Pub Date : 2013-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20130307.03
P. Lau, G. O. Machado, L. Nogueira, A. Christoforo, D. A. Gonçalves, F. Lahr
This study aimed to evaluate the energy efficiency, thermal power and amount of volatiles released (CO2, CO and SO2) by three models of wood-metallic cookstoves into single-family residences in the city of Irati / PR, Brazil. All cookstoves had a low average energy efficiency fro m 2.9% ± 0.3 (stove 1), 2.6% ± 0.5 (stove 2) to 4.6% ± 0.2 (stove 3). The thermal power was 159.3 W ± 14.2 (stove 1), 142.7 W ± 39.2 (stove 2) and 176.5 W ± 21.7 (stove 3). It was observed a high pollutant levels of volatile compounds such as CO 34,9 Nm 3 /kg ± 3,1; 35,2 Nm 3 /kg ± 8,6 and 24,5 Nm 3 /kg ± 2,1; CO2 314,4 Nm 3 /kg ± 28,3; 316,5 Nm 3 /kg ± 77,0 and 220,9 Nm 3 / kg ± 19,0, lastly SO2 0,027 Nm 3 /kg ±0,0; 0,027 Nm 3 /kg ± 0,0 and 0,019 Nm 3 /kg ± 0,0, respectively fro m first to third stove. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the stove 3 showed to be the most efficient among the models investigated. In general, the obtained data indicate a low energy conversion and a potential health risk to the user due the release of to xic gases, such as carbon mono xide, present in the smo ke inside the house's kitchen.
{"title":"Evaluation of the efficiency energy of wood stove from Irati Brazilian city.","authors":"P. Lau, G. O. Machado, L. Nogueira, A. Christoforo, D. A. Gonçalves, F. Lahr","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20130307.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20130307.03","url":null,"abstract":"This study aimed to evaluate the energy efficiency, thermal power and amount of volatiles released (CO2, CO and SO2) by three models of wood-metallic cookstoves into single-family residences in the city of Irati / PR, Brazil. All cookstoves had a low average energy efficiency fro m 2.9% ± 0.3 (stove 1), 2.6% ± 0.5 (stove 2) to 4.6% ± 0.2 (stove 3). The thermal power was 159.3 W ± 14.2 (stove 1), 142.7 W ± 39.2 (stove 2) and 176.5 W ± 21.7 (stove 3). It was observed a high pollutant levels of volatile compounds such as CO 34,9 Nm 3 /kg ± 3,1; 35,2 Nm 3 /kg ± 8,6 and 24,5 Nm 3 /kg ± 2,1; CO2 314,4 Nm 3 /kg ± 28,3; 316,5 Nm 3 /kg ± 77,0 and 220,9 Nm 3 / kg ± 19,0, lastly SO2 0,027 Nm 3 /kg ±0,0; 0,027 Nm 3 /kg ± 0,0 and 0,019 Nm 3 /kg ± 0,0, respectively fro m first to third stove. The results of the analysis of variance showed that the stove 3 showed to be the most efficient among the models investigated. In general, the obtained data indicate a low energy conversion and a potential health risk to the user due the release of to xic gases, such as carbon mono xide, present in the smo ke inside the house's kitchen.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"235 1","pages":"267-272"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77474230","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-10-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJHE.20130205.05
C. Babajimopoulos, G. Terzidis
The determination of diameter in p ipe flow problems requires the use of diagrams or iterat ive solutions of the Colebrook - White equation. Diagrams are inaccurate because of reading errors and are impossible to use when the whole problem is going to be solved by a co mputer. Iteration type solutions can be very time consuming when large water distribution networks are involved. In this paper, accurate explicit equations for the determination of pipe diameter are developed. Two equations are presented, a simp le and a more com p lex one. The maximu m relative errors in the computation of the diameter, D, for 4x10 3 ≤ Re ≤10 8 and 10 -5 ≤ e/D ≤5x10 -2 are 0.36% and 5.65x10 -3 % respectively. It was found that the
{"title":"Accurate Explicit Equations for the Determination of Pipe Diameters","authors":"C. Babajimopoulos, G. Terzidis","doi":"10.5923/J.IJHE.20130205.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJHE.20130205.05","url":null,"abstract":"The determination of diameter in p ipe flow problems requires the use of diagrams or iterat ive solutions of the Colebrook - White equation. Diagrams are inaccurate because of reading errors and are impossible to use when the whole problem is going to be solved by a co mputer. Iteration type solutions can be very time consuming when large water distribution networks are involved. In this paper, accurate explicit equations for the determination of pipe diameter are developed. Two equations are presented, a simp le and a more com p lex one. The maximu m relative errors in the computation of the diameter, D, for 4x10 3 ≤ Re ≤10 8 and 10 -5 ≤ e/D ≤5x10 -2 are 0.36% and 5.65x10 -3 % respectively. It was found that the","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"76 7","pages":"115-120"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91508945","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-06-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20130302.06
F. S. Ferro, F. Icimoto, Diogo Henrique de Almeida, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr
The obtaining the modulus of elasticity in compression of the wood with the use of dial gauges, fixed on opposite faces of the specimens, may lead to deformation values and consequently to different elastic modulus as a function of the faces chosen for its attachment, being the timber an anisotropic material. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of two distinct positions for setting the dial gauges (A and B) in wood specimens tested in compression, using the assumptions of the test methods and calculation of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190: 1997. The woods evaluated in trials were the Pinus elliottii and Corymbia citriodora, being used seven specimens per species. A specimen was taken to the rupture, obtained the values of the maximu m stress and strain (references) needed to obtain the elastic moduli of the six remaining specimens per species, certain non-destructively (two tests per piece). The results of analysis of variance revealed the equivalence between modules elasticity in compression parallel to the grain for both wood species investigated, resulting not significantly arrangement of dial gaugesto determine the properties of stiffness. However, the anisotropy of wood, these results cannot be extrapolated to other woods of the same or d ifferent species, justifying the setting of dial gauges in two different positions, allo wing for judging whether or not the equivalence between the modulus of elasticity.
{"title":"Verification of Test Conditions to Determine the Compression Modulus of Elasticity of Wood","authors":"F. S. Ferro, F. Icimoto, Diogo Henrique de Almeida, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20130302.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20130302.06","url":null,"abstract":"The obtaining the modulus of elasticity in compression of the wood with the use of dial gauges, fixed on opposite faces of the specimens, may lead to deformation values and consequently to different elastic modulus as a function of the faces chosen for its attachment, being the timber an anisotropic material. This study aimed to evaluate the influence of two distinct positions for setting the dial gauges (A and B) in wood specimens tested in compression, using the assumptions of the test methods and calculation of the Brazilian standard ABNT NBR 7190: 1997. The woods evaluated in trials were the Pinus elliottii and Corymbia citriodora, being used seven specimens per species. A specimen was taken to the rupture, obtained the values of the maximu m stress and strain (references) needed to obtain the elastic moduli of the six remaining specimens per species, certain non-destructively (two tests per piece). The results of analysis of variance revealed the equivalence between modules elasticity in compression parallel to the grain for both wood species investigated, resulting not significantly arrangement of dial gaugesto determine the properties of stiffness. However, the anisotropy of wood, these results cannot be extrapolated to other woods of the same or d ifferent species, justifying the setting of dial gauges in two different positions, allo wing for judging whether or not the equivalence between the modulus of elasticity.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"31 1","pages":"66-70"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82354336","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-02-01DOI: 10.5923/J.CMATERIALS.20140402.02
M. S. Bertolini, M. F. D. Nascimento, Karen Anéris Blecha, F. Lahr
Urban trees have aesthetic functions and mit igate high temperatures, however their maintenance requires constant pruning. This work aimed to apply the tailings resulting fro m tree management in particleboard production. Particles fro m urban tree pruning of Jatoba, Canelinha and mixture o f these species were used, in addition to castor oil resin as adhesive. Particleboard was evaluated according to NBR 14810:3 and results compared with the main standards . Panels presented satisfactory values for water absorption and thickness swelling. For mechanical properties, particleboards made fro m Jatoba showed better results. Thus, it's possible emp loy residues from pruning high density urban tree in particleboard.
{"title":"Eco-panels Based on Wastes from Urban Trees and Castor Oil Polyurethane Resin","authors":"M. S. Bertolini, M. F. D. Nascimento, Karen Anéris Blecha, F. Lahr","doi":"10.5923/J.CMATERIALS.20140402.02","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.CMATERIALS.20140402.02","url":null,"abstract":"Urban trees have aesthetic functions and mit igate high temperatures, however their maintenance requires constant pruning. This work aimed to apply the tailings resulting fro m tree management in particleboard production. Particles fro m urban tree pruning of Jatoba, Canelinha and mixture o f these species were used, in addition to castor oil resin as adhesive. Particleboard was evaluated according to NBR 14810:3 and results compared with the main standards . Panels presented satisfactory values for water absorption and thickness swelling. For mechanical properties, particleboards made fro m Jatoba showed better results. Thus, it's possible emp loy residues from pruning high density urban tree in particleboard.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"66 1","pages":"12-15"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-02-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85058560","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20130302.03
O. A. Abdi, E. K. Glover, O. Luukkanen
Desertification, a phenomenon referring to land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions as a result of climatic variations and human activities, is considered as one of the most severe environmental and socio-economic problems o f recent times. The p rincipal aim o f th is study was to exp lore the impacts of desertification, degradation and drought on both the natural resources and man's livelihood in the Sudan and to suggest appropriate forest resource management interventions. The study was based on a fact finding tour in the Sudan and data collection on drought trends as reflected in rainfall trends in the study area, and on trends concerning the productivity of natural resources. Information was also comp iled fro m existing records on rainfall, forest land cover, forest stocking, rangelands and carrying capacity and on agricultural p roductivity and population trends. Results showed that in rain-fed agricultural zones in the Sudan, deep ploughing and leveling of the surface soil caused an increase in its susceptibility to wind erosion, wh ich, in turn, has led to a severe decline in its fertility and, in some places, the formation of sand dunes. The implications of these trends on the natural resource base include environmental degradation, food insecurity and aggravation of inco me inequalit ies among the Sudanese producers. The study has suggested Agroforestry technology as a potential solution to this continued problem of declining ru ral ag ricu ltural production in the Sudan.
{"title":"Causes and Impacts of Land Degradation and Desertification: Case Study of the Sudan","authors":"O. A. Abdi, E. K. Glover, O. Luukkanen","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20130302.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20130302.03","url":null,"abstract":"Desertification, a phenomenon referring to land degradation in arid, semi-arid and dry sub-humid regions as a result of climatic variations and human activities, is considered as one of the most severe environmental and socio-economic problems o f recent times. The p rincipal aim o f th is study was to exp lore the impacts of desertification, degradation and drought on both the natural resources and man's livelihood in the Sudan and to suggest appropriate forest resource management interventions. The study was based on a fact finding tour in the Sudan and data collection on drought trends as reflected in rainfall trends in the study area, and on trends concerning the productivity of natural resources. Information was also comp iled fro m existing records on rainfall, forest land cover, forest stocking, rangelands and carrying capacity and on agricultural p roductivity and population trends. Results showed that in rain-fed agricultural zones in the Sudan, deep ploughing and leveling of the surface soil caused an increase in its susceptibility to wind erosion, wh ich, in turn, has led to a severe decline in its fertility and, in some places, the formation of sand dunes. The implications of these trends on the natural resource base include environmental degradation, food insecurity and aggravation of inco me inequalit ies among the Sudanese producers. The study has suggested Agroforestry technology as a potential solution to this continued problem of declining ru ral ag ricu ltural production in the Sudan.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"44 1","pages":"40-51"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81132136","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2013-01-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20130307.04
F. Mwakapuja, E. Liwa, J. Kashaigili
Abstrac t This paper address the use of Indices Co mbination with Supervision Classification methods to extract urban built-up areas, vegetation and water features fro m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM7) imagery covering Dar es Salaam and Kisarawe peri-urban areas. The study uses three indices; Normalized Difference Bu ilt-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SA VI) to reduce the seven bands Landsat TM7 image into three thematic-oriented bands. Data correlation, spectral confusion and redundancy between original mu ltispectral bands were significantly reduced upon application of the techniques. As a result, the spectral signatures of the three urban land-use classes are mo re distinguishable in the new co mposite image than in the original seven-band image since the spectral clusters of the classes are well separated. Through a supervised classification on the newly formed image, the urban built-up areas, vegetation and water features were finally extracted effect ively; with the accuracy of 82.05 percent attained. The results show that the technique is effective and reliable and can be considered for use in other areas with similar characteristics.
{"title":"Usage of indices for extraction of built-up areas and vegetation features from landsat TM image: a case of Dar es Salaam and Kisarawe peri-urban areas, Tanzania","authors":"F. Mwakapuja, E. Liwa, J. Kashaigili","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20130307.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20130307.04","url":null,"abstract":"Abstrac t This paper address the use of Indices Co mbination with Supervision Classification methods to extract urban built-up areas, vegetation and water features fro m Landsat Thematic Mapper (TM7) imagery covering Dar es Salaam and Kisarawe peri-urban areas. The study uses three indices; Normalized Difference Bu ilt-up Index (NDBI), Modified Normalized Difference Water Index (MNDWI), and Soil Adjusted Vegetation Index (SA VI) to reduce the seven bands Landsat TM7 image into three thematic-oriented bands. Data correlation, spectral confusion and redundancy between original mu ltispectral bands were significantly reduced upon application of the techniques. As a result, the spectral signatures of the three urban land-use classes are mo re distinguishable in the new co mposite image than in the original seven-band image since the spectral clusters of the classes are well separated. Through a supervised classification on the newly formed image, the urban built-up areas, vegetation and water features were finally extracted effect ively; with the accuracy of 82.05 percent attained. The results show that the technique is effective and reliable and can be considered for use in other areas with similar characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"61 1","pages":"273-283"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2013-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81649212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.07
G. M. Legwaila, Teko. K. Marokane, W. Mojeremane
A field experiment was conducted at Botswana College of Agriculture garden to investigate the effects intercropping maize and cowpeas on the performance of maize and co wpeas. The treat ments were sole maize crop, sole cowpea crop, intercrop 1 (spacing of 40 cm between of maize and cowpea) and intercrop 2 (spacing of 30 cm between maize and cowpea served as treatments. The experiment was monitored fro m November to March. The results show that only maize dry matter was significantly reduced by intercropping. Intercropping reduced the number cowpea flowers per p lant but had no significant effect in the number of seeds per pod and weight of seeds. Cowpea dry matter weight was significantly reduced by intercropping. Planting pattern significantly affected the number of cowpea flowers, nu mber o f pods and dry matter weight. Appropriate spacing/ planting pattern should be considered when intercropping cereal and legume.
{"title":"Effects of Intercropping on the Performance of Maize and Cowpeas in Botswana","authors":"G. M. Legwaila, Teko. K. Marokane, W. Mojeremane","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.07","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.07","url":null,"abstract":"A field experiment was conducted at Botswana College of Agriculture garden to investigate the effects intercropping maize and cowpeas on the performance of maize and co wpeas. The treat ments were sole maize crop, sole cowpea crop, intercrop 1 (spacing of 40 cm between of maize and cowpea) and intercrop 2 (spacing of 30 cm between maize and cowpea served as treatments. The experiment was monitored fro m November to March. The results show that only maize dry matter was significantly reduced by intercropping. Intercropping reduced the number cowpea flowers per p lant but had no significant effect in the number of seeds per pod and weight of seeds. Cowpea dry matter weight was significantly reduced by intercropping. Planting pattern significantly affected the number of cowpea flowers, nu mber o f pods and dry matter weight. Appropriate spacing/ planting pattern should be considered when intercropping cereal and legume.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"41 1","pages":"307-310"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90113667","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.06
O. Mohd, N. Suryanna, Shahrin bin Sahibuddin, M. F. Abdollah, S. R. Selamat
Mangrove forest is an important costal ecosystem in the t ropical and sub-tropical coastal reg ions. It is among the most productivity, ecologically, environ mentally and biologically diverse ecosystem in the world. With the improvement of remote sensing technology such as remote sensing images, it provides the alternative for better way of mangrove mapping because covered wider area of ground survey. Image classification is the impo rtant part of remote sensing, image analysis and pattern recognition. It is defined as the extraction o f d ifferentiated classes; land use and land cover categories fro m raw remote s ensing digital satellite data. One p ixel in the satellite image possibly covers more than one object on the ground, within -class variability, or other complex surface cover patterns that cannot be properly described by one class. A pixel in remote sensing images might represent a mixture of class covers, within-class variability, or other co mplex surface cover patterns. However, this pixel cannot be correct ly described by one class. These may be caused by ground characteristics of the classes and the image spatial resolution. Therefore, the aim of this research is to obtain the optimal threshold value for each class of landuse/landcover using a combination of thresholding and fuzzy rule-based classification techniques. The proposed techniques consist of three main steps; selecting train ing site, identify ing threshold value and producing classificat ion map. In order to produce the final mangrove classification map, the accuracy assessment is conducted through ground truth data, spectroradiometer and expert judg ment. The assessment discovered the relationship between the image and condition on the ground, and the spectral signature of surface material in identifying the geographical object.
{"title":"Thresholding and Fuzzy Rule-Based Classification Approaches in Handling Mangrove Forest Mixed Pixel Problems Associated with in QuickBird Remote Sensing Image Analysis","authors":"O. Mohd, N. Suryanna, Shahrin bin Sahibuddin, M. F. Abdollah, S. R. Selamat","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.06","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.06","url":null,"abstract":"Mangrove forest is an important costal ecosystem in the t ropical and sub-tropical coastal reg ions. It is among the most productivity, ecologically, environ mentally and biologically diverse ecosystem in the world. With the improvement of remote sensing technology such as remote sensing images, it provides the alternative for better way of mangrove mapping because covered wider area of ground survey. Image classification is the impo rtant part of remote sensing, image analysis and pattern recognition. It is defined as the extraction o f d ifferentiated classes; land use and land cover categories fro m raw remote s ensing digital satellite data. One p ixel in the satellite image possibly covers more than one object on the ground, within -class variability, or other complex surface cover patterns that cannot be properly described by one class. A pixel in remote sensing images might represent a mixture of class covers, within-class variability, or other co mplex surface cover patterns. However, this pixel cannot be correct ly described by one class. These may be caused by ground characteristics of the classes and the image spatial resolution. Therefore, the aim of this research is to obtain the optimal threshold value for each class of landuse/landcover using a combination of thresholding and fuzzy rule-based classification techniques. The proposed techniques consist of three main steps; selecting train ing site, identify ing threshold value and producing classificat ion map. In order to produce the final mangrove classification map, the accuracy assessment is conducted through ground truth data, spectroradiometer and expert judg ment. The assessment discovered the relationship between the image and condition on the ground, and the spectral signature of surface material in identifying the geographical object.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"300-306"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85340847","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.09
A. Wani, P. Joshi, O. Singh, R. Pandey, K. V. Kendra, Gopal Pora
Under the United Nat ions Framewo rk Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), part icipating countries are required to report national inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or uptake. The current challenge is to reduce the uncertainties in producing accurate and reliable act ivity data of Carbon (C) stock changes and emission factors essential for reporting national inventories. Improvements in above ground biomass estimation can also help account for changes in C stock in forest areas that may potentially participate in the Clean Develop ment Mechanism (CDM), REDD plus and other initiat ives. The methods adopted for such estimations vary with respect to geography, objective of the study, available expertise, data and scientific excellence adopted. However the current objectives for such estimates need a unified approach which can be measurable, reportable, and verifiable. Th is might result to a geographically referenced bio mass density database for tropical forests that would reduce uncertainties in estimat ing annual bio mass increment and forest aboveground biomass. In the light of above requirements, this paper intends to present an overview of the methodologies adopted in India fro m local to country level estimates to assess C sequestration potential in d ifferent forest co mponents. The paper also discusses remote sensing and Geographical Informat ion System (GIS) in itiat ives taken in this field and the possibility of adopting an integrated approach for reliable, accurate and cost effective estimates.
{"title":"Carbon Inventory Methods in Indian Forests - A Review","authors":"A. Wani, P. Joshi, O. Singh, R. Pandey, K. V. Kendra, Gopal Pora","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.09","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.09","url":null,"abstract":"Under the United Nat ions Framewo rk Convention on Climate Change (UNFCC), part icipating countries are required to report national inventory of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions or uptake. The current challenge is to reduce the uncertainties in producing accurate and reliable act ivity data of Carbon (C) stock changes and emission factors essential for reporting national inventories. Improvements in above ground biomass estimation can also help account for changes in C stock in forest areas that may potentially participate in the Clean Develop ment Mechanism (CDM), REDD plus and other initiat ives. The methods adopted for such estimations vary with respect to geography, objective of the study, available expertise, data and scientific excellence adopted. However the current objectives for such estimates need a unified approach which can be measurable, reportable, and verifiable. Th is might result to a geographically referenced bio mass density database for tropical forests that would reduce uncertainties in estimat ing annual bio mass increment and forest aboveground biomass. In the light of above requirements, this paper intends to present an overview of the methodologies adopted in India fro m local to country level estimates to assess C sequestration potential in d ifferent forest co mponents. The paper also discusses remote sensing and Geographical Informat ion System (GIS) in itiat ives taken in this field and the possibility of adopting an integrated approach for reliable, accurate and cost effective estimates.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"43 1","pages":"315-323"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87413871","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-12-01DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.08
P. R. Pearson, R. Beecham, J. Saul
In 2008, we conducted one swimming perfo rmance and metabolism study and one transportation study on the golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas. During field wo rk fo r these experiments, we consulted baitfish farmers, observed harvests, and participated as workers in actual in-vat grading events. We concluded that the physically demanding in-vat grading process could be imp roved by mechanizat ion, so we developed a prototype system based on existing grading panels. We constructed a gantry system to raise, lo wer, and pull grad ing panels through the length of a rectangular holding vat. Electrical power for the prototype was provided by a 12-volt marine battery. We conducted three successful fish grading events. The grading panel remained in contact with the vat floor and vat walls at all t imes. No fish evaded the panel by swimming under or around the panel, and all unwanted animals such as crawfish and tadpoles were captured. After one of the tests, the farm manager reviewed the graded fish, approved the grade, and immediately loaded the fish for shipment to a customer. A limited benefit-cost analysis indicated that the benefit of mechanization during the first year of operation was approximately US$8,600. The golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas is cultured for use as live bait by anglers. Go lden shiners are harvested from ponds containing a mixed-size population, and are placed in rectangular holding vats, where they are sorted into specified weight categories. Workers on Arkansas baitfish farms typically sort golden shiners by physically pulling rectangular panels comp rised of a set of uniformly spaced vertical rods through a vat holding as much as 400 pounds of fish. We developed and tested a device that replaces physical effort with machine power to accomp lish the grading p rocess.
{"title":"A Mechanized Panel Grading System for the Golden Shiner: Proof of Concept","authors":"P. R. Pearson, R. Beecham, J. Saul","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120206.08","url":null,"abstract":"In 2008, we conducted one swimming perfo rmance and metabolism study and one transportation study on the golden shiner, Notemigonus crysoleucas. During field wo rk fo r these experiments, we consulted baitfish farmers, observed harvests, and participated as workers in actual in-vat grading events. We concluded that the physically demanding in-vat grading process could be imp roved by mechanizat ion, so we developed a prototype system based on existing grading panels. We constructed a gantry system to raise, lo wer, and pull grad ing panels through the length of a rectangular holding vat. Electrical power for the prototype was provided by a 12-volt marine battery. We conducted three successful fish grading events. The grading panel remained in contact with the vat floor and vat walls at all t imes. No fish evaded the panel by swimming under or around the panel, and all unwanted animals such as crawfish and tadpoles were captured. After one of the tests, the farm manager reviewed the graded fish, approved the grade, and immediately loaded the fish for shipment to a customer. A limited benefit-cost analysis indicated that the benefit of mechanization during the first year of operation was approximately US$8,600. The golden shiner Notemigonus crysoleucas is cultured for use as live bait by anglers. Go lden shiners are harvested from ponds containing a mixed-size population, and are placed in rectangular holding vats, where they are sorted into specified weight categories. Workers on Arkansas baitfish farms typically sort golden shiners by physically pulling rectangular panels comp rised of a set of uniformly spaced vertical rods through a vat holding as much as 400 pounds of fish. We developed and tested a device that replaces physical effort with machine power to accomp lish the grading p rocess.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"19 1","pages":"311-314"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86277219","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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