Pub Date : 2022-04-29DOI: 10.5923/j.ijaf.20221201.02
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. Hirse, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett, J. Offiah, S. Emakpor
{"title":"Assessing the Environmental Impacts of Farm Subsidy in North Texas Region","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. Hirse, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett, J. Offiah, S. Emakpor","doi":"10.5923/j.ijaf.20221201.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20221201.02","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2022-04-29","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78234079","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2020-04-01DOI: 10.5923/j.ijaf.20201001.03
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett
In the last several decades, many nations of the sub Saharan Africa region of West Africa, have remained in the forefront of cocoa production far higher than other areas of the globe. With that has come larger export earnings due to rising demands and the reliance on cocoa in the manufacture of various products driving consumer demands in markets at local, regional and international levels. In as much as current cocoa production practices are shaped partly by pressures from transactions in the marketplace and regulatory frameworks in the West African region and beyond. The growing activities of cocoa farming has in the past several years, left in its wake negative environmental liabilities that are now over stretching the capacity of natural areas in the zone. While there exists widespread use of agrochemicals to boost production along with the associated impacts of water pollution, in some places. The situation is now so critical that the expansion of cocoa plantations into vast forest landscapes known for their services as emission sinks, are now leading to ecosystem disturbances. Other risks from cocoa land use activities in West Africa involves the exposures to soil erosion, the flow of sediment loads onto local streams and the spreading of cocoa plant diseases which has emerged as a major issue to the detriment of communities and the surrounding ecology. Even at that, very little has been done in the literature to assess the environmental impacts of cocoa land use. Considering the economic relevance of cocoa produce in the West African region and the prevailing fiscal, policy, demographic, ecological and global factors shaping production, together with the negation in mainstream analysis. This paper will fill that void by analyzing cocoa land use in selected countries in the study area. Emphasis are on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and the role of institutions. In terms of methods, the paper uses secondary data analyzed with mix scale tools of GIS and descriptive statistics. Besides the preliminary results showing rising changes in land use indicators and degradation of the ecosystem from cocoa farming operations, the GIS mapping reveals the gradual spreading of risks along the cocoa producing areas of the West African region due to several socio-economic and environmental factors located within the larger farming structure. To mitigate the problems, the study proffered solutions ranging from education, ecosystem monitoring, conservation initiatives, the strengthening of policy and the design of a comprehensive regional land use index.
{"title":"Exploring Cocoa Farm Land Use in the West African Region","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, D. Olagbegi, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, M. Alsarari, P. Isokpehi, A. Hines, G. S. Ochai, E. Nwagboso, S. Fageir, S. Leggett","doi":"10.5923/j.ijaf.20201001.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/j.ijaf.20201001.03","url":null,"abstract":"In the last several decades, many nations of the sub Saharan Africa region of West Africa, have remained in the forefront of cocoa production far higher than other areas of the globe. With that has come larger export earnings due to rising demands and the reliance on cocoa in the manufacture of various products driving consumer demands in markets at local, regional and international levels. In as much as current cocoa production practices are shaped partly by pressures from transactions in the marketplace and regulatory frameworks in the West African region and beyond. The growing activities of cocoa farming has in the past several years, left in its wake negative environmental liabilities that are now over stretching the capacity of natural areas in the zone. While there exists widespread use of agrochemicals to boost production along with the associated impacts of water pollution, in some places. The situation is now so critical that the expansion of cocoa plantations into vast forest landscapes known for their services as emission sinks, are now leading to ecosystem disturbances. Other risks from cocoa land use activities in West Africa involves the exposures to soil erosion, the flow of sediment loads onto local streams and the spreading of cocoa plant diseases which has emerged as a major issue to the detriment of communities and the surrounding ecology. Even at that, very little has been done in the literature to assess the environmental impacts of cocoa land use. Considering the economic relevance of cocoa produce in the West African region and the prevailing fiscal, policy, demographic, ecological and global factors shaping production, together with the negation in mainstream analysis. This paper will fill that void by analyzing cocoa land use in selected countries in the study area. Emphasis are on the issues, trends, factors, impacts and the role of institutions. In terms of methods, the paper uses secondary data analyzed with mix scale tools of GIS and descriptive statistics. Besides the preliminary results showing rising changes in land use indicators and degradation of the ecosystem from cocoa farming operations, the GIS mapping reveals the gradual spreading of risks along the cocoa producing areas of the West African region due to several socio-economic and environmental factors located within the larger farming structure. To mitigate the problems, the study proffered solutions ranging from education, ecosystem monitoring, conservation initiatives, the strengthening of policy and the design of a comprehensive regional land use index.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2020-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87492276","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2018-02-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20180801.06
E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, P. Isokpehi, S. Fageir, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, A. Hines, G. S. Ochai, S. Leggett, E. Nwagboso
The state of Mississippi compared to its size contains enormous forestland with ecological and economic benefits. Just as it provides habitats for different species of animals, and acts as a carbon sink for greenhouse gases. In the last several years, the forestry sector has assumed a leading role in the state’s economy. With a production structure built on private ownership, the forest sector continued to face wildfire threats, and the limited adoption of forest management plans by most landowners. Despite four decades of stability, the impacts of extensive logging and the risks of forest depletion from such practices could emerge as major problems in the future in the absence of effective management. Accordingly, the paper presents an analysis of changing trends in Mississippi’s forestry sector. The project uses descriptive statistics and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to track the changes under a mix-scale model alongside the identification of factors fuelling the problems in the state. In view of that, the results point to the presence of different forest types and ownership categories as well as changing forestland at the state and regional level. GIS mapping revealed clusters of counties filled with concentration of forests in various regions, the risks of forest fire, outbreak of pests and the penetration of wood processing mills statewide. Notwithstanding the partial diffusion of forest management plans and changes attributed to physical, economic and demographic factors, the suggested mitigation measures ranged from the adoption of forest management plans to continued GIS mapping.
{"title":"Analyzing changing trends in forest land areas of Mississippi.","authors":"E. Merem, Y. Twumasi, J. Wesley, P. Isokpehi, S. Fageir, M. Crisler, C. Romorno, A. Hines, G. S. Ochai, S. Leggett, E. Nwagboso","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20180801.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20180801.06","url":null,"abstract":"The state of Mississippi compared to its size contains enormous forestland with ecological and economic benefits. Just as it provides habitats for different species of animals, and acts as a carbon sink for greenhouse gases. In the last several years, the forestry sector has assumed a leading role in the state’s economy. With a production structure built on private ownership, the forest sector continued to face wildfire threats, and the limited adoption of forest management plans by most landowners. Despite four decades of stability, the impacts of extensive logging and the risks of forest depletion from such practices could emerge as major problems in the future in the absence of effective management. Accordingly, the paper presents an analysis of changing trends in Mississippi’s forestry sector. The project uses descriptive statistics and Geographic Information Systems (GIS) to track the changes under a mix-scale model alongside the identification of factors fuelling the problems in the state. In view of that, the results point to the presence of different forest types and ownership categories as well as changing forestland at the state and regional level. GIS mapping revealed clusters of counties filled with concentration of forests in various regions, the risks of forest fire, outbreak of pests and the penetration of wood processing mills statewide. Notwithstanding the partial diffusion of forest management plans and changes attributed to physical, economic and demographic factors, the suggested mitigation measures ranged from the adoption of forest management plans to continued GIS mapping.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"35-52"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2018-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76030557","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-10-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20170705.02
Iasmin Panzarini Silva, Matheus Moraes e Silva, G. O. Machado, Victor Almeida De Araujo, D. A. L. Silva, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr
Torrefaction of Bracatinga wood was realized to determine the effect of temperature (200°C, 220°C and 240°C) and time (30 min, 60 min and 90 min) on its energetic properties. We found that the gravimetric yield of torrefied wood decreased from 99.27% to 85.60%. The heat treatment at 240°C for 60 min produced the less hygroscopic sample as evidenced by an equilibrium moisture content of 37% lower than fresh wood (control sample). In addition, torrefaction produced samples of higher fixed carbon and lower levels of volatile content, reaching a maximum increase of 21% and decrease of 9%, respectively. As the most important, the gross calorific value of terrified wood is about 5% higher than control. The increase of fixed carbon together with the reduction of both moisture and volatiles content show that this thermal treatment improve the energy content of torrefied wood that becomes a promising option for biofuels.
{"title":"Effect of Temperature and Time Torrefaction on the Energetic Properties of Bracatinga Wood","authors":"Iasmin Panzarini Silva, Matheus Moraes e Silva, G. O. Machado, Victor Almeida De Araujo, D. A. L. Silva, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20170705.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20170705.02","url":null,"abstract":"Torrefaction of Bracatinga wood was realized to determine the effect of temperature (200°C, 220°C and 240°C) and time (30 min, 60 min and 90 min) on its energetic properties. We found that the gravimetric yield of torrefied wood decreased from 99.27% to 85.60%. The heat treatment at 240°C for 60 min produced the less hygroscopic sample as evidenced by an equilibrium moisture content of 37% lower than fresh wood (control sample). In addition, torrefaction produced samples of higher fixed carbon and lower levels of volatile content, reaching a maximum increase of 21% and decrease of 9%, respectively. As the most important, the gross calorific value of terrified wood is about 5% higher than control. The increase of fixed carbon together with the reduction of both moisture and volatiles content show that this thermal treatment improve the energy content of torrefied wood that becomes a promising option for biofuels.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"27 1","pages":"111-114"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84315739","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2017-06-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20170703.03
D. H. D. Almeida, Tiago Hendrigo de Almeida, F. S. Ferro, E. Chahud, L. A. M. N. Branco, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr
The processing of the wood generates a significant amount of waste, presenting itself as a problem to the environment. The volume of waste generated from processing depends, in addition to other factors, on the type of processing machine. This work aimed to present a case study regarding the volume of waste generated in the processing of the logs of Eucalyptus sp.genus specie using processing machine Pica-Pau type. Pica-Pau type machine was located in Itapeva (state of Sao Paulo, Brazil). A total of 38 logs were used, with na average diameter of 34cm (excluding the bark and measured at base and top of the log), average length of 3 m and conicity of 1%. The average volume of 38 logs was equal to 10.35m³ and the volume of residues generated during log processing was 2.17m³, implying a transformation coefficient (Ct) of 79%. Processing machine Pica-Pau type was classifies a good machine to be used in the processing of logs, however, the processing time is higher than the time used by the most used band saws, making it less attractive in the processing of wood by large companies. From the qualitative point, the waste generated in the production of the plank is mostly the sawdust.
{"title":"Analysis of Solid Waste Generation in a Wood Processing Machine","authors":"D. H. D. Almeida, Tiago Hendrigo de Almeida, F. S. Ferro, E. Chahud, L. A. M. N. Branco, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20170703.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20170703.03","url":null,"abstract":"The processing of the wood generates a significant amount of waste, presenting itself as a problem to the environment. The volume of waste generated from processing depends, in addition to other factors, on the type of processing machine. This work aimed to present a case study regarding the volume of waste generated in the processing of the logs of Eucalyptus sp.genus specie using processing machine Pica-Pau type. Pica-Pau type machine was located in Itapeva (state of Sao Paulo, Brazil). A total of 38 logs were used, with na average diameter of 34cm (excluding the bark and measured at base and top of the log), average length of 3 m and conicity of 1%. The average volume of 38 logs was equal to 10.35m³ and the volume of residues generated during log processing was 2.17m³, implying a transformation coefficient (Ct) of 79%. Processing machine Pica-Pau type was classifies a good machine to be used in the processing of logs, however, the processing time is higher than the time used by the most used band saws, making it less attractive in the processing of wood by large companies. From the qualitative point, the waste generated in the production of the plank is mostly the sawdust.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"1 1","pages":"76-79"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2017-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75926322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20150502.09
M. S. Lima, Amanda Leite, Yrislane Carvalho Sampaio, F. Vianello, G. Lima
The present study evaluated the main physical and chemical characteristics of Syrah grapes, coming from the tropical region of Sao Francisco river valley, harvested at different times and their relationship with analytical characteristics of resulting wines. Grapes came from the first half of 2009 harvest, collected at Casa Nova - Bahia, a semi-arid and hot region, comprising an interval from 84 days after pruning (84 dap) to the beginning of grape over-ripening, 133 days after pruning (133 dap). Harvests at 84, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, 126 and 133 dap, were analyzed for pH, soluble solids and acidity in grapes, which were then processed for wine production. Maximum sugar/acidity ratio (s/a = 56) were observed in grapes harvested between 126 and 133 dap, coincided with the highest concentration of anthocyanins (851 mg L -1
本研究评估了来自圣弗朗西斯科河谷热带地区不同采收时间的西拉葡萄的主要物理和化学特性，以及它们与所得葡萄酒分析特性的关系。葡萄来自2009年上半年的收获，采摘于Casa Nova - Bahia，一个半干旱和炎热的地区，包括从修剪后84天(84 dap)到葡萄过度成熟开始的间隔，修剪后133天(133 dap)。在84、91、98、105、112、119、126和133 dap的收获，分析葡萄的pH值、可溶性固体和酸度，然后加工用于葡萄酒生产。在126 ~ 133 dap收获的葡萄中，糖酸比最大(s/a = 56)，与花青素最高浓度(851 mg L -1)一致
{"title":"Influences of the harvest season on analytical characteristics of syrah grapes and wines produced in the northeast region of Brazil","authors":"M. S. Lima, Amanda Leite, Yrislane Carvalho Sampaio, F. Vianello, G. Lima","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20150502.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20150502.09","url":null,"abstract":"The present study evaluated the main physical and chemical characteristics of Syrah grapes, coming from the tropical region of Sao Francisco river valley, harvested at different times and their relationship with analytical characteristics of resulting wines. Grapes came from the first half of 2009 harvest, collected at Casa Nova - Bahia, a semi-arid and hot region, comprising an interval from 84 days after pruning (84 dap) to the beginning of grape over-ripening, 133 days after pruning (133 dap). Harvests at 84, 91, 98, 105, 112, 119, 126 and 133 dap, were analyzed for pH, soluble solids and acidity in grapes, which were then processed for wine production. Maximum sugar/acidity ratio (s/a = 56) were observed in grapes harvested between 126 and 133 dap, coincided with the highest concentration of anthocyanins (851 mg L -1","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"92 1","pages":"151-159"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80360087","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2015-01-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20150502.11
K. E. Banson, G. Muthusamy, E. Kondo
Rapid growth in Ghana's poultry imports revealed the weaknesses of the domestic industry in competing with imported products. Establishment of an intensive poultry system as a benchmark for examining the performance poultry production and marketing in addition to interviews with poultry stakeholders revealed the constraints in the poultry industry in Ghana. Results emphasized that Feed Conversion Rate is a major factor in reducing production cost and improving the broilers growth efficiency. The BNARI feed conversion rate for the broiler is 1.56 Kilogram of feed needed to produce 1 kg live weight compared to 2.12 kg of feed to produce 1 kg live weight by other poultry farmers engaged in the study. Feed costs represent more than 70% of the total cost of broilers production, and feed utilization efficiency, are critical for the growth rate of broilers. A major constraint is the lack of protection on the infant poultry industry by the Ghana government leading to unfair competition with cheap imported poultry products, which is 30-40 percent cheaper and undermines the growth of the local industry. Other constraints are high feed cost, high chick mortality as a result electricity power outage for brooding, feed and water contamination and consumer preference for imported poultry meat. There is still 74% demand market share to be fulfilled. The Ghana poultry industry is insecure because poultry farms are collapsing faster than new farms are being established or old farms are being expanded. There is a need for serious intervention by the government through policies and enforcements to reverse this trend.
{"title":"The import substituted poultry industry; evidence from Ghana","authors":"K. E. Banson, G. Muthusamy, E. Kondo","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20150502.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20150502.11","url":null,"abstract":"Rapid growth in Ghana's poultry imports revealed the weaknesses of the domestic industry in competing with imported products. Establishment of an intensive poultry system as a benchmark for examining the performance poultry production and marketing in addition to interviews with poultry stakeholders revealed the constraints in the poultry industry in Ghana. Results emphasized that Feed Conversion Rate is a major factor in reducing production cost and improving the broilers growth efficiency. The BNARI feed conversion rate for the broiler is 1.56 Kilogram of feed needed to produce 1 kg live weight compared to 2.12 kg of feed to produce 1 kg live weight by other poultry farmers engaged in the study. Feed costs represent more than 70% of the total cost of broilers production, and feed utilization efficiency, are critical for the growth rate of broilers. A major constraint is the lack of protection on the infant poultry industry by the Ghana government leading to unfair competition with cheap imported poultry products, which is 30-40 percent cheaper and undermines the growth of the local industry. Other constraints are high feed cost, high chick mortality as a result electricity power outage for brooding, feed and water contamination and consumer preference for imported poultry meat. There is still 74% demand market share to be fulfilled. The Ghana poultry industry is insecure because poultry farms are collapsing faster than new farms are being established or old farms are being expanded. There is a need for serious intervention by the government through policies and enforcements to reverse this trend.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"27 1","pages":"166-175"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2015-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82517778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-04-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20140402.08
P. R. Dores-Silva, B. M. Silva, T. C. Zozolotto, M. Landgraf, M. O. Rezende
The objective of this research was the characterization of the humic substances isolated from domestic sewage sludge (DSS) in natura and after three months of vermicomposting, treated with Eisenia foetida, in order to help the understanding about the main differences between the maturation degree of both organic residues. Elemental analysis, infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the humic substances. By comparing both humic substances, those from DSS in natura presents a great potential as fertilizer, whereas the humic substances from DSS vermicompost produced in three months shown a satisfactory percentage of humic acids, thus being able to be incorporated into the soil as a conditioner or fertilizer and thereby offering an adequate environmental destiny for this residue, transforming an unwanted material into a valuable product. It is notable to mention that the number of viable helminth ova is reduced during the process of vermicomposting. It has shown that vermicomposting process is a powerful tool to increase the stability of this residue.
{"title":"Understanding the Vermicompost Process in Sewage Sludge: A Humic Fraction Study","authors":"P. R. Dores-Silva, B. M. Silva, T. C. Zozolotto, M. Landgraf, M. O. Rezende","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20140402.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20140402.08","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this research was the characterization of the humic substances isolated from domestic sewage sludge (DSS) in natura and after three months of vermicomposting, treated with Eisenia foetida, in order to help the understanding about the main differences between the maturation degree of both organic residues. Elemental analysis, infrared and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used for the characterization of the humic substances. By comparing both humic substances, those from DSS in natura presents a great potential as fertilizer, whereas the humic substances from DSS vermicompost produced in three months shown a satisfactory percentage of humic acids, thus being able to be incorporated into the soil as a conditioner or fertilizer and thereby offering an adequate environmental destiny for this residue, transforming an unwanted material into a valuable product. It is notable to mention that the number of viable helminth ova is reduced during the process of vermicomposting. It has shown that vermicomposting process is a powerful tool to increase the stability of this residue.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"273 1","pages":"94-99"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87084293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20140403.17
A. Samura, F. B. Massaquoi, A. Mansaray, P. Kumar, J. Koroma, S. Fomba, A. Dixon
Cassava is the most important root and tuber crop in Sierra Leone. Its low yield can be attributed to several production-limiting factors including cassava mosaic disease (CMD). This study examined in a much wider scope the diversity, prevalence, distribution, incidence and level of severity of the CMD within the cassava farming communities across major agro ecologies in Sierra Leone. A survey was conducted October, 2010. Field assessment was also conducted on farms evaluated. Data was collected on the spot and complimented with group discussions and interviews. Field coordinates were determined using a global positioning system (GPS) recorder. This study showed a countrywide prevalence of 85.2% out of 156 sites visited using GPS mapping. The rain forest ecology had the highest prevalence of 97.2% while the coastal plain had the lowest disease prevalence. Incidence of CMD per district was generally high. Tonkolili district recorded the highest incidence of 99.2% followed by Kailahum and Pujehun. Bonthe district had the lowest severity score, while pujehun district had the highest severity score. Difference in CMD infection was also observed in terms of agro-ecology. Test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and also for the first time the East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in two locations in the Moyamba district, southern Sierra Leone. The result from this study indicates the need for an increased adoption of CMD resistant cassava genotypes that are high yielding, has good cooking quality and with the ability to replace the local choice variety without significantly altering the cultural and aesthetic quality of the generally accepted local cultivar.
{"title":"Status and diversity of the cassava Mosaic disease causal agents in Sierra Leone","authors":"A. Samura, F. B. Massaquoi, A. Mansaray, P. Kumar, J. Koroma, S. Fomba, A. Dixon","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20140403.17","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20140403.17","url":null,"abstract":"Cassava is the most important root and tuber crop in Sierra Leone. Its low yield can be attributed to several production-limiting factors including cassava mosaic disease (CMD). This study examined in a much wider scope the diversity, prevalence, distribution, incidence and level of severity of the CMD within the cassava farming communities across major agro ecologies in Sierra Leone. A survey was conducted October, 2010. Field assessment was also conducted on farms evaluated. Data was collected on the spot and complimented with group discussions and interviews. Field coordinates were determined using a global positioning system (GPS) recorder. This study showed a countrywide prevalence of 85.2% out of 156 sites visited using GPS mapping. The rain forest ecology had the highest prevalence of 97.2% while the coastal plain had the lowest disease prevalence. Incidence of CMD per district was generally high. Tonkolili district recorded the highest incidence of 99.2% followed by Kailahum and Pujehun. Bonthe district had the lowest severity score, while pujehun district had the highest severity score. Difference in CMD infection was also observed in terms of agro-ecology. Test using polymerase chain reaction (PCR) detected African cassava mosaic virus (ACMV) and also for the first time the East African cassava mosaic virus (EACMV) in two locations in the Moyamba district, southern Sierra Leone. The result from this study indicates the need for an increased adoption of CMD resistant cassava genotypes that are high yielding, has good cooking quality and with the ability to replace the local choice variety without significantly altering the cultural and aesthetic quality of the generally accepted local cultivar.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"39 1","pages":"246-254"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77116720","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2014-01-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20140406.03
K. Kettener, Maria C. P. Fuchs, A. Madacki, E. Gonzales, I. C. Souza, S. Oda, C. Marino
The genus Eucalyptus includes over 700 species, some of which are the most widely planted hardwoods worldwide. Each species of Eucalyptus present different characteristics regarding its wood quality and yield. This fact makes it very important to work with known species to optimize handling and conservation of forest resources. Some of them are morphologically similar, making it difficult to differentiate by simple observation. An alternative approach is to develop molecular methods for the species differentiation. Using a Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) with 59 RAPD (Random-Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers of Operon Technologies Inc. Kits, polymorphic DNA fragments between Eucalyptus species were isolated and SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions) markers designed for Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus tereticornis.
{"title":"Development of SCAR Molecular Markers in Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus tereticornis","authors":"K. Kettener, Maria C. P. Fuchs, A. Madacki, E. Gonzales, I. C. Souza, S. Oda, C. Marino","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20140406.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20140406.03","url":null,"abstract":"The genus Eucalyptus includes over 700 species, some of which are the most widely planted hardwoods worldwide. Each species of Eucalyptus present different characteristics regarding its wood quality and yield. This fact makes it very important to work with known species to optimize handling and conservation of forest resources. Some of them are morphologically similar, making it difficult to differentiate by simple observation. An alternative approach is to develop molecular methods for the species differentiation. Using a Bulk Segregant Analysis (BSA) with 59 RAPD (Random-Amplified Polymorphic DNA) primers of Operon Technologies Inc. Kits, polymorphic DNA fragments between Eucalyptus species were isolated and SCAR (Sequence Characterized Amplified Regions) markers designed for Eucalyptus saligna and Eucalyptus tereticornis.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"55 1","pages":"435-439"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2014-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"83477503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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