and reference data, revealed in a logical structural flow, centred on conceptual, organisational and relational elements specific to Multi-Domain Operations designed and implemented by the armed forces of the United States of America. The objective of the study is to highlight, from a theoretical point of view, with practical implications and a focus on modernity, the effectiveness and operational efficiency of the military organizations formed to act to implement the MDO concept. This objective has led to the scientific analysis and interpretation of a relevant approach aimed at highlighting the role and importance of MDO, as well as the organisational structures suitable for the implementation of the concept for the purpose of decisional and actional strengthening of joint (assembled) forces operational in areas/theatres of operations on national territory or in the area of national and/or NATO interest. In addition, this research will increase the number of specialised sources that can be used for future research in this field of interest.
{"title":"Conceptual, Organisational and Relational Approaches to Multi-Domain Operations","authors":"Gheorghe Minculete","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.8","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.8","url":null,"abstract":"Military changes and transformations over the past decade have highlighted the rise of competitive manifestations of state actors with complex global claims to counter the normal economic and military conduct of the world’s greatest power. To this end, US military specialists have developed the concept of “Multi-Domain Operations (MDO)” to implement all the requirements of countering the complex competitive actions of US adversaries globally. This study provides a theoretical approach with applied impact, specific to the military operational sphere, containing information and reference data, revealed in a logical structural flow, centred on conceptual, organisational and relational elements specific to Multi-Domain Operations designed and implemented by the armed forces of the United States of America. The objective of the study is to highlight, from a theoretical point of view, with practical implications and a focus on modernity, the effectiveness and operational efficiency of the military organizations formed to act to implement the MDO concept. This objective has led to the scientific analysis and interpretation of a relevant approach aimed at highlighting the role and importance of MDO, as well as the organisational structures suitable for the implementation of the concept for the purpose of decisional and actional strengthening of joint (assembled) forces operational in areas/theatres of operations on national territory or in the area of national and/or NATO interest. In addition, this research will increase the number of specialised sources that can be used for future research in this field of interest.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126752963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Interoperability is described as the ability of member states to act together coherently and effectively to achieve tactical, operational and strategic objectives. In particular, interoperability allows forces, units and/or systems to operate together and use shared concepts. At the operational and tactical level, there are numerous challenges regarding interoperability, and one of these challenges consists of doctrinal differences. The purpose of this article is to identify these differences, through the brief analysis of the doctrine projections of NATO, USA and Romania. There are significant differences both in understanding the concept of information operations from a conceptual and practical point of view and in terms of these subsumed operations. Also, in order to identify one’s vulnerabilities, we think that the analysis of strategies and tactics based only on a Western empirical approach is insufficient, and we aim at comparing the effectiveness of information operations from the Russian and Chinese perspectives, as well.
{"title":"Doctrinal Interoperability in the North Atlantic Alliance in Relation to Russian and Chinese Approach to Information Operations","authors":"Cosmina-Andreea Neculcea, Florian Răpan","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.4","url":null,"abstract":"Interoperability is described as the ability of member states to act together coherently and effectively to achieve tactical, operational and strategic objectives. In particular, interoperability allows forces, units and/or systems to operate together and use shared concepts. At the operational and tactical level, there are numerous challenges regarding interoperability, and one of these challenges consists of doctrinal differences. The purpose of this article is to identify these differences, through the brief analysis of the doctrine projections of NATO, USA and Romania. There are significant differences both in understanding the concept of information operations from a conceptual and practical point of view and in terms of these subsumed operations. Also, in order to identify one’s vulnerabilities, we think that the analysis of strategies and tactics based only on a Western empirical approach is insufficient, and we aim at comparing the effectiveness of information operations from the Russian and Chinese perspectives, as well.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131857250","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has made the concept of hybrid warfare almost forgotten. The literature has focused on the confrontation itself, but, as a rule, hybrid threats are activated when public attention is drawn to other issues and when the public is not prepared to meet the challenge. After the invasion of Ukraine, the term hybrid warfare has dissipated into the mass of frequently used operational terms. From the range of five dimensions of this term, which entails five types of associated interpretations (Solmaz, 2022), in the war in Ukraine, the emphasis seems to be on the aspects related to the hard component. The actual military confrontation, the occupation of Ukrainian territories by Russian troops and the violent actions (including those that exceed normative and moral boundaries on the battlefield) are the elements that attract public attention to a greater extent than the soft actions with a high degree of ambiguity (Mumford, Carlucci, 2022), contributing to the synergistic effect of sharp power. Under these conditions, hybrid warfare is not necessarily a form of war that substitutes for actual confrontation, but a way in which soft actions complement or compensate for the effects obtained by hard actions. Is the invasion of Ukraine a hybrid warfare, or can we talk about hybrid warfare as running parallel to and during the war? Which of these interpretative postures allows for the deviation from the classical meaning of war, as long as the action has been defined, from the perspective of the aggressor, as a “special military operation”? In the present paper, we attempt at perationalizing the concept of hybrid warfare, which has been analysed in the dynamics of application in several recent studies, starting from the study of its effects in the war in Ukraine (Muradov, 2022; Guerrero, 2022), and that of distinguishing between the hybrid warfare and ghibridnaia voina perspectives."
{"title":"Hybrid Warfare in Wartime – Concept and Action Operationalization Attempt –","authors":"A. Lesenciuc","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.3","url":null,"abstract":"\"Russia’s aggression against Ukraine has made the concept of hybrid warfare almost forgotten. The literature has focused on the confrontation itself, but, as a rule, hybrid threats are activated when public attention is drawn to other issues and when the public is not prepared to meet the challenge. After the invasion of Ukraine, the term hybrid warfare has dissipated into the mass of frequently used operational terms. From the range of five dimensions of this term, which entails five types of associated interpretations (Solmaz, 2022), in the war in Ukraine, the emphasis seems to be on the aspects related to the hard component. The actual military confrontation, the occupation of Ukrainian territories by Russian troops and the violent actions (including those that exceed normative and moral boundaries on the battlefield) are the elements that attract public attention to a greater extent than the soft actions with a high degree of ambiguity (Mumford, Carlucci, 2022), contributing to the synergistic effect of sharp power. Under these conditions, hybrid warfare is not necessarily a form of war that substitutes for actual confrontation, but a way in which soft actions complement or compensate for the effects obtained by hard actions. Is the invasion of Ukraine a hybrid warfare, or can we talk about hybrid warfare as running parallel to and during the war? Which of these interpretative postures allows for the deviation from the classical meaning of war, as long as the action has been defined, from the perspective of the aggressor, as a “special military operation”? In the present paper, we attempt at perationalizing the concept of hybrid warfare, which has been analysed in the dynamics of application in several recent studies, starting from the study of its effects in the war in Ukraine (Muradov, 2022; Guerrero, 2022), and that of distinguishing between the hybrid warfare and ghibridnaia voina perspectives.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134369146","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
“Authentic leadership” is a significant area of research. Based on the theory, which explains how individuals establish a social and professional relationship, we have postulated a statistical relationship between authentic leadership and psychological capital. Thus, the implications of this type of relationship for theory and practice are discussed in the paper. In this study, we intend to conduct an exploratory study to demonstrate not only the role of authentic leadership in the military organization, but also how it is achieved. The study aims to identify whether there is a significant relationship between authentic leadership and psychological capital. Why is such research important in the military environment? Because military leaders can motivate subordinates both inside the organization and outside the chain of command. Being an authentic leader is much more complex than simply “giving an order”. An authentic leader’s influence on other colleagues or subordinates can take many forms.
{"title":"The Authentic Leader and Psychological Capital in the Military Environment","authors":"Marcela Antonesei, Simona Făsărea","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.10","url":null,"abstract":"“Authentic leadership” is a significant area of research. Based on the theory, which explains how individuals establish a social and professional relationship, we have postulated a statistical relationship between authentic leadership and psychological capital. Thus, the implications of this type of relationship for theory and practice are discussed in the paper. In this study, we intend to conduct an exploratory study to demonstrate not only the role of authentic leadership in the military organization, but also how it is achieved. The study aims to identify whether there is a significant relationship between authentic leadership and psychological capital. Why is such research important in the military environment? Because military leaders can motivate subordinates both inside the organization and outside the chain of command. Being an authentic leader is much more complex than simply “giving an order”. An authentic leader’s influence on other colleagues or subordinates can take many forms.","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115631924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The application of tools and methods to improve the effectiveness of the information security management system by detecting and neutralizing cyber attacks, monitoring and blocking DDoS attacks, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), blocking TOR Exit Nodes, blocking Layer 7 Regular Expression attacks, web filtering, blocking malware attacks, ransomware, spammers and spam servers has become a sine-qua-non requirement in the management of information security incidents in order to minimize their impact on IT systems. The paper provides insight into the impact of integrating much-needed security requirements for information technology users in military systems. The collection of information was carried out on a statistical sample of 128 students from military academies in Romania, Bulgaria, Poland. The research methods are complemented by cross-sectional (questionnaire, survey, observation) and observational methods."
{"title":"Methods of Identifying Vulnerabilities in the Information Security Incident Management Process","authors":"C. Carstea","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.7","url":null,"abstract":"\"The application of tools and methods to improve the effectiveness of the information security management system by detecting and neutralizing cyber attacks, monitoring and blocking DDoS attacks, Intrusion Detection Systems (IDS), Intrusion Prevention Systems (IPS), blocking TOR Exit Nodes, blocking Layer 7 Regular Expression attacks, web filtering, blocking malware attacks, ransomware, spammers and spam servers has become a sine-qua-non requirement in the management of information security incidents in order to minimize their impact on IT systems. The paper provides insight into the impact of integrating much-needed security requirements for information technology users in military systems. The collection of information was carried out on a statistical sample of 128 students from military academies in Romania, Bulgaria, Poland. The research methods are complemented by cross-sectional (questionnaire, survey, observation) and observational methods.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128782592","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"Combating hybrid threats is one of the main dimensions of the European Union’s policies expressed in the recently developed document, called “A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence”, which guides the development of the Union’s capabilities in the field of international security. The new document entails combining the tools developed since 2016 to combat hybrid threats in an “EU Hybrid Toolbox”, which will also include new tools and modes of action. While the primary responsibility for countering hostile hybrid activity will continue to lie with member states, the EU aims to have a greater capacity to support and coordinate in order to prevent and respond adequately to new threats. The EU’s approach focuses on non-military aspects and on the development of military capabilities to respond to hybrid crises, an aspect that implies increasing the importance of cooperation with NATO in this field."
{"title":"EU Policies for Developing Capabilities to Counter Hybrid Threats","authors":"Maria Stefan","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.9","url":null,"abstract":"\"Combating hybrid threats is one of the main dimensions of the European Union’s policies expressed in the recently developed document, called “A Strategic Compass for Security and Defence”, which guides the development of the Union’s capabilities in the field of international security. The new document entails combining the tools developed since 2016 to combat hybrid threats in an “EU Hybrid Toolbox”, which will also include new tools and modes of action. While the primary responsibility for countering hostile hybrid activity will continue to lie with member states, the EU aims to have a greater capacity to support and coordinate in order to prevent and respond adequately to new threats. The EU’s approach focuses on non-military aspects and on the development of military capabilities to respond to hybrid crises, an aspect that implies increasing the importance of cooperation with NATO in this field.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121898832","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952."
{"title":"1946. The “Straits Crisis” as Reflected in the Intelligence Reports of the Romanian Military Attaché to the Republic of Türkiye Office’s Secretary","authors":"Lucian Drăghici","doi":"10.55535/rmt.2023.1.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.55535/rmt.2023.1.11","url":null,"abstract":"\"The “Straits Question” has long been a factor of tension in the Black Sea area, because of Russia and later the Soviet Union’s desire to control the Bosporus and Dardanelles, mainly with the aim of turning the Black Sea into a “Russian lake”. After the end of the Second World War, in full ascension as a victorious country and in the tradition of Tsarist Russia, the Soviet Union tried to take control of the Straits through political and military pressure to the detriment of Türkiye, although the Soviet Union had signed the Montreux Convention in 1936, which established the predominant role of the Republic of Türkiye in the control of naval traffic in the Straits, especially in wartime. The atmosphere so heavy with tension from the autumn of 1946, when the outbreak of a war between the USSR and Türkiye seemed inevitable, is reflected in the intelligence reports prepared by the secretary of the Office of the Romanian military attaché to the Republic of Türkiye. The documents include the first defence measures taken by Türkiye at a political and military level, the effects of the “Straits Crisis” on the Turkish population and the beginning of the process of Türkiye’s rapprochement with the USA and the Great Britain, a process that ended with the accession of the Republic of Türkiye to NATO in 1952.\"","PeriodicalId":137367,"journal":{"name":"Romanian Military Thinking","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125574973","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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