Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.03
Anupama Chembath, M. Balasundaran, P. Sujanapal
The East Indian sandalwood, Santalum album, valued for its fragrant oil yielding heartwood is a major ingre- dient in indigenous medicines and perfumes. Scarcity of sandal has led to illegal felling of sandal trees, and adulteration of sandalwood and oil. This study represents the first molecular phylogeny of S. album and its adulterant species Osyris wightiana, Erythroxylum monogynum, Buxus sempervirens, Ximenia americana, Osyris lanceolata, and Chukrasia tabularis through 18S and 26S rDNA sequencing. In the Maximum Parsimony (MP) tree for 18S and 26S rDNA data sets, moderate to high bootstrap support was obtained for the nodes. For 18S rDNA data sets, the tree had B. sempervirens and X. Americana as the upper branch, with E. monogynum branched separately to the cluster. The lower branch had S. album and O. wightiana with O. lanceolata joining separately to both clades of the tree. In the MP tree for 26S rDNA datasets, S. album and O. wightiana formed the major cluster with X. americana clustering separate and B. sempervirens and O. wightiana as the lower branch with C. tabularis clustering separate to the tree. The molecular data presented here provided useful information for resolving the phylogenetic relationship of these plants. Inferences from this study are in accordance with Cronquist's system of classification of flowering plants where all the species originate from a single phylogenetic tree of Rosidae.
{"title":"Phylogenetic Relationships of Santalum album and its Adulterants as Inferred from Nuclear DNA Sequences","authors":"Anupama Chembath, M. Balasundaran, P. Sujanapal","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.03","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.03","url":null,"abstract":"The East Indian sandalwood, Santalum album, valued for its fragrant oil yielding heartwood is a major ingre- dient in indigenous medicines and perfumes. Scarcity of sandal has led to illegal felling of sandal trees, and adulteration of sandalwood and oil. This study represents the first molecular phylogeny of S. album and its adulterant species Osyris wightiana, Erythroxylum monogynum, Buxus sempervirens, Ximenia americana, Osyris lanceolata, and Chukrasia tabularis through 18S and 26S rDNA sequencing. In the Maximum Parsimony (MP) tree for 18S and 26S rDNA data sets, moderate to high bootstrap support was obtained for the nodes. For 18S rDNA data sets, the tree had B. sempervirens and X. Americana as the upper branch, with E. monogynum branched separately to the cluster. The lower branch had S. album and O. wightiana with O. lanceolata joining separately to both clades of the tree. In the MP tree for 26S rDNA datasets, S. album and O. wightiana formed the major cluster with X. americana clustering separate and B. sempervirens and O. wightiana as the lower branch with C. tabularis clustering separate to the tree. The molecular data presented here provided useful information for resolving the phylogenetic relationship of these plants. Inferences from this study are in accordance with Cronquist's system of classification of flowering plants where all the species originate from a single phylogenetic tree of Rosidae.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"2007 1","pages":"150-156"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86213343","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.11
Adeduntan Sunday Adeniyi, Olusola Johnson Adeyinka
The abundance and species diversity of mesofauna and litter arthropods were surveyed in the natural forest and three plantations (Nauclea diderichii, Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis plantations) in Akure Forest Reserve, Aponmu Nigeria to examine the effect of plantation development on both the abundance and species diversity of litter ar- thropods and mesofauna. The effect of microorganism's abundance and species diversity on their abundance and species diversity was also assessed. Sample Plot of 100 m × 100 m blocks were laid in each habitat. Soil samples were taken from the selected sample plots to isolate and identify mesofauna and microorganisms while litter arthropods caught were pre- served and identified. During the survey, 1165 individuals of mesofauna were encountered (distributed in 23 species) in all the studied habitats. Mesofauna abundance was highest in Gmelina arborea plantation (334 individuals) while Nauclea diderichii plantation has the least abundance of 201 individuals. Highest species diversity was recorded in Natural forest with 23 species while the least species diversity was found in the Tectona grandis plantation. 64 individual of litter arthro- pods were however encountered in the study area (distributed in 27 species). Natural forest accounts for the highest in both the species diversity and abundance (i.e. 21 individuals and 11 species respectively.) Tectona grandis accounts for the least species diversity in the studied habitats (5 species) and Gmelina arborea plantation has the least abundance of litter arthro- pods (12 individuals).
{"title":"Comparative Survey of Litter Arthropods and Soil Mesofauna in the Natural Forest and Plantation (a Case Study: Akure Forest Reserve Aponmu)","authors":"Adeduntan Sunday Adeniyi, Olusola Johnson Adeyinka","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.11","url":null,"abstract":"The abundance and species diversity of mesofauna and litter arthropods were surveyed in the natural forest and three plantations (Nauclea diderichii, Gmelina arborea and Tectona grandis plantations) in Akure Forest Reserve, Aponmu Nigeria to examine the effect of plantation development on both the abundance and species diversity of litter ar- thropods and mesofauna. The effect of microorganism's abundance and species diversity on their abundance and species diversity was also assessed. Sample Plot of 100 m × 100 m blocks were laid in each habitat. Soil samples were taken from the selected sample plots to isolate and identify mesofauna and microorganisms while litter arthropods caught were pre- served and identified. During the survey, 1165 individuals of mesofauna were encountered (distributed in 23 species) in all the studied habitats. Mesofauna abundance was highest in Gmelina arborea plantation (334 individuals) while Nauclea diderichii plantation has the least abundance of 201 individuals. Highest species diversity was recorded in Natural forest with 23 species while the least species diversity was found in the Tectona grandis plantation. 64 individual of litter arthro- pods were however encountered in the study area (distributed in 27 species). Natural forest accounts for the highest in both the species diversity and abundance (i.e. 21 individuals and 11 species respectively.) Tectona grandis accounts for the least species diversity in the studied habitats (5 species) and Gmelina arborea plantation has the least abundance of litter arthro- pods (12 individuals).","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"12 1","pages":"63-71"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91198460","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.04
Elgilany A. Ahmed, Jamalludin Sulaiman, Saidatulakmal Mohd
In Sudan agriculture is considered to be the leading economic sector forming typically over 40% of the GDP has lost much ground with a drop of its GDP share to 33% in 2007. Northern Sudan as one of the most important agricultural region is characterized by low and erratic rainfall and limited arable land. Agriculture in this district provides an employment for about 70% of population. More dramatic is the deterioration in the contribution of agriculture to the country's exports, declining to about 3% in 2007 down from an average of 74% in the period 1996-1998. Further, a large portion (83%) of Sudan's rural people today lives in highly vulnerable livelihood and degraded environments. This situation affected agri- cultural productivity severely through greater frequency of yield-diminishing. This study aims to assess the crop productivity deterioration to the poverty incident in rural area. In tracing differences in agricultural yield and returns, detailed calculations from the collected data were made to estimate the per capita rural income from agricultural activities in northern Sudan. The results suggest that the potential impacts of low yield and yield volatility especially in the conventional farming system extremely causes poverty incident in northern Sudan.
{"title":"Interplay of Agriculture Deterioration and Poverty Incident","authors":"Elgilany A. Ahmed, Jamalludin Sulaiman, Saidatulakmal Mohd","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.04","url":null,"abstract":"In Sudan agriculture is considered to be the leading economic sector forming typically over 40% of the GDP has lost much ground with a drop of its GDP share to 33% in 2007. Northern Sudan as one of the most important agricultural region is characterized by low and erratic rainfall and limited arable land. Agriculture in this district provides an employment for about 70% of population. More dramatic is the deterioration in the contribution of agriculture to the country's exports, declining to about 3% in 2007 down from an average of 74% in the period 1996-1998. Further, a large portion (83%) of Sudan's rural people today lives in highly vulnerable livelihood and degraded environments. This situation affected agri- cultural productivity severely through greater frequency of yield-diminishing. This study aims to assess the crop productivity deterioration to the poverty incident in rural area. In tracing differences in agricultural yield and returns, detailed calculations from the collected data were made to estimate the per capita rural income from agricultural activities in northern Sudan. The results suggest that the potential impacts of low yield and yield volatility especially in the conventional farming system extremely causes poverty incident in northern Sudan.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"47 1","pages":"18-29"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88714184","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.10
V. Rameeh
Line ×tester of six lines and two testers of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars were used to estimate general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) effects, high parent heterosis and narrow-sense herita- bility estimate for plant height, yield components and seed yield. Significant variance of line x tester for pods per plant and seed yield, indicating non additive genetic effects have important role for controlling these traits. Significant mean squares of parents vs crosses which are indicating significant average heterosis were also significant for all the traits except seeds per pod. High narrow-sense heritability estimates for all the traits except seeds per pod exhibited the prime importance of additive genetic effects for these traits except seeds per pod. Most of the crosses with negative SCA effect for plant height had at least one parent with significant negative or negative GCA effect for this trait. For most of the traits except pods per plant, the efficiency of high parent heterosis effect was more than SCA effect for determining superior cross combinations.
{"title":"Combining ability analysis of plant height and yield components in spring type of rapeseed varieties (Brassica napus L.) using line × tester analysis.","authors":"V. Rameeh","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.10","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.10","url":null,"abstract":"Line ×tester of six lines and two testers of spring rapeseed (Brassica napus L.) cultivars were used to estimate general combining ability (GCA), specific combining ability (SCA) effects, high parent heterosis and narrow-sense herita- bility estimate for plant height, yield components and seed yield. Significant variance of line x tester for pods per plant and seed yield, indicating non additive genetic effects have important role for controlling these traits. Significant mean squares of parents vs crosses which are indicating significant average heterosis were also significant for all the traits except seeds per pod. High narrow-sense heritability estimates for all the traits except seeds per pod exhibited the prime importance of additive genetic effects for these traits except seeds per pod. Most of the crosses with negative SCA effect for plant height had at least one parent with significant negative or negative GCA effect for this trait. For most of the traits except pods per plant, the efficiency of high parent heterosis effect was more than SCA effect for determining superior cross combinations.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"31 1","pages":"58-62"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89375480","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.08
Ahmed M. El Naim, Abderhim A. Jabereldar, A. A. Ahmed
Sesame is almost entirely cultivated under rain-fed in the Sudan. There is increasing evidence that the uses of poor management practices (especially the practice of low seed rate) as well as traditional cultivars are the main yield lim- iting factors in sesame farms of sandy dunes in north kordofan of Sudan. Field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of four different seed rates on the growth, yield and yield components of three sesame varieties. Three varieties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L), Elobeid1, Promo (recently improved cultivars) and Hirhri (an old traditional cultivar) were used. The plants were sown at four seed rate: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha -1 . The results indicated that increasing seed rate significantly decreased the number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. Seed rates of 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha -1 were optimum to maximizing seed yield per unit area. The three cultivars had relative similarities in final seed yield (ton ha -1 ).
在苏丹，芝麻几乎完全是在雨水灌溉下种植的。越来越多的证据表明，在苏丹北科尔多凡州的沙丘芝麻农场，不良的管理措施(特别是低种子率的做法)和传统品种的使用是影响产量的主要因素。通过田间试验，研究了4种不同播种率对3个芝麻品种生长、产量及产量构成的影响。选用芝麻(Sesamum indicum L)、Elobeid1、Promo(新改良品种)和Hirhri(老传统品种)3个品种。分别以0.5、1.0、1.5和2.0 kg ha -1 4种播种率播种。结果表明，种子率的增加显著降低了单株蒴果数和单株种子产量。播种量为1.5和2.0 kg ha -1时，单位面积种子产量最高。3个品种的最终种子产量(吨/公顷)比较接近。
{"title":"Determination of Suitable Variety and Seed Rate of Sesame (Sesamum indicum L) in Sandy Dunes of Kordofan, Sudan","authors":"Ahmed M. El Naim, Abderhim A. Jabereldar, A. A. Ahmed","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.08","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.08","url":null,"abstract":"Sesame is almost entirely cultivated under rain-fed in the Sudan. There is increasing evidence that the uses of poor management practices (especially the practice of low seed rate) as well as traditional cultivars are the main yield lim- iting factors in sesame farms of sandy dunes in north kordofan of Sudan. Field experiment was conducted to determine the effects of four different seed rates on the growth, yield and yield components of three sesame varieties. Three varieties of sesame (Sesamum indicum L), Elobeid1, Promo (recently improved cultivars) and Hirhri (an old traditional cultivar) were used. The plants were sown at four seed rate: 0.5, 1.0, 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha -1 . The results indicated that increasing seed rate significantly decreased the number of capsules per plant and seed yield per plant. Seed rates of 1.5 and 2.0 kg ha -1 were optimum to maximizing seed yield per unit area. The three cultivars had relative similarities in final seed yield (ton ha -1 ).","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"28 1","pages":"175-179"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84151302","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.18
M. Abdel-Kader, N. El-Mougy, M. Aly, L. Lashin
Different approaches of some antagonistic fungal, bacterial and yeast agents applied as seed treatment or soil drench was evaluated against various soil-borne pathogens causing vegetables root rot disease under greenhouse conditions. The tested pathogenic fungi were Alternaria solani Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina and Pythium sp., meanwhile the tested bio-agents were Trichoderma harzianum, T. Viride andBacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens and Sacchromyces serivisae. Significant reduction in the disease incidence was observed in bio-agent treatments in comparison with untreated control. Root rot incidence, at pre-emergence stage, significant effect was observed in bio-agent treatments as seed soaking comparing with soil drench treatment. The treated seeds showed a protective effect for seeds germination against the invasion by soil-borne pathogenic fungi.Meanwhile,soil drenched with different bio-agents showed more efficacy for reducing root rot incidence at post-emergence growth stage of tested vegetables, Cucumber, Cantaloupe, Tomato and Pepper. The obtained results revealed that the antagonist T. harzianum showed significant superior effect to reduce diseases incidence followed by B. subtilis. Also, the antagonists T. viride and P. fluorescence occupied significantly the second degree for reducing root rot incidence. The treatment with S. serevisiae had the lowest effect on disease incidence, although it significantly lesser than check control treatment.The present study demonstrates that application of bio-agentsas seed treatment and soil drench may be useful for controlling root rot disease in field.
{"title":"Different Approaches of Bio-control Agents for Controlling Root Rot Incidence of Some Vegetables under Greenhouse Conditions","authors":"M. Abdel-Kader, N. El-Mougy, M. Aly, L. Lashin","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.18","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.18","url":null,"abstract":"Different approaches of some antagonistic fungal, bacterial and yeast agents applied as seed treatment or soil drench was evaluated against various soil-borne pathogens causing vegetables root rot disease under greenhouse conditions. The tested pathogenic fungi were Alternaria solani Fusarium solani, F. oxysporum, Rhizoctonia solani, Sclerotium rolfsii, Macrophomina phaseolina and Pythium sp., meanwhile the tested bio-agents were Trichoderma harzianum, T. Viride andBacillus subtilis, Pseudomonas flourescens and Sacchromyces serivisae. Significant reduction in the disease incidence was observed in bio-agent treatments in comparison with untreated control. Root rot incidence, at pre-emergence stage, significant effect was observed in bio-agent treatments as seed soaking comparing with soil drench treatment. The treated seeds showed a protective effect for seeds germination against the invasion by soil-borne pathogenic fungi.Meanwhile,soil drenched with different bio-agents showed more efficacy for reducing root rot incidence at post-emergence growth stage of tested vegetables, Cucumber, Cantaloupe, Tomato and Pepper. The obtained results revealed that the antagonist T. harzianum showed significant superior effect to reduce diseases incidence followed by B. subtilis. Also, the antagonists T. viride and P. fluorescence occupied significantly the second degree for reducing root rot incidence. The treatment with S. serevisiae had the lowest effect on disease incidence, although it significantly lesser than check control treatment.The present study demonstrates that application of bio-agentsas seed treatment and soil drench may be useful for controlling root rot disease in field.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"2002 1","pages":"115-127"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89504556","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20110101.05
E. Tesfaye, B. Tamir, A. Haile, T. Dessie
Carcass yield characteristics and economic advantage of skip-a-day feed restriction method at different growth stages of Rhode Island Red chicken was evaluated. Two-hundred forty day-old chicks with average body weight of 48.92±1.5 g were randomly distributed into 12 pens each with 20 chicks, representing four feeding regimen of T1 (Unrestricted, Control), T2 (Restricted at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age), T3 (Restricted at 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of age) and T4 (Restricted at 63, 70, 77 and 84 days of age). Feed restriction was based on skipping a-day once in a week and the next day's feed offer was based on the previous day's feed intake. The experiment lasted for 22 weeks, during which feed intake and body weight changes were monitored. At the end of the experimental period, six pullets from each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield, abdominal fat and weights and lengths of different parts of gastrointestinal tract. The daily DM, CP and ME intake as well as body weight changes at different ages were non-significant (P>0.05) for birds in different treatment groups. The DM efficiency ratio also did not significantly varied (P>0.05). In contrast, the total DM intake (g) was signifi- cantly different (P 0.05) affected except liver weight which was higher (P<0.05) for T3. Cost of feed consumed per kg live weight gain was lower for the feed restricted birds compared to the control and it was the least for T4. Besides, the labor cost was lower for the feed restricted groups than the unrestricted group. It is concluded that feed restriction at later days of age (T4) is economically beneficial compared to the other early age restricted groups based on partial budget analysis. The results of this study suggested that the feed restriction at T3 might be considered as beneficial in terms of carcass cut characteristics and T4 on economic return.
{"title":"Effect of skip-a-day feed restriction on carcass yield characteristics and economic advantages of Rhode Island Red Pullets","authors":"E. Tesfaye, B. Tamir, A. Haile, T. Dessie","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20110101.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20110101.05","url":null,"abstract":"Carcass yield characteristics and economic advantage of skip-a-day feed restriction method at different growth stages of Rhode Island Red chicken was evaluated. Two-hundred forty day-old chicks with average body weight of 48.92±1.5 g were randomly distributed into 12 pens each with 20 chicks, representing four feeding regimen of T1 (Unrestricted, Control), T2 (Restricted at 7, 14, 21 and 28 days of age), T3 (Restricted at 35, 42, 49 and 56 days of age) and T4 (Restricted at 63, 70, 77 and 84 days of age). Feed restriction was based on skipping a-day once in a week and the next day's feed offer was based on the previous day's feed intake. The experiment lasted for 22 weeks, during which feed intake and body weight changes were monitored. At the end of the experimental period, six pullets from each treatment were randomly selected and slaughtered to evaluate carcass yield, abdominal fat and weights and lengths of different parts of gastrointestinal tract. The daily DM, CP and ME intake as well as body weight changes at different ages were non-significant (P>0.05) for birds in different treatment groups. The DM efficiency ratio also did not significantly varied (P>0.05). In contrast, the total DM intake (g) was signifi- cantly different (P 0.05) affected except liver weight which was higher (P<0.05) for T3. Cost of feed consumed per kg live weight gain was lower for the feed restricted birds compared to the control and it was the least for T4. Besides, the labor cost was lower for the feed restricted groups than the unrestricted group. It is concluded that feed restriction at later days of age (T4) is economically beneficial compared to the other early age restricted groups based on partial budget analysis. The results of this study suggested that the feed restriction at T3 might be considered as beneficial in terms of carcass cut characteristics and T4 on economic return.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"53 1","pages":"32-38"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76657240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.04
A. Christoforo, F. Lahr, E. Morales, A. L. Zangiácomo, T. Panzera
Round timber shows great potential for use as a building material, having the advantage of not being proc- essed, such as the sawn wood. In Brazil, the normative standards that deal with the existing round timber elements are mainly headed for the pole market, being in force for at least twenty years without technical review, recommending char- acterization of this material by destructive methods, using small specimens with no defects and a cantilever beam structural model(2). This paper aims to determine the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of Pinus caribaea structural round timber beams using static three-point bending test under physical and geometrical linearity conditions (non-destructive methodol- ogy) which evaluates the effect of the L/200 and L/300 displacement measurements for this purpose(6). The results achieved by the confidence interval show the statistical equivalence between the values of the modulus of elasticity, being possible in this case, the use of both limits in displacement measurements.
{"title":"Influence of Displacements on Calculus of the Longitudinal Modulus of Elasticity of Pinus Caribaea Structural Round Timber Beams","authors":"A. Christoforo, F. Lahr, E. Morales, A. L. Zangiácomo, T. Panzera","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.04","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.04","url":null,"abstract":"Round timber shows great potential for use as a building material, having the advantage of not being proc- essed, such as the sawn wood. In Brazil, the normative standards that deal with the existing round timber elements are mainly headed for the pole market, being in force for at least twenty years without technical review, recommending char- acterization of this material by destructive methods, using small specimens with no defects and a cantilever beam structural model(2). This paper aims to determine the longitudinal modulus of elasticity of Pinus caribaea structural round timber beams using static three-point bending test under physical and geometrical linearity conditions (non-destructive methodol- ogy) which evaluates the effect of the L/200 and L/300 displacement measurements for this purpose(6). The results achieved by the confidence interval show the statistical equivalence between the values of the modulus of elasticity, being possible in this case, the use of both limits in displacement measurements.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"25 1","pages":"157-160"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90889389","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.01
A. A. Akinola, P. Owombo
In addressing the problem of low soil fertility and land degradation occasioned by increased population growth, erosion of soil nutrients and extreme exposure of land to harsh weather conditions resulting in reduced yam yield, mulching technology was adopted by the farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. This study used a multi-stage sampling technique to select 105 farmers involving adopters and non-adopters of mulching technology. Data were analysed with the aid of descriptive statis- tics, budgetary techniques and probit model. The results of budgetary analysis showed that seed yam and labour costs con- stituted significant parts of the variable costs. The average revenue per hectare for adopters was N412,971.69 while that of non-adopters was N346,456.75. However, the average net incomes were N326,865.02 and N236,087.40 for the adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The benefit-cost ratios were 4.79 and 3.13 for adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The probit model revealed that household size and hired labour were significant factors determining the farmers' adoption decisions. There is therefore the need to encourage farmers on the importance of adopting this land protecting technology and a policy thrust that make seed yam available and affordable as well as reducing the costs incurred on labour will be in the right di- rection of boosting yam production.
{"title":"Economic Analysis of Adoption of Mulching Technology in Yam Production in Osun State, Nigeria","authors":"A. A. Akinola, P. Owombo","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.01","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120201.01","url":null,"abstract":"In addressing the problem of low soil fertility and land degradation occasioned by increased population growth, erosion of soil nutrients and extreme exposure of land to harsh weather conditions resulting in reduced yam yield, mulching technology was adopted by the farmers in Osun State, Nigeria. This study used a multi-stage sampling technique to select 105 farmers involving adopters and non-adopters of mulching technology. Data were analysed with the aid of descriptive statis- tics, budgetary techniques and probit model. The results of budgetary analysis showed that seed yam and labour costs con- stituted significant parts of the variable costs. The average revenue per hectare for adopters was N412,971.69 while that of non-adopters was N346,456.75. However, the average net incomes were N326,865.02 and N236,087.40 for the adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The benefit-cost ratios were 4.79 and 3.13 for adopters and non-adopters, respectively. The probit model revealed that household size and hired labour were significant factors determining the farmers' adoption decisions. There is therefore the need to encourage farmers on the importance of adopting this land protecting technology and a policy thrust that make seed yam available and affordable as well as reducing the costs incurred on labour will be in the right di- rection of boosting yam production.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"7 10 1","pages":"1-6"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85614780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2012-08-31DOI: 10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.05
D. Mapiemfu-Lamaré, S. Ndindeng, A. F. Ngome, C. Zonkeng, M. Mfopou, Lovelyn Bihnchang, Francis Etame
Tolerance to aluminum toxicity in maize is usually determined after harvesting. This screening process takes place rather too late in the growth stage of the plant and is not economical. In order to speed up the screening of maize va- rieties for their tolerance to aluminum toxicity in Cameroon, a parameter that could be easily detected early in the plant growth stage was investigated. Thirteen (13) maize varieties were evaluated in pots containing aluminum toxic soil and amended soil (less acidic). There were two experimental blocks and the maize varieties were arranged in a completely ran- domized block design with three replications. Young plants were carefully off rooted twenty-one (21) days after planting and soluble phenolic compounds quantified. The results suggested that, phenolic compound production varied with maize variety and the soil type. The amount of phenolic compounds produced on aluminum toxic soil was higher (10.44 x 103µg) than that produced on amended soil with high organic content (6.60 x 103µg) (P< 0.0005). Using LSDs of phenolic compound se- cretion, the 13 varieties were classified into three groups (tolerant, fairly tolerant and sensitive). Ten (10) varieties were tolerant, two were fairly tolerant and one was susceptible. Varieties 91105, 87036, CLA 18, CML 254, CML 247 that were previously unclassified were classified as tolerant to Al toxicity. Variety Exp1 24 that was previously classified as sensitive using using the yield, the interval between anthers and the silk and length of seminal roots was also classified as tolerant using "intact" plants growing under natural conditions confirming that discrepancies may occur when only one method is used for screening. The quantity of phenolic compounds produced in the presence of aluminum could be effectively used to classify maize varieties as tolerant, fairly tolerant and susceptible to soil aluminum toxicity.
{"title":"Early Criterion to Screen Maize Varieties for Their Tolerance to Aluminium Toxic Soil","authors":"D. Mapiemfu-Lamaré, S. Ndindeng, A. F. Ngome, C. Zonkeng, M. Mfopou, Lovelyn Bihnchang, Francis Etame","doi":"10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.05","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.5923/J.IJAF.20120204.05","url":null,"abstract":"Tolerance to aluminum toxicity in maize is usually determined after harvesting. This screening process takes place rather too late in the growth stage of the plant and is not economical. In order to speed up the screening of maize va- rieties for their tolerance to aluminum toxicity in Cameroon, a parameter that could be easily detected early in the plant growth stage was investigated. Thirteen (13) maize varieties were evaluated in pots containing aluminum toxic soil and amended soil (less acidic). There were two experimental blocks and the maize varieties were arranged in a completely ran- domized block design with three replications. Young plants were carefully off rooted twenty-one (21) days after planting and soluble phenolic compounds quantified. The results suggested that, phenolic compound production varied with maize variety and the soil type. The amount of phenolic compounds produced on aluminum toxic soil was higher (10.44 x 103µg) than that produced on amended soil with high organic content (6.60 x 103µg) (P< 0.0005). Using LSDs of phenolic compound se- cretion, the 13 varieties were classified into three groups (tolerant, fairly tolerant and sensitive). Ten (10) varieties were tolerant, two were fairly tolerant and one was susceptible. Varieties 91105, 87036, CLA 18, CML 254, CML 247 that were previously unclassified were classified as tolerant to Al toxicity. Variety Exp1 24 that was previously classified as sensitive using using the yield, the interval between anthers and the silk and length of seminal roots was also classified as tolerant using \"intact\" plants growing under natural conditions confirming that discrepancies may occur when only one method is used for screening. The quantity of phenolic compounds produced in the presence of aluminum could be effectively used to classify maize varieties as tolerant, fairly tolerant and susceptible to soil aluminum toxicity.","PeriodicalId":13804,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Agriculture and Forestry","volume":"262 1","pages":"161-165"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2012-08-31","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87918811","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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