Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777189
D. A. Wardell, A. Tapsoba, P. Lovett, M. Zida, K. Rousseau, D. Gautier, M. Elias, T. Bama
HIGHLIGHTS During the post-Independence era several state-led efforts aimed to regulate and control the international shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. After 2003, leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture Cocoa Butter Equivalents are increasingly involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demand for Speciality Fats in the confectionary, food and cosmetic industries, Women shea producers have also harnessed new market opportunities to produce ‘hand-crafted’ shea butter for the cosmetics industry and niche edible markets following regulatory changes. Women shea producers have clearly demonstrated their capacity to respond to new global markets and to meet customer demands for sustainability whilst maintaining shea kernel and butter supplies to local periodic, national, and regional markets. A critical new challenge is how to strengthen current efforts to restore shea agroforestry parklands as a key source of livelihoods and ecosystem services by harnessing both ancient and modern farming techniques. SUMMARY After Burkina Faso's independence, shea butter continues to be the key staple edible oil used by Burkinabe households although alternatives are now being placed in local markets. Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) is primarily managed as a food tree crop for African consumers but has been promoted as a wild and abundant crop which gives African women cash and empowerment. New international demand for edible Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) from the 1960s onwards led to the introduction of several state-led efforts to regulate and control the shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. Increasingly since 2003, several leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture CBEs are involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demands of the multi-billion-dollar confectionary and cosmetics industries. Burkina Faso and Ghana are two of the main exporting countries producing 60–75% of all international shea offtake. West, Central and East African women shea collectors and their associations have also managed, more recently, to meet the growing demand for ‘hand-crafted’ shea butter for the global personal care sector and new niches in the edible oil industry. Attempts to explain the radical transformation of shea supply chains in West Africa have focused on relatively recent events and actions detached from the broader historical context in which they are embedded. This paper adopts a broad periodization, stemming from the formulation of CBEs incorporating shea and palm stearin in the 1960s, and using a Global Production Network approach to understand the role and position of women shea producers and their associations at the intersection of global, regional, and l
{"title":"Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) – the Emergence of Global Production Networks in Burkina Faso, 1960–2021","authors":"D. A. Wardell, A. Tapsoba, P. Lovett, M. Zida, K. Rousseau, D. Gautier, M. Elias, T. Bama","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777189","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777189","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS During the post-Independence era several state-led efforts aimed to regulate and control the international shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. After 2003, leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture Cocoa Butter Equivalents are increasingly involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demand for Speciality Fats in the confectionary, food and cosmetic industries, Women shea producers have also harnessed new market opportunities to produce ‘hand-crafted’ shea butter for the cosmetics industry and niche edible markets following regulatory changes. Women shea producers have clearly demonstrated their capacity to respond to new global markets and to meet customer demands for sustainability whilst maintaining shea kernel and butter supplies to local periodic, national, and regional markets. A critical new challenge is how to strengthen current efforts to restore shea agroforestry parklands as a key source of livelihoods and ecosystem services by harnessing both ancient and modern farming techniques. SUMMARY After Burkina Faso's independence, shea butter continues to be the key staple edible oil used by Burkinabe households although alternatives are now being placed in local markets. Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) is primarily managed as a food tree crop for African consumers but has been promoted as a wild and abundant crop which gives African women cash and empowerment. New international demand for edible Cocoa Butter Equivalents (CBEs) from the 1960s onwards led to the introduction of several state-led efforts to regulate and control the shea trade through stabilization funds and parastatal marketing boards. These were abandoned after 1984, when cocoa prices collapsed and shea markets were liberalized. Increasingly since 2003, several leading Trans-National Corporations that manufacture CBEs are involved in sourcing shea kernels to meet the growing demands of the multi-billion-dollar confectionary and cosmetics industries. Burkina Faso and Ghana are two of the main exporting countries producing 60–75% of all international shea offtake. West, Central and East African women shea collectors and their associations have also managed, more recently, to meet the growing demand for ‘hand-crafted’ shea butter for the global personal care sector and new niches in the edible oil industry. Attempts to explain the radical transformation of shea supply chains in West Africa have focused on relatively recent events and actions detached from the broader historical context in which they are embedded. This paper adopts a broad periodization, stemming from the formulation of CBEs incorporating shea and palm stearin in the 1960s, and using a Global Production Network approach to understand the role and position of women shea producers and their associations at the intersection of global, regional, and l","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"534 - 561"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48467019","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777224
R. Martin, D. Mwaseba
HIGHLIGHTS The government is the sole regulator of the timber value chain. However, regulations are implemented differently at the sub-national level. All value chain actors operate under the same regulatory framework despite their many differences. Some regulations are perceived as being cumbersome by the value chain actors. Although regulations affect all actors of the value chain, tree growers are the most-affected category. Government revenue is lost due to some strategies adopted by the chain actors to maximize their incomes. SUMMARY In recent years, non-industrial private forestry (NIPF) for timber production has gained economic importance in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Access to benefits accrued from NIPF represents an opportunity for poverty alleviation. Access and distribution of the benefits are affected by governance, which is an important aspect in this regard. This paper focuses on state regulations, which in the context of Africa and Tanzania in particular, have received scant attention in the value chain studies. The paper seeks to respond to three main questions: i) How is the timber value chain regulated? (ii) What strategies do the value chain actors use to gain access to benefits? And iii) how do regulations affect the incomes of the chain actors? Data for the study were collected from Njombe District through documentary analysis, focus group discussions, observations and in-depth interviews with key informants. The study findings show that while the government is the sole regulator of the chain, regulations are implemented differently at the sub-national level. Industrial and non-industrial private forestry are placed under the same regulatory framework despite their many differences. This has partly resulted in high transaction costs, which are unaffordable by the majority of actors in the NIPF value chain. Despite strict regulations and many taxes paid, the actors adopt different strategies such as using locally available materials and capitalizing on social networks in maximizing their incomes from the timber business. The regulations affect incomes of all actors, however, tree growers are the most-affected category. This is because tree growers possess limited capital to engage in high value chain activities and strict regulations aggravate the situation. The paper concludes that the contribution of non-industrial private forestry to poverty alleviation is stifled by cumbersome district and state regulations that limit actors' access to profitable markets.
{"title":"Regulations Matter: Their Effects on Actors of the Nonindustrial Timber Value Chain in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania","authors":"R. Martin, D. Mwaseba","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777224","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777224","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The government is the sole regulator of the timber value chain. However, regulations are implemented differently at the sub-national level. All value chain actors operate under the same regulatory framework despite their many differences. Some regulations are perceived as being cumbersome by the value chain actors. Although regulations affect all actors of the value chain, tree growers are the most-affected category. Government revenue is lost due to some strategies adopted by the chain actors to maximize their incomes. SUMMARY In recent years, non-industrial private forestry (NIPF) for timber production has gained economic importance in the Southern Highlands of Tanzania. Access to benefits accrued from NIPF represents an opportunity for poverty alleviation. Access and distribution of the benefits are affected by governance, which is an important aspect in this regard. This paper focuses on state regulations, which in the context of Africa and Tanzania in particular, have received scant attention in the value chain studies. The paper seeks to respond to three main questions: i) How is the timber value chain regulated? (ii) What strategies do the value chain actors use to gain access to benefits? And iii) how do regulations affect the incomes of the chain actors? Data for the study were collected from Njombe District through documentary analysis, focus group discussions, observations and in-depth interviews with key informants. The study findings show that while the government is the sole regulator of the chain, regulations are implemented differently at the sub-national level. Industrial and non-industrial private forestry are placed under the same regulatory framework despite their many differences. This has partly resulted in high transaction costs, which are unaffordable by the majority of actors in the NIPF value chain. Despite strict regulations and many taxes paid, the actors adopt different strategies such as using locally available materials and capitalizing on social networks in maximizing their incomes from the timber business. The regulations affect incomes of all actors, however, tree growers are the most-affected category. This is because tree growers possess limited capital to engage in high value chain activities and strict regulations aggravate the situation. The paper concludes that the contribution of non-industrial private forestry to poverty alleviation is stifled by cumbersome district and state regulations that limit actors' access to profitable markets.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"462 - 475"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41883193","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992802
A. Roos, D. Mutta, M. Larwanou, C. Wekesa, G. Kowero
HIGHLIGHTS Charcoal value chains in two Kenyan counties were anayzed to identify sustainability improvement opportunities. Charcoal value chain actors need specific inputs, skills and face different operational challenges. The trade is conducted in the informal sector, which increases the actors' vulnerability. Improvement needs include sustainable forest management, improved operations, business skills, and coherent policies. SUMMARY Developing profitable and sustainable charcoal supply chains in Sub-Saharan Africa requires good knowledge about their properties, input needs and impacts. Charcoal supply chains in Taita Taveta and Kwale counties, Kenya, were analysed to identify operational and sustainability improvement opportunities. Using operations management, lean engineering and participatory research, charcoal value streams' processes, resources, and outcomes were analysed. Charcoal production and trade have low entry barriers, slow-paced innovation, and thin profit margins for value chain actors. Production is labour intensive, and the actors need specific skills, knowhow, and resources for proper business performance. The value chain's profitability and sustainability can be improved by regenerating exploited quality tree species, improving operation efficiency and safety, promoting market development, and appropriate policies on charcoal production and trade. The study's findings can guide the development of enabling policies and regulatory frameworks for the charcoal industry and improve the actors' performance in the charcoal value chain.
{"title":"Operations and Improvement Needs in the Informal Charcoal Sector: A Participatory Value Stream Analysis","authors":"A. Roos, D. Mutta, M. Larwanou, C. Wekesa, G. Kowero","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992802","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992802","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Charcoal value chains in two Kenyan counties were anayzed to identify sustainability improvement opportunities. Charcoal value chain actors need specific inputs, skills and face different operational challenges. The trade is conducted in the informal sector, which increases the actors' vulnerability. Improvement needs include sustainable forest management, improved operations, business skills, and coherent policies. SUMMARY Developing profitable and sustainable charcoal supply chains in Sub-Saharan Africa requires good knowledge about their properties, input needs and impacts. Charcoal supply chains in Taita Taveta and Kwale counties, Kenya, were analysed to identify operational and sustainability improvement opportunities. Using operations management, lean engineering and participatory research, charcoal value streams' processes, resources, and outcomes were analysed. Charcoal production and trade have low entry barriers, slow-paced innovation, and thin profit margins for value chain actors. Production is labour intensive, and the actors need specific skills, knowhow, and resources for proper business performance. The value chain's profitability and sustainability can be improved by regenerating exploited quality tree species, improving operation efficiency and safety, promoting market development, and appropriate policies on charcoal production and trade. The study's findings can guide the development of enabling policies and regulatory frameworks for the charcoal industry and improve the actors' performance in the charcoal value chain.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"351 - 364"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45626913","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992848
C. Fagarazzi, C. Sergiacomi, E. Marone
HIGHLIGHTS Forest strategies of the EU are exclusively implemented at the local level. In Italy, the executors of forestry policies are public forest personnel. Worker profile study helps to verify the implementation degree of forest policies. Analyzing local actions highlights the strengths and weaknesses of forestry policies. Monitoring of local forest management is of great importance. SUMMARY Even though forests represent almost half of the EU territory, the implementation of forestry strategies is delegated to local government institutions. This study proposes an overview of the main European forestry strategies, national (Italian) guidelines and local implementation instruments (in Tuscany). This approach made it possible to identify the actual executors of forestry policies, i.e., the public forest workers. The paper provides a framework of the recent dynamics of regional forestry instruments, their effects on available financial resources and their technical-operational consequences. Furthermore, Tuscan public forest worker profiles were defined through an online questionnaire. The results show that it is essential to activate constant monitoring of local actions in order to verify the effectiveness of superordinate forestry policies.
{"title":"From European Forestry Strategies to Implementing Local Policies: A Study on Public Forest Workers in the Tuscany Region of Italy","authors":"C. Fagarazzi, C. Sergiacomi, E. Marone","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992848","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Forest strategies of the EU are exclusively implemented at the local level. In Italy, the executors of forestry policies are public forest personnel. Worker profile study helps to verify the implementation degree of forest policies. Analyzing local actions highlights the strengths and weaknesses of forestry policies. Monitoring of local forest management is of great importance. SUMMARY Even though forests represent almost half of the EU territory, the implementation of forestry strategies is delegated to local government institutions. This study proposes an overview of the main European forestry strategies, national (Italian) guidelines and local implementation instruments (in Tuscany). This approach made it possible to identify the actual executors of forestry policies, i.e., the public forest workers. The paper provides a framework of the recent dynamics of regional forestry instruments, their effects on available financial resources and their technical-operational consequences. Furthermore, Tuscan public forest worker profiles were defined through an online questionnaire. The results show that it is essential to activate constant monitoring of local actions in order to verify the effectiveness of superordinate forestry policies.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"309 - 320"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47613011","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992794
Victor Almeida De Araujo, J. Vasconcelos, M. Gava, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr, J. Garcia
HIGHLIGHTS Outcomes with low margins of error are useful for the development of strong forest policies. Native origin timber remains a complex issue and requires efforts to improve clarity. Native timber comprises a significant part of the timber housing sector in Brazil. Exotic timber is used widely throughout the domestic construction industry. In terms of timber housing in Brazil, eucalypt wood is less used than pine. SUMMARY Timber consumption is a complex discussion for the industry, in part because the issue has been marked by doubts about lineage and origin. This paper aimed to identify challenges related to species, origins and wood use in the Brazilian construction sector. Searches on corporate websites and face-to-face interviews were used to identify involvement by species and origin in the domestic production of timber for housing. Relevant results were obtained for both methods since their margins of error were low. Forty exotic and nine native species were revealed to contribute significantly to the construction sector. ‘Grapia’ and ‘Angelim pedra’ native woods and eight eucalypt and pine species were shown to be the most popular through both methodologies. Pine timber was found to be in greater demand than that of Eucalyptus species. Despite some lack of clarity relating to the origin of certain species, the sector’s status was better than expected. However, it still requires assertive actions to increase the use of legalized wood in order to favour product certification and integration into foreign markets.
{"title":"What Does Brazil Know about the Origin and Uses of Tree Species Employed in the Housing Sector? Perspectives on Available Species, Origin and Current Challenges","authors":"Victor Almeida De Araujo, J. Vasconcelos, M. Gava, A. Christoforo, F. Lahr, J. Garcia","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992794","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992794","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Outcomes with low margins of error are useful for the development of strong forest policies. Native origin timber remains a complex issue and requires efforts to improve clarity. Native timber comprises a significant part of the timber housing sector in Brazil. Exotic timber is used widely throughout the domestic construction industry. In terms of timber housing in Brazil, eucalypt wood is less used than pine. SUMMARY Timber consumption is a complex discussion for the industry, in part because the issue has been marked by doubts about lineage and origin. This paper aimed to identify challenges related to species, origins and wood use in the Brazilian construction sector. Searches on corporate websites and face-to-face interviews were used to identify involvement by species and origin in the domestic production of timber for housing. Relevant results were obtained for both methods since their margins of error were low. Forty exotic and nine native species were revealed to contribute significantly to the construction sector. ‘Grapia’ and ‘Angelim pedra’ native woods and eight eucalypt and pine species were shown to be the most popular through both methodologies. Pine timber was found to be in greater demand than that of Eucalyptus species. Despite some lack of clarity relating to the origin of certain species, the sector’s status was better than expected. However, it still requires assertive actions to increase the use of legalized wood in order to favour product certification and integration into foreign markets.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"392 - 404"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42095474","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992857
E. Majambu, M. Tsayem Demaze, S. Ongolo
HIGHLIGHTS Forest governance reforms in DRC have been dominated by the interests of powerful actors, such as the World Bank and political elites. The most powerful international actors use incentives/disincentives and information to consolidate their influence. Powerful international actors have exacerbated the crisis of forest governance in DRC. Politicians, military and administrative officers in DRC resort to ‘cunning government’ strategies to obtain support from donors or assert their informal interests in times of political unrest. The context of political disorder allows civil society organizations to position themselves and become one of the key actor groups of forest governance processes in DRC. SUMMARY The promotion of good governance in the forestry sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was one of the major components of the policy reforms initiated by international organisations in the mid-1980s. This paper analyses concepts of ‘good governance’ in the forestry sector in the DRC between the mid-1980s and 2020 and highlights the recent history of forest policy reforms. From an empirical perspective, our analysis builds both on an extensive review of policy documents and field observations, as well as interviews with actors who have been involved with forest policy reforms or seen how they were implemented. The paper also describes the key actors involved in those reforms and investigates the coalitions formed between some of them to influence the forestland governance in the country. The paper demonstrates that international organisations have often played a decisive and intrusive role in the promotion of ‘good governance’ in the DRC forestry sector. Their strong involvement is sometimes seen as interference and has aggravated rather than alleviated the governance crisis. In some cases, politicians, military and administrative officers have used political and security unrest as a scapegoat to benefit from forest governance failure and the related business-as-usual in the DRC.
{"title":"The Politics of Forest Governance Failure in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC): Lessons from 35 Years of Political Rivalries","authors":"E. Majambu, M. Tsayem Demaze, S. Ongolo","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992857","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Forest governance reforms in DRC have been dominated by the interests of powerful actors, such as the World Bank and political elites. The most powerful international actors use incentives/disincentives and information to consolidate their influence. Powerful international actors have exacerbated the crisis of forest governance in DRC. Politicians, military and administrative officers in DRC resort to ‘cunning government’ strategies to obtain support from donors or assert their informal interests in times of political unrest. The context of political disorder allows civil society organizations to position themselves and become one of the key actor groups of forest governance processes in DRC. SUMMARY The promotion of good governance in the forestry sector in the Democratic Republic of Congo (DRC) was one of the major components of the policy reforms initiated by international organisations in the mid-1980s. This paper analyses concepts of ‘good governance’ in the forestry sector in the DRC between the mid-1980s and 2020 and highlights the recent history of forest policy reforms. From an empirical perspective, our analysis builds both on an extensive review of policy documents and field observations, as well as interviews with actors who have been involved with forest policy reforms or seen how they were implemented. The paper also describes the key actors involved in those reforms and investigates the coalitions formed between some of them to influence the forestland governance in the country. The paper demonstrates that international organisations have often played a decisive and intrusive role in the promotion of ‘good governance’ in the DRC forestry sector. Their strong involvement is sometimes seen as interference and has aggravated rather than alleviated the governance crisis. In some cases, politicians, military and administrative officers have used political and security unrest as a scapegoat to benefit from forest governance failure and the related business-as-usual in the DRC.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"321 - 337"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"66726852","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992811
D. Qiao, W. Yuan, S. Ke
HIGHLIGHTS Aone-size-fits-all’ logging ban may lead to ecological and socioeconomic issues related to sustainability. A logging ban will cause timber supply shortages. Nature-based solutions in the NFPP can combat deforestation and climate change. The productivity potential of natural forests has not been realized. Regularly updating the NFPP is a must for sustainable enviro-socio-economic development. SUMMARY In order to improve environmental conditions and the well-being of its population, China has implemented one of the world's largest ecological rehabilitation projects of the early twenty-first century: The Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). This program aims to prevent deforestation and conserve natural forests, mainly by banning logging. With heavy central government financing, the NFPP has profound global ecological and socioeconomic impacts. While most previous studies have focused on the positive aspects of the NFPP, some negative aspects should also be examined. Chiefly, the NFPP does not fully address the untapped potential of the natural forest and the uses of this sustainable economic resource, which should be approached using nature-based solutions. Some major policy points in the NFPP, such as forest management, institutional design, diversified funding resources, and comprehensive monitoring, need revision. This study of the NFPP can provide significant insights for other countries addressing urgent environmental issues.
{"title":"China's Natural Forest Protection Program: Evolution, Impact and Challenges","authors":"D. Qiao, W. Yuan, S. Ke","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992811","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992811","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Aone-size-fits-all’ logging ban may lead to ecological and socioeconomic issues related to sustainability. A logging ban will cause timber supply shortages. Nature-based solutions in the NFPP can combat deforestation and climate change. The productivity potential of natural forests has not been realized. Regularly updating the NFPP is a must for sustainable enviro-socio-economic development. SUMMARY In order to improve environmental conditions and the well-being of its population, China has implemented one of the world's largest ecological rehabilitation projects of the early twenty-first century: The Natural Forest Protection Program (NFPP). This program aims to prevent deforestation and conserve natural forests, mainly by banning logging. With heavy central government financing, the NFPP has profound global ecological and socioeconomic impacts. While most previous studies have focused on the positive aspects of the NFPP, some negative aspects should also be examined. Chiefly, the NFPP does not fully address the untapped potential of the natural forest and the uses of this sustainable economic resource, which should be approached using nature-based solutions. Some major policy points in the NFPP, such as forest management, institutional design, diversified funding resources, and comprehensive monitoring, need revision. This study of the NFPP can provide significant insights for other countries addressing urgent environmental issues.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"338 - 350"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46579127","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992820
M. Musananguro, F. Ali, R. Mlambo, T. P. Masarira
HIGHLIGHTS The Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP) resulted in the loss of forest reserves and biodiversity. Co-management of forest reserves with resettled farmers is required for sustainability. Remote sensing and GIS plays an important role in the management and monitoring of forests. Multiplicity of legal instruments and institutional arrangements in forest management promotes forest loss and misuse. Sustainable management and enforcement of legal instruments on forest reserves is required to combat effects of climate change and desertification. SUMMARY Land reform in Zimbabwe, commonly known as the Fast Track Land Reform Programme (FTLRP), was established in early 2000. Since the inception of the FTRLP, loss of forests and biodiversity has been on the rise. In this paper, an analysis of the rate of forest loss pre-FTLRP, during and post-FTLRP to date (1995–2019) is presented for the Mafungabusi Forest Reserve. Data were collected from semi-structured questionnaires, interviews, satellite imagery and fieldwork. Land Cover, Land-Use Change Maps were obtained from supervised classification of satellite imagery and regression graphs for the rate of change of forest area were also obtained. Results show that the forested areas decreased at a rate of 308 ha per year (2.4%) during the FTLRP and at a rate of 481 ha per year (5.2%) post FTLRP. The inception of FTLRP and the withdrawal of funds to support the Community Involvement in Forest Management (CIFM) resulted in forest loss as the population grew and demand for land increased. Given the current rate of forest loss, the Mafungabusi Forest will probably disappear in the next 20 years if no measures are taken to reduce the rate of forest loss. Thus, there is need for the Zimbabwe Forestry Commission, Environmental Management Agency and other relevant stakeholders to engage resettled farmers in sustainable co-management of natural resources. Such efforts will help in combating effects of climate change and conserving biodiversity.
快速土地改革方案(FTLRP)导致森林储备和生物多样性的丧失。为了可持续发展，需要与重新安置的农民共同管理森林保护区。遥感和地理信息系统在森林管理和监测中发挥着重要作用。森林管理方面法律文书和体制安排的多样性促进了森林的损失和滥用。必须对森林保护区的法律文书进行可持续管理和执行，以应对气候变化和荒漠化的影响。津巴布韦的土地改革，通常被称为快速通道土地改革计划(FTLRP)，于2000年初建立。自FTRLP启动以来，森林和生物多样性的损失一直在上升。本文以马峰加布寺森林保护区为例，分析了ftlrp实施前、实施期间和实施后(1995-2019)的森林损失率。数据收集自半结构化问卷、访谈、卫星图像和实地调查。利用卫星影像进行监督分类，获得了土地覆盖、土地利用变化图和森林面积变化率回归图。结果表明:森林面积减少幅度为308 ha /年(2.4%)，森林面积减少幅度为481 ha /年(5.2%)。森林资源重建方案的开始和用于支持社区参与森林管理的资金的撤出导致了随着人口的增长和对土地需求的增加而造成的森林损失。按照目前的森林损失速度，如果不采取措施降低森林损失速度，马峰堡寺森林很可能在未来20年内消失。因此，津巴布韦林业委员会、环境管理局和其他相关利益攸关方需要让重新安置的农民参与自然资源的可持续共同管理。这些努力将有助于应对气候变化的影响和保护生物多样性。
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Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992776
S. Adeyanju, A. O’Connor, T. Addoah, E. Bayala, H. Djoudi, K. Moombe, J. Reed, M. Ros-Tonen, F. Siangulube, A. Sikanwe, T. Sunderland
HIGHLIGHTS Inclusive, equitable multi-actor collaboration and sustainability are key to CBNRM. In practice, donors, government agencies, NGOs and community elites often control decision-making. Ongoing collaboration across actors and scales requires long-term support and engagement. Integrated Landscape Approaches (ILAs) are promising for improved natural resource management. Learning from CBNRM and documenting ILA processes is needed for adaptive management. SUMMARY Land use in much of sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by legislative frameworks based on a strong colonial legacy, focusing strongly on state control and minimal devolution of management responsibilities to local communities. However, attempts to reconcile conservation and socio-economic development by increasing stakeholder engagement in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) have been undertaken since the late 1980s. Based on a review of published literature on historical land-use trajectories, the evolution of CBNRM, and key respondent interviews with NRM experts in Ghana and Zambia, this paper asks: What lessons can be learned from CBNRM to inform integrated landscape approaches for more equitable social and ecological outcomes? The paper discusses the positive characteristics and persistent challenges arising from CBNRM initiatives in both countries. The former being, improved rights and resource access, an established institutional structure at the local level, and a conservation approach tailored to the local context. The latter include the absence of multi-scale collaboration, inadequate inclusive and equitable local participation, and limited sustainability of CBNRM initiatives beyond short-term project funding timelines. The paper argues that integrated landscape approaches can address these challenges and improve natural resource management in Ghana and Zambia. We urge landscape practitioners to consider how the lessons learned from CBNRM are being addressed in practice, as they represent both challenges and opportunities for landscape approaches to improve natural resource management.
{"title":"Learning from Community-Based Natural Resource Management (CBNRM) in Ghana and Zambia: Lessons for Integrated Landscape Approaches","authors":"S. Adeyanju, A. O’Connor, T. Addoah, E. Bayala, H. Djoudi, K. Moombe, J. Reed, M. Ros-Tonen, F. Siangulube, A. Sikanwe, T. Sunderland","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992776","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992776","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Inclusive, equitable multi-actor collaboration and sustainability are key to CBNRM. In practice, donors, government agencies, NGOs and community elites often control decision-making. Ongoing collaboration across actors and scales requires long-term support and engagement. Integrated Landscape Approaches (ILAs) are promising for improved natural resource management. Learning from CBNRM and documenting ILA processes is needed for adaptive management. SUMMARY Land use in much of sub-Saharan Africa is dominated by legislative frameworks based on a strong colonial legacy, focusing strongly on state control and minimal devolution of management responsibilities to local communities. However, attempts to reconcile conservation and socio-economic development by increasing stakeholder engagement in community-based natural resource management (CBNRM) have been undertaken since the late 1980s. Based on a review of published literature on historical land-use trajectories, the evolution of CBNRM, and key respondent interviews with NRM experts in Ghana and Zambia, this paper asks: What lessons can be learned from CBNRM to inform integrated landscape approaches for more equitable social and ecological outcomes? The paper discusses the positive characteristics and persistent challenges arising from CBNRM initiatives in both countries. The former being, improved rights and resource access, an established institutional structure at the local level, and a conservation approach tailored to the local context. The latter include the absence of multi-scale collaboration, inadequate inclusive and equitable local participation, and limited sustainability of CBNRM initiatives beyond short-term project funding timelines. The paper argues that integrated landscape approaches can address these challenges and improve natural resource management in Ghana and Zambia. We urge landscape practitioners to consider how the lessons learned from CBNRM are being addressed in practice, as they represent both challenges and opportunities for landscape approaches to improve natural resource management.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"273 - 297"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48401451","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-10-12DOI: 10.1505/146554821833992839
D. Susilawati, P. Kanowski
HIGHLIGHTS The case study natural forest-based value chains were largely compliant with the Indonesian timber legality verification system (SVLK). SVLK includes sustainability requirements (PHPL), but these are less stringent than voluntary forest certification, primarily because of a lesser emphasis on field performance. SVLK fostered legality compliance in both domestic and export value chains, but some loopholes remain. Weaknesses in SVLK architecture and implementation impact on both sustainability and legality of Indonesian natural forest-based value chains. This study suggests five areas for improvement of SVLK. SUMMARY Indonesian natural forest concessions and value chains are governed by a mandatory Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK), which includes assessment of Sustainable Production Forest Management (PHPL). Concessionaires and processors may also pursue voluntary forest certification. This study explores actors' compliance with these instruments along wood product value chains originating primarily from natural forests. Empirical results demonstrate that SVLK fostered legality compliance in domestic as well as export value chains, but still allows some possible loopholes. It is easier for actors to comply with SVLK than with Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, because SVLK has less stringent requirements, and uses an assessment system that allows poor field performance and does not foster continuous improvement of practices. These results identify weaknesses in the architecture and implementation of the regulatory instruments, and suggest measures to strengthen Indonesia's sustainable forest management and timber legality systems.
{"title":"Sustainability Certification and Legality Verification in Indonesian Natural Forest-Based Wood Products Value Chains","authors":"D. Susilawati, P. Kanowski","doi":"10.1505/146554821833992839","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821833992839","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The case study natural forest-based value chains were largely compliant with the Indonesian timber legality verification system (SVLK). SVLK includes sustainability requirements (PHPL), but these are less stringent than voluntary forest certification, primarily because of a lesser emphasis on field performance. SVLK fostered legality compliance in both domestic and export value chains, but some loopholes remain. Weaknesses in SVLK architecture and implementation impact on both sustainability and legality of Indonesian natural forest-based value chains. This study suggests five areas for improvement of SVLK. SUMMARY Indonesian natural forest concessions and value chains are governed by a mandatory Timber Legality Verification System (SVLK), which includes assessment of Sustainable Production Forest Management (PHPL). Concessionaires and processors may also pursue voluntary forest certification. This study explores actors' compliance with these instruments along wood product value chains originating primarily from natural forests. Empirical results demonstrate that SVLK fostered legality compliance in domestic as well as export value chains, but still allows some possible loopholes. It is easier for actors to comply with SVLK than with Forest Stewardship Council (FSC) certification, because SVLK has less stringent requirements, and uses an assessment system that allows poor field performance and does not foster continuous improvement of practices. These results identify weaknesses in the architecture and implementation of the regulatory instruments, and suggest measures to strengthen Indonesia's sustainable forest management and timber legality systems.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"365 - 391"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-10-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47735121","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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