Pub Date : 2012-05-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.02
Ahmed M. El Naim, Elhag H. Khaliefa, K. A. Ibrahim, Feisal M. Ismaeil, Moayad B. Zaied
Growth plant is the result of transfer of solar radiation in to the photosynthetic processes of green leaf and transmission of photosynthates into increased biomass. Recently, many researchers have manipulated plant row-spacing and direction as well as plant populations within the row, to increase crop production through more efficient use of solar energy. A field experiment was conducted in North Kordofan State of Sudan, to investigate the effect of intra - row spacing (10, 20, 30 and 40cm) and planting stand (two and three plants per stand) on yield and yield components of Hibiscus sab- dariffa L. The results showed that, plant population had a significant effect on most of the attributes measured. Closer spacing increased the number of branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to 95% physiological maturity, number of calyces per plant, calyces yield (g/plant) and decreased final calyces yield (t/ha). Spacing of 20 cm and three plants per stand gave highest calyces yield (t/ha).
{"title":"Growth and Yield of Roselle (Hibiscus sabdariffa L) as Influenced by Plant Population in Arid Tropic of Sudan under Rain-fed","authors":"Ahmed M. El Naim, Elhag H. Khaliefa, K. A. Ibrahim, Feisal M. Ismaeil, Moayad B. Zaied","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.02","url":null,"abstract":"Growth plant is the result of transfer of solar radiation in to the photosynthetic processes of green leaf and transmission of photosynthates into increased biomass. Recently, many researchers have manipulated plant row-spacing and direction as well as plant populations within the row, to increase crop production through more efficient use of solar energy. A field experiment was conducted in North Kordofan State of Sudan, to investigate the effect of intra - row spacing (10, 20, 30 and 40cm) and planting stand (two and three plants per stand) on yield and yield components of Hibiscus sab- dariffa L. The results showed that, plant population had a significant effect on most of the attributes measured. Closer spacing increased the number of branches per plant, days to 50% flowering, days to 95% physiological maturity, number of calyces per plant, calyces yield (g/plant) and decreased final calyces yield (t/ha). Spacing of 20 cm and three plants per stand gave highest calyces yield (t/ha).","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"21 1","pages":"88-91"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90281517","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.06
F. Awe, E. Imoagene, C. Osadebe, F. Azeez, T. S. Eniola
This study examined the marketing of Irvingia kernels in selected markets in Akure. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources. One hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires were administered to Irvingia kernel sellers in six selected markets in the area. Thirty-one(31) of the questionnaires were administered to traders in Oja-Oba while 24, 20, 20, 14 and 11 were administered in NEPA, Isikan, Maronu, Isolo and Oluwatuyi markets respectively. The results showed that 70% of the traders were female while male accounted for 30%. The results also revealed that cost price of Ir- vingia kernels and the transport cost were the main determinants of the selling of the product. The level of involvement of the sellers, though had a positive relationship with the selling price, was not significant in determining the selling price because its coefficient, unlike those of cost price and transport cost, was not significant at 5% level. Also the average gross margin per marketer was put at N7, 802.34K, implying that the marketing of the product in the study area was profitable.
{"title":"Evaluation of Irvingia Kernels Marketing in Selected Markets in Akure, Ondo State, Nigeria","authors":"F. Awe, E. Imoagene, C. Osadebe, F. Azeez, T. S. Eniola","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.06","url":null,"abstract":"This study examined the marketing of Irvingia kernels in selected markets in Akure. Data were collected through primary and secondary sources. One hundred and twenty (120) questionnaires were administered to Irvingia kernel sellers in six selected markets in the area. Thirty-one(31) of the questionnaires were administered to traders in Oja-Oba while 24, 20, 20, 14 and 11 were administered in NEPA, Isikan, Maronu, Isolo and Oluwatuyi markets respectively. The results showed that 70% of the traders were female while male accounted for 30%. The results also revealed that cost price of Ir- vingia kernels and the transport cost were the main determinants of the selling of the product. The level of involvement of the sellers, though had a positive relationship with the selling price, was not significant in determining the selling price because its coefficient, unlike those of cost price and transport cost, was not significant at 5% level. Also the average gross margin per marketer was put at N7, 802.34K, implying that the marketing of the product in the study area was profitable.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"31 1","pages":"113-116"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88959077","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.01
Ebrahimi Mohammad Sadegh, K. Khalil, Asadi Ali, M. Davoud
The most important of Land-consolidation programs is to decrease consumption of chemical inputs (fertilizer and toxins) in paddy fields, thus enhancing sustainability. This study compares the consumption of inputs in traditional and developed paddy fields in Iran, based on a case study of Gilan province. The research was conducted in the form of a sur- vey study. The data for this research was collected from 176 farmers who work traditional rice fields and 188 farmers who are part of a farm-development program in Gilan province, who were selected using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75) after conducting a pilot study. Analysis of the survey results showed that the average consumption of chemical fertilizer in developed paddy fields (363 kg of fertilizers per hectare) was greater than that in traditional paddy fields (308 kg/ha). In contrast, developed paddy fields used less toxins (6.4 kg/ha) than traditional paddy fields (8.3 kg/ha). The t-test showed that in two groups of farmers, the farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly more chemical toxins and manure, and significantly less chemical fertilizer, than farmers of traditional paddy lands.
{"title":"The Comparison of Farming Inputs Consumption in Traditional and Developed Paddy Fields in Iran","authors":"Ebrahimi Mohammad Sadegh, K. Khalil, Asadi Ali, M. Davoud","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.01","url":null,"abstract":"The most important of Land-consolidation programs is to decrease consumption of chemical inputs (fertilizer and toxins) in paddy fields, thus enhancing sustainability. This study compares the consumption of inputs in traditional and developed paddy fields in Iran, based on a case study of Gilan province. The research was conducted in the form of a sur- vey study. The data for this research was collected from 176 farmers who work traditional rice fields and 188 farmers who are part of a farm-development program in Gilan province, who were selected using a stratified random sampling procedure. Data was collected through a questionnaire. The reliability of questionnaire was determined by calculating the Cronbach's alpha coefficient (0.75) after conducting a pilot study. Analysis of the survey results showed that the average consumption of chemical fertilizer in developed paddy fields (363 kg of fertilizers per hectare) was greater than that in traditional paddy fields (308 kg/ha). In contrast, developed paddy fields used less toxins (6.4 kg/ha) than traditional paddy fields (8.3 kg/ha). The t-test showed that in two groups of farmers, the farmers of developed paddy lands used significantly more chemical toxins and manure, and significantly less chemical fertilizer, than farmers of traditional paddy lands.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"435 1","pages":"84-87"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77245258","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.08
T. Ijang, Ndikumagenge Cleto, Ngome Williams Ewane, Agostinho Chicaia, Ron Tamar
This paper questions the conduct of key processes and outcome of preliminary actions leading to national engagements and commitment for the management of transboundary protected areas and how these fit into the broader picture of multi-stakeholder negotiation and collaboration framework. Using the participatory learning and action method, authors accompanied stakeholders (consultants, facilitators, experts and Ministers from Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Congo) in negotiating the Mayombe forest transboundary protected area. Main activities carried out were baseline studies, internal meetings and multiparty meetings organized in the respective countries, Kinshasa (DRC) and Cabinda (Angola). Results show that the negotiation process was initially win-lose during the first multiparty meeting. These worsen to a lose-lose scenario in the second meeting. At this stage the process was rather externally-driven. After serious internal meetings and the intervention of senior officials it finally moved to a win-win situation as a result of increased national ownership. Since the ministers from the three countries were able to reverse the negotiation outcome, it appears that the views of high level government authorities are essential in preliminary arrangements in transboundary dialogue and cooperation. As such, protected areas negotiation schemes should not be limited to technical expertise but rather be inclusive of politics at the national and regional level. It is expected that increased national-level and local-level ownership would further improve the win-win tendencies
{"title":"Transboundary Dialogue and Cooperation: First Lessons from Igniting Negotiations on Joint Management of the Mayombe Forest in the Congo Basin","authors":"T. Ijang, Ndikumagenge Cleto, Ngome Williams Ewane, Agostinho Chicaia, Ron Tamar","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.08","url":null,"abstract":"This paper questions the conduct of key processes and outcome of preliminary actions leading to national engagements and commitment for the management of transboundary protected areas and how these fit into the broader picture of multi-stakeholder negotiation and collaboration framework. Using the participatory learning and action method, authors accompanied stakeholders (consultants, facilitators, experts and Ministers from Angola, Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) and Congo) in negotiating the Mayombe forest transboundary protected area. Main activities carried out were baseline studies, internal meetings and multiparty meetings organized in the respective countries, Kinshasa (DRC) and Cabinda (Angola). Results show that the negotiation process was initially win-lose during the first multiparty meeting. These worsen to a lose-lose scenario in the second meeting. At this stage the process was rather externally-driven. After serious internal meetings and the intervention of senior officials it finally moved to a win-win situation as a result of increased national ownership. Since the ministers from the three countries were able to reverse the negotiation outcome, it appears that the views of high level government authorities are essential in preliminary arrangements in transboundary dialogue and cooperation. As such, protected areas negotiation schemes should not be limited to technical expertise but rather be inclusive of politics at the national and regional level. It is expected that increased national-level and local-level ownership would further improve the win-win tendencies","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"12 5 1","pages":"121-131"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77580346","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-05-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.04
A. Eruola, N. J. Bello, G. C. Ufoegbune, A. Makinde
An on-farm yam experiment was conducted to confirm the agro-climatic potential of Abeokuta, South-western Nigeria for three white yam varieties (Dioscorea rotundata). Three varieties of yam (Efuru, Ise-osi and Oniyere) was selected and related to crop growth and yield. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design in three replicate. The result showed that all yam varieties evaluated were suitable for planting in the area. However, Efuru and Ise-osi syn- chronized perfectly with the pattern of Actual Water Availability and produced good vegetative growth with Leaf Area Index LAI, of 1.08 and 0.91 thereby leading to high tuber yield of 12 tonnes ha -1 and 11.64 tonnes ha -1 , respectively. Oniyere had LAI of 0.44 resulting in a lower tuber yield of 11.53 tonnes ha -1 .
在尼日利亚西南部的Abeokuta进行了一项田间山药试验，以确定三种白色山药品种(Dioscorea rotundata)的农业气候潜力。选择了三个山药品种(Efuru, Ise-osi和Oniyere)，它们与作物生长和产量有关。试验采用随机完全区组设计，设3个重复。结果表明，评价的山药品种均适合在该区种植。而埃富鲁和伊泽西与实际水分有效度完全同步，叶面积指数LAI分别为1.08和0.91，营养生长良好，块茎产量分别为12 t ha -1和11.64 t ha -1。Oniyere的LAI为0.44，导致块茎产量较低，为11.53吨/公顷。
{"title":"Effect of Variety Selection on Growth,Development and Yield of White Yam in Southwestern Nigeria","authors":"A. Eruola, N. J. Bello, G. C. Ufoegbune, A. Makinde","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120203.04","url":null,"abstract":"An on-farm yam experiment was conducted to confirm the agro-climatic potential of Abeokuta, South-western Nigeria for three white yam varieties (Dioscorea rotundata). Three varieties of yam (Efuru, Ise-osi and Oniyere) was selected and related to crop growth and yield. The experiment was laid out in randomized complete block design in three replicate. The result showed that all yam varieties evaluated were suitable for planting in the area. However, Efuru and Ise-osi syn- chronized perfectly with the pattern of Actual Water Availability and produced good vegetative growth with Leaf Area Index LAI, of 1.08 and 0.91 thereby leading to high tuber yield of 12 tonnes ha -1 and 11.64 tonnes ha -1 , respectively. Oniyere had LAI of 0.44 resulting in a lower tuber yield of 11.53 tonnes ha -1 .","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"105 1","pages":"101-104"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-05-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85911923","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.02
O. Oke, A. M. Gbadebo
The insect species found on water hyacinth plants were collected in each of the sampling station by using insect net on randomly selected ten water hyacinth per square meter of a floatable quadrant which was placed over the mat of water hyacinth on the water body. The collections were made on monthly basis for 18 months from October 2009 to March 2011. The insect species collected were grouped into five orders namely:Orthoptera; Coleoptera; Hemiptera; Odonata and Diptera. There were two families in the order Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidrididae, andAcrididae. For the Pyrgomorphidae were Zonocerusvarigatus and Attractomorphaaurivilli, while in the Acrididae there was Oxyahyla. The order Coleoptera also had two families: Chrsomelidae and Lagriidae. Family Chrysomelidae had two genera: namelyLamprocopaoccidentalis and Leptaulacafissicollis. The family Lagriidae had only one species Lagriavillosa. The order Hemiptera was represented by only two families - Pentatomidae and Cercopidae. Only one genus was represented in the Pentatomidae - Aspaviaarmigera while the family Cercopidae had one species - Locrismaculatus. The order Odonata was represented by the family Libelludidae which has the genusAcisomapanorpoides. Lastly the order Diptera was represented by the family MusidaeMuscadomestica. The insect species performed different kinds of activities on the water hyacinth plants and these activities were performed to varying degrees or levels. These activities included tunnelling into the petioles of the water hyacinth, feeding on the leaf surfaces, mating on the water hyacinth, sucking the juice from the water hyacinth and resting or reposing on the water hyacinth. The result of this study has revealed that the insects present on water hyacinth on Ogunriver were not indigenous natural enemies of these water hyacinth plants because all the activities of these insects could not suppress the growth and proliferation of the water hyacinth, hence, the consequent rapid growth and propagation of the plant.
{"title":"Survey and Collection of Insect Species Associated with Water Hyacinth on Ogun River, Nigeria","authors":"O. Oke, A. M. Gbadebo","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.02","url":null,"abstract":"The insect species found on water hyacinth plants were collected in each of the sampling station by using insect net on randomly selected ten water hyacinth per square meter of a floatable quadrant which was placed over the mat of water hyacinth on the water body. The collections were made on monthly basis for 18 months from October 2009 to March 2011. The insect species collected were grouped into five orders namely:Orthoptera; Coleoptera; Hemiptera; Odonata and Diptera. There were two families in the order Orthoptera: Pyrgomorphidrididae, andAcrididae. For the Pyrgomorphidae were Zonocerusvarigatus and Attractomorphaaurivilli, while in the Acrididae there was Oxyahyla. The order Coleoptera also had two families: Chrsomelidae and Lagriidae. Family Chrysomelidae had two genera: namelyLamprocopaoccidentalis and Leptaulacafissicollis. The family Lagriidae had only one species Lagriavillosa. The order Hemiptera was represented by only two families - Pentatomidae and Cercopidae. Only one genus was represented in the Pentatomidae - Aspaviaarmigera while the family Cercopidae had one species - Locrismaculatus. The order Odonata was represented by the family Libelludidae which has the genusAcisomapanorpoides. Lastly the order Diptera was represented by the family MusidaeMuscadomestica. The insect species performed different kinds of activities on the water hyacinth plants and these activities were performed to varying degrees or levels. These activities included tunnelling into the petioles of the water hyacinth, feeding on the leaf surfaces, mating on the water hyacinth, sucking the juice from the water hyacinth and resting or reposing on the water hyacinth. The result of this study has revealed that the insects present on water hyacinth on Ogunriver were not indigenous natural enemies of these water hyacinth plants because all the activities of these insects could not suppress the growth and proliferation of the water hyacinth, hence, the consequent rapid growth and propagation of the plant.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"51 1","pages":"6-9"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90999935","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.06
D. H. Fualefac, Ndang N. Doris, J. Kana, A. Téguia, F. Ngoula
The effect of fermentation duration of raw Bambara groundnut ( Voandzeia subterranean (L) on the growth performance, carcass quality and feed cost of finisher broilers were investigated. Two hundred 21 day old female Arbor acre broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups of forty birds each. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design with each treatment replicated five times with eight birds per replicated. Five test diets were formulated to contain no Bambara groundnut (C0) control or 15% of Bambara groundnut (BGN) either socked in water for 12 hours (F0) or socked and fermented for 12 hours, (F12), 24 hours (F24) and 36 hours (F36). Results showed that total feed consumption was significantly (P<0.05) higher with birds fed diet F0 compared with birds fed diet F12. The final body weight and total body weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher for the control diet (C0) compared to the rest of the treatments. Birds fed the control diet (C0) had improved fed conversion ratio (P<0.05) compared with the other treatments. Bigger liver and heart (P<0.05) were obtained with birds fed diet containing BGN (F0, F24 and F36) compared with the control (C0) and F12 group. The cost per kg weight gain ($1 USA = CFA 480 Francs) was significantly (P<0.05) lower with birds fed diet F0 compared with birds fed diet F12, F24 and F36 but comparable with the control (Co) diet. The result of the present study showed that fermentation duration had no significant effect on body live weight, weight gain and feed consumption ratio.
{"title":"Attitudes Toward Risk and Coping Responses: The Case of Food Crop Farmers at Agona Duakwa in Agona East District of Ghana","authors":"D. H. Fualefac, Ndang N. Doris, J. Kana, A. Téguia, F. Ngoula","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.06","url":null,"abstract":"The effect of fermentation duration of raw Bambara groundnut ( Voandzeia subterranean (L) on the growth performance, carcass quality and feed cost of finisher broilers were investigated. Two hundred 21 day old female Arbor acre broiler chicks were randomly divided into five treatment groups of forty birds each. The experimental design was a Completely Randomized Design with each treatment replicated five times with eight birds per replicated. Five test diets were formulated to contain no Bambara groundnut (C0) control or 15% of Bambara groundnut (BGN) either socked in water for 12 hours (F0) or socked and fermented for 12 hours, (F12), 24 hours (F24) and 36 hours (F36). Results showed that total feed consumption was significantly (P<0.05) higher with birds fed diet F0 compared with birds fed diet F12. The final body weight and total body weight gain were significantly (P<0.05) higher for the control diet (C0) compared to the rest of the treatments. Birds fed the control diet (C0) had improved fed conversion ratio (P<0.05) compared with the other treatments. Bigger liver and heart (P<0.05) were obtained with birds fed diet containing BGN (F0, F24 and F36) compared with the control (C0) and F12 group. The cost per kg weight gain ($1 USA = CFA 480 Francs) was significantly (P<0.05) lower with birds fed diet F0 compared with birds fed diet F12, F24 and F36 but comparable with the control (Co) diet. The result of the present study showed that fermentation duration had no significant effect on body live weight, weight gain and feed consumption ratio.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"49 1","pages":"29-37"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79122716","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.01
C. Okezie, Jamalludin Sulaiman, A. Nwosu
The study examined the increasing commercialization of subsistence agriculture and identified the driving forces of the commercialization process. The study defined some concepts under which the process of agricultural com- mercialization was examined. The study was conducted in the three agricultural zones of Abia state, Nigeria. A total of 120 farm families spread across the state were enlisted for the study. Data were collected bimonthly for a period of six months with structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and quantitative techniques. Results show that agriculture is not subsistence oriented. There is some considerable degree of market-orientation. Off- farm income was identified as important source of the commercialization of agriculture. The farm-level determinants of commercialization were labour, fertilizer and planting materials. The production elasticity of labour is high and there are diseconomies of scale. The study observes that the full potentials of agriculture have not been harnessed as agriculture is labour intensive and relies heavily on crude implements.
{"title":"Farm - Level Determinants of Agricultural Commercialization","authors":"C. Okezie, Jamalludin Sulaiman, A. Nwosu","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.01","url":null,"abstract":"The study examined the increasing commercialization of subsistence agriculture and identified the driving forces of the commercialization process. The study defined some concepts under which the process of agricultural com- mercialization was examined. The study was conducted in the three agricultural zones of Abia state, Nigeria. A total of 120 farm families spread across the state were enlisted for the study. Data were collected bimonthly for a period of six months with structured questionnaires. Data analysis involved the use of descriptive statistics and quantitative techniques. Results show that agriculture is not subsistence oriented. There is some considerable degree of market-orientation. Off- farm income was identified as important source of the commercialization of agriculture. The farm-level determinants of commercialization were labour, fertilizer and planting materials. The production elasticity of labour is high and there are diseconomies of scale. The study observes that the full potentials of agriculture have not been harnessed as agriculture is labour intensive and relies heavily on crude implements.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"1 1","pages":"1-5"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89058042","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.08
Bello O. B., Ganiyu O. T., Wahab M. K. A., Afolabi M. S., Oluleye F., I. S. A., Mahmud J., Azeez M. A., Abdulmaliq S. Y.
Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in- vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain- fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil- lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.
{"title":"Evidence of Climate Change Impacts on Agriculture and Food Security in Nigeria","authors":"Bello O. B., Ganiyu O. T., Wahab M. K. A., Afolabi M. S., Oluleye F., I. S. A., Mahmud J., Azeez M. A., Abdulmaliq S. Y.","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.08","url":null,"abstract":"Change in climate and consequent global warming are posing threats to food security in many developing nations including Nigeria because of the climate-dependent nature of agricultural systems and lack of coping capabilities. The spatiotemporal pattern of temperature and rainfall of Nigeria between 1901 and 2005 (105 years), using temperature and rainfall data to support the concept of regional climate change and its impact on Agriculture and food security was in- vestigated. Also assessed was the level of agriculture funding and output in Nigeria. Mean annual air temperature and rain- fall data between 1901- 2005 (105 years) were obtained from Food and Agricultural Organization publications, National Bureau of Statistics, Central Bank of Nigeria bulletin and National Meteorological Agency. Descriptive statistics were used to analyze the data. The results showed that within the period of 105 years, rainfall decreased by 81 mm with increasing temperature of 1.1℃. The unpredictability of rainfall and steadily increasing air temperature were observed from 1971-2005. The total federal budget between 2001 and 2005 averaged 824 billion Naira per year of which very small amount (14.7 billion (1.8%)) went to agricultural sector. The actual spending was 681 billion Naira per year with 11.4 bil- lion Naira for agriculture. Over 25 years, there were low and dramatic walloping of public spending in agriculture relative to large size and importance of agricultural sector in the economy. There is a continuous rise in output from 1987 to 2000 before it dropped in 2001. Land degradation, desert encroachment, drying up of surface waters, coastal inundations, and shift in cultivated crops over time affected the food security in Nigeria. The current available data showed that Nigeria, like most parts of the world is experiencing the basic features of climate change. Therefore, Nigerian government/ private sector partnership should encourage agricultural, industrial and domestic practices which will not contribute to the emission of greenhouse gasses.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"2 1","pages":"49-55"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78971473","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-04-09DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.11
M. Ragab, A. Ashour, M. Abdel-Kader, R. El-Mohamady, A. Abdel-Aziz
The inhibitory effect of the antagonistic bioagents, chemical plant resistance inducers and some essential oils against the linear growth of two isolates of F. oxysporum the wilt pathogen of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) was evaluated in vitro. The antagonistic microorganisms, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. aureiviride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudo- monas fluorescens were tested. Also, the tested chemical inducers were Sodium benzoate, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium sorbate and Chitosan. Meanwhile, the tested essential oils were Cinnamon, Clove, Thyme, Lemon grass, Lemon, Mint, Pepper mint and Mustard. The obtained results indicate that the antagonistic bioagents, T. viride, B. subtilis, P. fluorescens showed superior inhibitory effect against the growth of pathogenic fungi compared with T. harzianum and T. aureiviride. The fungal mycelial growth reduced gradually by increasing of tested concentrations to reach complete reduction (100%) at the concentrations of 4% for Potassium bicarbonate and Sodium benzoate and at 6% for Potassium sorbate. Data also revealed that the fungicide Topsin-M had superior inhibitor effect on the fungal linear growth than that of tested salts. It cause com- plete growth reduction at concentration of 300ppm. Chitosan was found to affect the linear growth of the two isolates of F. oxysporum that the complete reduction in fungal growth (100%) was observed at concentration of 4.5 g/L. Results also showed that Thyme, Lemon grass, Peppermint, Clove and Mint oils had higher inhibitor effect on fungal mycelial growth than Limon, Cinnamon and Mustard oils. Fungal mycelial growth decreased significantly as the concentrations of essential oils were increased, to reach the fungal growth's minimum at the highest concentration used. Complete reduction (100%) in mycelial growth of two fungal isolates was recorded at concentration of 6% of all tested essential oils. The obtained results in the present study showed the possibility of usage antagonistic bioagents, various plant inducers and essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi.
{"title":"In Vitro Evaluation of Some Fungicides Alternatives Against Fusarium Oxysporum the Causal of Wilt Disease of Pepper ( Capsicum a nnum L.)","authors":"M. Ragab, A. Ashour, M. Abdel-Kader, R. El-Mohamady, A. Abdel-Aziz","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120202.11","url":null,"abstract":"The inhibitory effect of the antagonistic bioagents, chemical plant resistance inducers and some essential oils against the linear growth of two isolates of F. oxysporum the wilt pathogen of pepper (Capsicum annum L.) was evaluated in vitro. The antagonistic microorganisms, Trichoderma harzianum, T. viride, T. aureiviride, Bacillus subtilis and Pseudo- monas fluorescens were tested. Also, the tested chemical inducers were Sodium benzoate, Potassium bicarbonate, Potassium sorbate and Chitosan. Meanwhile, the tested essential oils were Cinnamon, Clove, Thyme, Lemon grass, Lemon, Mint, Pepper mint and Mustard. The obtained results indicate that the antagonistic bioagents, T. viride, B. subtilis, P. fluorescens showed superior inhibitory effect against the growth of pathogenic fungi compared with T. harzianum and T. aureiviride. The fungal mycelial growth reduced gradually by increasing of tested concentrations to reach complete reduction (100%) at the concentrations of 4% for Potassium bicarbonate and Sodium benzoate and at 6% for Potassium sorbate. Data also revealed that the fungicide Topsin-M had superior inhibitor effect on the fungal linear growth than that of tested salts. It cause com- plete growth reduction at concentration of 300ppm. Chitosan was found to affect the linear growth of the two isolates of F. oxysporum that the complete reduction in fungal growth (100%) was observed at concentration of 4.5 g/L. Results also showed that Thyme, Lemon grass, Peppermint, Clove and Mint oils had higher inhibitor effect on fungal mycelial growth than Limon, Cinnamon and Mustard oils. Fungal mycelial growth decreased significantly as the concentrations of essential oils were increased, to reach the fungal growth's minimum at the highest concentration used. Complete reduction (100%) in mycelial growth of two fungal isolates was recorded at concentration of 6% of all tested essential oils. The obtained results in the present study showed the possibility of usage antagonistic bioagents, various plant inducers and essential oils to control plant pathogenic fungi.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"530 1","pages":"70-77"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-04-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"78404123","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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