Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902644
T. Minter, D. Naito, T. Sunderland
HIGHLIGHTS The social impacts of logging in tropical forests are overwhelmingly negative and affect local and Indigenous people's livelihoods, their relationships with the forest and with each other. These impacts need to feature much more prominently in sustainable forest management policy, practice and assessment. This requires awareness of the broad and long-term nature of social impacts, which reach far beyond labour relations and the workplace, and far into the future. The gender inequities embedded in and reinforced by the logging sector require specific attention. Future empirical research must focus on the equitability of the design, workings and outcomes of social impact assessments, FPIC procedures, social auditing, benefit sharing and grievance mechanisms, particularly in certified logging operations. SUMMARY Global demand for timber is projected to grow and much of this timber will continue to be sourced from natural forests. As these forests, particularly in the tropics, tend to be inhabited by the world's most marginalized communities, the social impacts of logging require more attention within policy, practice and research. This Introduction to the Special Issue of International Forestry Review on The Social Impacts of Logging compiles evidence that the overwhelmingly negative social impacts of logging are systemic. As logging companies fail to fulfill their social obligations, and elite capture is common, the extent to which local communities benefit from logging operations is minimal, while long-term, harmful effects on livelihoods, social fabric and safety are severe. Logging operations reinforce and often exacerbate pre-existing inequities, particularly for women and Indigenous people. Weak governance, a lack of transparency and poor participation procedures partially explain this unfavourable situation. However, logging will only achieve better social outcomes if underlying power-imbalances are tackled. Il est projeté que la demande globale pour le bois d'ouvrage continue de croître, et le gros du bois va continuer à être obtenu dans les forêts naturelles. Comme ces forêts ont tendance à être habitées par certaines des communautés les plus marginalisés au monde, dans les tropiques en particulier, les impacts sociaux de l'exploitation du bois requièrent une attention plus grande, du point de vue des politiques, des pratiques et de la recherche. Cette Introduction au numéro spécial de l'International Forestry Review sur les impacts sociaux de l'exploitation du bois, rassemble les preuves que les impacts largement négatifs des opérations d'exploitation du bois sont systémiques. Alors que les compagnies d'exploitation du bois ne remplissent pas leurs obligations sociales, et que l'obtention par les élites est répandue, l'envergure des bénéfices récoltés par les communautés lors de l'exploitation du bois sont minimaux, alors que les effets négatifs à long-terme sur les revenus, la fabrique sociale et la sécurité sont sévères. Les e
热带森林采伐的社会影响绝大多数是负面的，影响到当地和土著人民的生计、他们与森林以及彼此之间的关系。这些影响需要在可持续森林管理政策、实践和评估中更加突出。这就需要认识到社会影响的广泛性和长期性，其影响远远超出劳资关系和工作场所，而且影响到未来。需要特别注意伐木部门所存在和加剧的性别不平等。未来的实证研究必须关注社会影响评估、FPIC程序、社会审计、利益分享和申诉机制的设计、运作和结果的公平性，特别是在经过认证的伐木作业中。全球对木材的需求预计将增长，其中大部分木材将继续来自天然林。由于这些森林，特别是热带地区的森林，往往居住着世界上最边缘化的社区，因此伐木的社会影响需要在政策、实践和研究中得到更多关注。《国际林业评论》关于采伐社会影响的特刊导言汇编了证据，证明采伐的压倒性负面社会影响是系统性的。由于伐木公司未能履行其社会义务，精英被捕获是常见的，当地社区从伐木作业中受益的程度很小，而对生计、社会结构和安全的长期有害影响是严重的。伐木作业加剧并往往加剧了原有的不平等，特别是对妇女和土著人民而言。治理薄弱、缺乏透明度和不良的参与程序是造成这种不利局面的部分原因。然而，只有解决潜在的权力失衡问题，伐木才能取得更好的社会成果。我们将在全球范围内建立一个项目，让森林继续生长下去，让森林继续生长下去，être获得森林继续生长下去，forêts自然继续生长下去。商业活动forêts和趋势 être习惯的薪金、某些社会的薪金、有限的薪金、特别是热带地区的薪金、有限的社会影响、土地利用的社会影响、政治价值、实践价值和研究价值都需要特别注意。在《国际林业评论》上的《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类系统的影响的介绍》。利用人力资源的公司有三个办法:利用人力资源的公司有三个办法:利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司。对土地的剥削是加强的，是迫切的même解决了所有的人，特别是妇女和穷人的问题。一项建议是不可行的，透明的程序和参与的程序是不明确的，因为各方的情况都是有利的。最后，我想说的是，我的研究结果是，我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:这是一项对自然条件的严格要求，也是一项对自然条件的严格要求。墙裙,且这些博斯克,尤其对洛tropicos, suelen会habitados超过拉斯维加斯comunidades mas marginadas▽世界报,拉斯维加斯repercusiones优势种de las explotaciones影响requieren mas atencion en la politica, la la investigacion practica y。Esta Introducción al Número《国际林业评论》特别版，全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:“社会义务”是指“逮捕穷人和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“惩治罪犯和罪犯”。这一现象加剧了先前存在的不平等，特别是普韦布洛人Indígenas的不平等现象。由于透明度的不足，透明度的下降导致了程序的缺陷participación解释了部分原因situación是不利的。禁运期间，由于爆炸造成的森林砍伐sólo lograrán造成的后果是，社会破坏造成的森林破坏平衡造成的森林破坏。
{"title":"A Call for a Wider Perspective on Sustainable Forestry: Introduction to the Special issue on the Social Impacts of Logging","authors":"T. Minter, D. Naito, T. Sunderland","doi":"10.1505/146554823836902644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902644","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The social impacts of logging in tropical forests are overwhelmingly negative and affect local and Indigenous people's livelihoods, their relationships with the forest and with each other. These impacts need to feature much more prominently in sustainable forest management policy, practice and assessment. This requires awareness of the broad and long-term nature of social impacts, which reach far beyond labour relations and the workplace, and far into the future. The gender inequities embedded in and reinforced by the logging sector require specific attention. Future empirical research must focus on the equitability of the design, workings and outcomes of social impact assessments, FPIC procedures, social auditing, benefit sharing and grievance mechanisms, particularly in certified logging operations. SUMMARY Global demand for timber is projected to grow and much of this timber will continue to be sourced from natural forests. As these forests, particularly in the tropics, tend to be inhabited by the world's most marginalized communities, the social impacts of logging require more attention within policy, practice and research. This Introduction to the Special Issue of International Forestry Review on The Social Impacts of Logging compiles evidence that the overwhelmingly negative social impacts of logging are systemic. As logging companies fail to fulfill their social obligations, and elite capture is common, the extent to which local communities benefit from logging operations is minimal, while long-term, harmful effects on livelihoods, social fabric and safety are severe. Logging operations reinforce and often exacerbate pre-existing inequities, particularly for women and Indigenous people. Weak governance, a lack of transparency and poor participation procedures partially explain this unfavourable situation. However, logging will only achieve better social outcomes if underlying power-imbalances are tackled. Il est projeté que la demande globale pour le bois d'ouvrage continue de croître, et le gros du bois va continuer à être obtenu dans les forêts naturelles. Comme ces forêts ont tendance à être habitées par certaines des communautés les plus marginalisés au monde, dans les tropiques en particulier, les impacts sociaux de l'exploitation du bois requièrent une attention plus grande, du point de vue des politiques, des pratiques et de la recherche. Cette Introduction au numéro spécial de l'International Forestry Review sur les impacts sociaux de l'exploitation du bois, rassemble les preuves que les impacts largement négatifs des opérations d'exploitation du bois sont systémiques. Alors que les compagnies d'exploitation du bois ne remplissent pas leurs obligations sociales, et que l'obtention par les élites est répandue, l'envergure des bénéfices récoltés par les communautés lors de l'exploitation du bois sont minimaux, alors que les effets négatifs à long-terme sur les revenus, la fabrique sociale et la sécurité sont sévères. Les e","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"1 - 16"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41596708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902653
L. Defo
HIGHLIGHTS The industrial exploitation of Cameroon's forests was until the late 2000s, credited with little positive impacts on the communities living near logging concessions. From this period, factors likely to create an enabling environment more conducive to local development emerged. Immigration linked to logging has led to increased pressure on infrastructure, equipment, and human resource in basic social areas (health and education). However, the positive impacts of this activity on these areas are insignificant. Through the installation of a new ferry on the Dja river, the improvement of physical accessibility to Ngoyla, immigration linked to job opportunities and salaries paid to employees, industrial logging has boosted significantly the economy of this subdivision. The situation of Baka Indigenous people in general deserves special attention in relation to negative impacts. The Baka received very few positive spinoffs while more than other social components, they suffered from the degradation of forest resources caused by logging. After six years of logging in Ngoyla, the results in terms of positive socio-economic impacts at the local level are globally below expectations. While it could be argued that financial capital has increased in the subdivision, notable negative impacts were experienced in the natural, human, and social capitals. One of the significant reasons for poor outcomes of industrial logging is the gap between the regulations and the commitments on the one hand and what is practiced on the ground on the other. Forest populations generally have an ambivalent attitude towards industrial logging. They are divided between, on the one hand, the advantages that logging provides, such as improving accessibility and jobs, and, on the other hand, the disadvantages linked to this activity as well as the disappointments in relation to their expectations in terms of support for education, health and rural water supply. SUMMARY The industrial exploitation of Cameroon's forests was, until the late 2000s, credited with little positive impacts on the communities living near logging concessions. In order to evaluate the outcomes of logging for local populations and to inform the sustainable management of Ngoyla-Mintom forest block, socio-economic data was collected from 2011 to 2018. Data from guided interviews, observations and questionnaires reveal that local populations have seen improvements in their living conditions, particularly in terms of formal employment, better housing and increased mobility. The main adverse effects observed were a reduction of some forest resources, an increase in certain diseases, and increased violations of the rights of Indigenous People. Despite identified favorable factors, the positive impacts from industrial logging in Ngoyla are below expectations. Jusque vers la fin des années 2000, l'exploitation industrielle des forêts camerounaises n'a eu que peu d'impacts positifs sur les communautés vivant à
{"title":"Six Years of Industrial Logging in Ngoyla (East-Cameroon): What Have Been the Outcomes for Local Populations?","authors":"L. Defo","doi":"10.1505/146554823836902653","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902653","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The industrial exploitation of Cameroon's forests was until the late 2000s, credited with little positive impacts on the communities living near logging concessions. From this period, factors likely to create an enabling environment more conducive to local development emerged. Immigration linked to logging has led to increased pressure on infrastructure, equipment, and human resource in basic social areas (health and education). However, the positive impacts of this activity on these areas are insignificant. Through the installation of a new ferry on the Dja river, the improvement of physical accessibility to Ngoyla, immigration linked to job opportunities and salaries paid to employees, industrial logging has boosted significantly the economy of this subdivision. The situation of Baka Indigenous people in general deserves special attention in relation to negative impacts. The Baka received very few positive spinoffs while more than other social components, they suffered from the degradation of forest resources caused by logging. After six years of logging in Ngoyla, the results in terms of positive socio-economic impacts at the local level are globally below expectations. While it could be argued that financial capital has increased in the subdivision, notable negative impacts were experienced in the natural, human, and social capitals. One of the significant reasons for poor outcomes of industrial logging is the gap between the regulations and the commitments on the one hand and what is practiced on the ground on the other. Forest populations generally have an ambivalent attitude towards industrial logging. They are divided between, on the one hand, the advantages that logging provides, such as improving accessibility and jobs, and, on the other hand, the disadvantages linked to this activity as well as the disappointments in relation to their expectations in terms of support for education, health and rural water supply. SUMMARY The industrial exploitation of Cameroon's forests was, until the late 2000s, credited with little positive impacts on the communities living near logging concessions. In order to evaluate the outcomes of logging for local populations and to inform the sustainable management of Ngoyla-Mintom forest block, socio-economic data was collected from 2011 to 2018. Data from guided interviews, observations and questionnaires reveal that local populations have seen improvements in their living conditions, particularly in terms of formal employment, better housing and increased mobility. The main adverse effects observed were a reduction of some forest resources, an increase in certain diseases, and increased violations of the rights of Indigenous People. Despite identified favorable factors, the positive impacts from industrial logging in Ngoyla are below expectations. Jusque vers la fin des années 2000, l'exploitation industrielle des forêts camerounaises n'a eu que peu d'impacts positifs sur les communautés vivant à ","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"91 - 112"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42070176","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902617
M. Cromberg, P. Cronkleton, M. Menton, R. Sears
HIGHLIGHTS Effective forest policy reform in Amapá, Brazil has been impeded by bureaucratic inertia and failure to adapt norms to local realities and livelihood dynamics. Small-scale timber production and processing in the Amapá estuary remains informal despite State attempts to provide an accessible pathway to formalization. Smallholder timber production in the Amapá estuary has declined due to shifting emphasis on açaí production, reduced resource availability, difficulties formalizing forestry operations, and increased rules enforcement by environmental agencies. Timber is still an important livelihood for many families and mill owners that supply timber to local communities. Relaxed management guidelines for fast-growing timber species on the floodplain ultimately did not address the needs of smallholders. SUMMARY In 2013, policy makers from the Brazilian State of Amapá launched regulatory reforms intended to streamline options to formalize smallholder forest management. This paper reviews that policy reform process and analyses observations from local stakeholders to identify lessons for the promotion of smallholder forestry. In 2014, 2017 and 2021, interviews were conducted with family timber producers and sawmill operators in floodplain communities and regional timber buyers to evaluate the impact of the policy reform on their operations. Interviews with policy makers sought to understand the rationale behind the reform and how the process played out. Although the reform efforts were well intentioned, results illustrate how bureaucratic inertia and complexity obstructed efforts to simplify policy and how policy did not address smallholder needs. While the reforms did not have the intended effect, the case offers lessons for future policy reform efforts. En 2013, les créateurs de politique de l'état brésilien de l'Amapá ont lancé des réformes de régulation, visant à encadrer les options pour formaliser la gestion forestière des petites exploitations. Ce papier examine le processus de réformation de cette politique et analyse les observations des partie prenantes locales pour identifier les leçons pouvant être glanées dans la promotion de la foresterie des petites exploitations. En 2014, 2017 et 2021, des interviews ont été conduites auprès des familles des producteurs de bois et des opérateurs de scieries dans les communautés des plaines inondables, ainsi qu'auprès des acheteurs de bois régionaux, pour évaluer l'impact de la réforme politique sur leurs opérations. Des interviews de créateurs de politique ont cherché à comprendre le raisonnement sous-tendant la réforme et la manière dont le processus s'est opéré. Bien que les efforts de réforme aient été bien intentionnés, les résultats illustrent que les efforts vers une simplification de la politique ont été contrés par une inertie et une complexité bureaucratique, et que la politique ne répondait pas aux besoins de petits exploitants. Alors que les réformes n'ont pas connu l'effet attendu
强调巴西阿马帕的有效森林政策改革受到官僚惰性和未能使规范适应当地现实和生计动态的阻碍。阿马帕河口的小规模木材生产和加工仍然是非正式的，尽管各州试图提供一条无障碍的成型途径。阿马帕河口的小农木材产量下降，原因是越来越强调阿卡伊生产、资源可用性减少、林业作业形式化困难以及环境机构的规则执行增加。木材仍然是向当地社区供应木材的许多家庭和磨坊主的重要生计。洪水平原上快速生长木材物种的放松管理指南最终未能满足小农的需求。2013年摘要：巴西阿马帕州的决策者启动了监管改革，旨在简化小农户森林管理的选择。本文回顾了政策改革进程，分析了当地利益攸关方的意见，以确定促进小农林业的经验教训。2014年、2017年和2021年，对洪泛区社区的家庭木材生产商和锯木厂运营商以及区域木材买家进行了访谈，以评估政策改革对其运营的影响。采访决策者，了解改革背后的理由以及改革过程如何发挥作用。尽管改革努力的意图是好的，但结果说明了官僚惰性和复杂性如何阻碍简化政策的努力，以及政策如何未能满足小农的需求。虽然改革没有产生预期效果，但该案例为未来的政策改革努力提供了经验教训。2013年，巴西阿马帕州的政策制定者启动了监管改革，旨在制定小农场森林管理正式化的方案。本文审查了这项政策的改革进程，并分析了当地利益攸关方的意见，以确定在促进小农林业方面可以吸取的经验教训。2014年、2017年和2021年，对洪泛平原社区的木材生产商和锯木厂经营者家庭以及区域木材买家进行了访谈，以评估政策改革对其运营的影响。对政策制定者的采访试图了解改革背后的理由以及改革过程是如何进行的。尽管改革努力是善意的，但结果表明，简化政策的努力受到惯性和官僚复杂性的阻碍，政策没有满足小农的需要。虽然改革没有达到预期效果，但CAS可以为未来的政策改革努力提供经验教训。2013年，巴西AmapáLanzaron州的负责人改革了规范，旨在使森林管理合法化。Este documento修订了政治改革进程，并分析了地方利益相关者的观察结果，以确定促进自然保护的方法。2014年、2017年和2021年，SE REALIZARON entrevistas tanto a productores families de madera y operadores de aserraderos en las comunidades de las llanuras de inundación como a compradores regionales de madera para evaluar el impacto de la reforma política en sus operaciones。Las entrevistas con los responsibles políticos trataron de comprendre los motivos de la reforma y cómo se desarrollóel proceso。aunque la reforma fue bien intencionada，los resultados ilustran cómo la inercia burocrática y la complejidad障碍los esfuerzos para simplicar la política y cómo esta no abordólas necesidades de los pequeños propietarios。Aunque las reformas no tuvieron el efecto deseado，el caso of rece lecciones para futuras iniciativas de reforma política。
{"title":"Challenges to Smallholder Forestry Policy Reform on a Postindustrial Logging Frontier: Lessons from the Amazon Estuary","authors":"M. Cromberg, P. Cronkleton, M. Menton, R. Sears","doi":"10.1505/146554823836902617","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902617","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Effective forest policy reform in Amapá, Brazil has been impeded by bureaucratic inertia and failure to adapt norms to local realities and livelihood dynamics. Small-scale timber production and processing in the Amapá estuary remains informal despite State attempts to provide an accessible pathway to formalization. Smallholder timber production in the Amapá estuary has declined due to shifting emphasis on açaí production, reduced resource availability, difficulties formalizing forestry operations, and increased rules enforcement by environmental agencies. Timber is still an important livelihood for many families and mill owners that supply timber to local communities. Relaxed management guidelines for fast-growing timber species on the floodplain ultimately did not address the needs of smallholders. SUMMARY In 2013, policy makers from the Brazilian State of Amapá launched regulatory reforms intended to streamline options to formalize smallholder forest management. This paper reviews that policy reform process and analyses observations from local stakeholders to identify lessons for the promotion of smallholder forestry. In 2014, 2017 and 2021, interviews were conducted with family timber producers and sawmill operators in floodplain communities and regional timber buyers to evaluate the impact of the policy reform on their operations. Interviews with policy makers sought to understand the rationale behind the reform and how the process played out. Although the reform efforts were well intentioned, results illustrate how bureaucratic inertia and complexity obstructed efforts to simplify policy and how policy did not address smallholder needs. While the reforms did not have the intended effect, the case offers lessons for future policy reform efforts. En 2013, les créateurs de politique de l'état brésilien de l'Amapá ont lancé des réformes de régulation, visant à encadrer les options pour formaliser la gestion forestière des petites exploitations. Ce papier examine le processus de réformation de cette politique et analyse les observations des partie prenantes locales pour identifier les leçons pouvant être glanées dans la promotion de la foresterie des petites exploitations. En 2014, 2017 et 2021, des interviews ont été conduites auprès des familles des producteurs de bois et des opérateurs de scieries dans les communautés des plaines inondables, ainsi qu'auprès des acheteurs de bois régionaux, pour évaluer l'impact de la réforme politique sur leurs opérations. Des interviews de créateurs de politique ont cherché à comprendre le raisonnement sous-tendant la réforme et la manière dont le processus s'est opéré. Bien que les efforts de réforme aient été bien intentionnés, les résultats illustrent que les efforts vers une simplification de la politique ont été contrés par une inertie et une complexité bureaucratique, et que la politique ne répondait pas aux besoins de petits exploitants. Alors que les réformes n'ont pas connu l'effet attendu","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"75 - 90"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45290543","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902572
G. Persoon, E. Wardani
HIGHLIGHTS The social impact of logging operations can only be understood as the cumulative effect of a long range of interconnected land use changes. The Orang Rimba, the original forest dwellers of Central Sumatra, have been heavily influenced by extensive logging operations over the past few decades. Contrary to early predictions, they have survived mainly by adapting to the changing conditions but also by avoiding complete assimilation. Governmental efforts to bring the Orang Rimba into the national socio-economic mainstream have had limited success. The international discourse on Indigenous peoples has to a limited extent trickled down in Indonesia with some positive effects on the forest dwelling communities. SUMMARY The landscape of Central Sumatra has changed rapidly over the past few decades. Industrial logging and the subsequent conversion of the lowland rainforests into oil palm and rubber plantations, the establishment of transmigration sites and the ever-expanding road network have forced the forest dwelling communities of the Orang Rimba to adapt their traditional modes of subsistence. Traditional hunting, fishing and gathering simply did not yield enough food and forest products for exchange purposes anymore. In this contribution an overview will be given of the impact of large-scale logging and the processes of forest conversion that have taken place in the wake of the logging operations. The article covers a period of about four decades in which fieldwork by both authors has taken place at various periods. It will show the various ways the Orang Rimba have reacted to the challenges and the opportunities that emerged as a result of these operations. Au cours des dernières décennies, le paysage du Sumatra central a connu un changement rapide. L'exploitation forestière industrielle et la conversion subséquente des forêts pluviales de plaine en plantations de palmiers à huile et de caoutchouc, l'installation de sites de transmigration et l'expansion continue du réseau routier ont contraint les communautés des Orang Rimba, vivant au sein des forêts, à adapter leurs modes de subsistance traditionnels. La chasse, la pêche et la cueillette traditionnelles ne produisaient plus assez de nourriture et de produits forestiers pour les échanges. Le présent article donne un aperçu de l'impact de l'exploitation forestière à grande échelle et des processus de conversion de la forêt qui ont eu lieu dans le sillage des opérations d'exploitation. L'article couvre une période d'environ quatre décennies au cours de laquelle le travail de terrain a eu lieu à différentes périodes. Sont abordées les multiples façons dont les Orang Rimba ont réagi aux défis et aux opportunités qui ont émergé à la suite de ces opérations. El paisaje de Sumatra Central ha cambiado rápidamente en las últimas décadas. La tala industrial y la posterior conversión de los bosques tropicales de tierras bajas en plantaciones de palma de aceite y caucho, el establecimiento de focos
伐木作业的社会影响只能理解为长期相互关联的土地利用变化的累积效应。在过去的几十年里，苏门答腊岛中部的原始森林居民橘林巴受到了大规模伐木活动的严重影响。与早期的预测相反，他们的生存主要是通过适应不断变化的环境，但也避免了完全的同化。政府使奥兰治林巴人进入国家社会经济主流的努力取得了有限的成功。关于土著人民的国际讨论在一定程度上影响了印度尼西亚，对居住在森林中的社区产生了一些积极影响。在过去的几十年里，苏门答腊岛中部的景观发生了迅速的变化。工业采伐和随后将低地雨林转变为油棕和橡胶种植园，迁徙地点的建立和不断扩大的道路网络迫使Orang riba的森林社区适应他们传统的生存方式。传统的狩猎、捕鱼和采集再也不能产生足够的食物和森林产品来交换。在这篇文章中，将概述大规模伐木的影响以及在伐木作业之后发生的森林转变过程。这篇文章涵盖了大约四十年的时间，其中两位作者在不同时期进行了实地考察。它将展示橙色林巴对这些行动所带来的挑战和机遇作出反应的各种方式。在这些课程中，我们发现苏门答腊岛的支付方式正在迅速改变。开发林业工业和转换农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和棕榈种植园的农业和农业生产的农业和农业的农业和农业的农业生产的农业和农业的农业生产的农业和农业的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产的农业生产。La chasse, La pêche和La cueillette traditional - nailes, ne - productiones, ne - productiones, ne - productiones, ne - productiones, forest - tiers, as - modischange。在对“剥削的影响”进行分析的基础上，对“森林”进行分析的过程中，对“发展的影响”进行分析的过程中，对“发展的影响”进行分析的过程中。第1条规定，如果一个人的生活在一个不同的环境中，他的生活在一个不同的环境中，他的生活在不同的环境中。不像其他的外国的samdys和其他的samdys和其他的samdys和其他的机会samdys和其他的samdys和其他的samdys和其他的samdys。El paisaje de Sumatra Central ha cambiado rápidamente en las últimas dsamada。La tala industrial and the posterior conversión de los bosques tropical, de tierras bajas, de plantaciones, de palma de aceite and caucho, el establecimiento, de focos, transmigración and La red, de carteras en constante, expansión和La comcomades, de los Orang Rimba, que viven, el bosquque, adapadapsus medios, de vida contrales。La caza, La pesca, La recolección传统农场没有生产足够的食品，因为它们的产品被禁止销售。在此，我们将讨论visión对森林发展的一般影响和对森林发展进程的宏观规模的影响，而不是对森林发展的总体影响和对森林发展的总体影响。El危象abarca联合国periodo de una四弦吉他decadas在拉斯维加斯,se汉realizado找工作各类periodos campo en。这些医院有各种各样的形式，例如，在奥兰治Rimba医院，通过各种各样的机会，例如外科医生，以及各种各样的手术，来应对各种各样的疾病。
{"title":"Changing Lifestyles in Converted Forests: The Impact of Logging Operations on the Orang Rimba, Jambi, Indonesia","authors":"G. Persoon, E. Wardani","doi":"10.1505/146554823836902572","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902572","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The social impact of logging operations can only be understood as the cumulative effect of a long range of interconnected land use changes. The Orang Rimba, the original forest dwellers of Central Sumatra, have been heavily influenced by extensive logging operations over the past few decades. Contrary to early predictions, they have survived mainly by adapting to the changing conditions but also by avoiding complete assimilation. Governmental efforts to bring the Orang Rimba into the national socio-economic mainstream have had limited success. The international discourse on Indigenous peoples has to a limited extent trickled down in Indonesia with some positive effects on the forest dwelling communities. SUMMARY The landscape of Central Sumatra has changed rapidly over the past few decades. Industrial logging and the subsequent conversion of the lowland rainforests into oil palm and rubber plantations, the establishment of transmigration sites and the ever-expanding road network have forced the forest dwelling communities of the Orang Rimba to adapt their traditional modes of subsistence. Traditional hunting, fishing and gathering simply did not yield enough food and forest products for exchange purposes anymore. In this contribution an overview will be given of the impact of large-scale logging and the processes of forest conversion that have taken place in the wake of the logging operations. The article covers a period of about four decades in which fieldwork by both authors has taken place at various periods. It will show the various ways the Orang Rimba have reacted to the challenges and the opportunities that emerged as a result of these operations. Au cours des dernières décennies, le paysage du Sumatra central a connu un changement rapide. L'exploitation forestière industrielle et la conversion subséquente des forêts pluviales de plaine en plantations de palmiers à huile et de caoutchouc, l'installation de sites de transmigration et l'expansion continue du réseau routier ont contraint les communautés des Orang Rimba, vivant au sein des forêts, à adapter leurs modes de subsistance traditionnels. La chasse, la pêche et la cueillette traditionnelles ne produisaient plus assez de nourriture et de produits forestiers pour les échanges. Le présent article donne un aperçu de l'impact de l'exploitation forestière à grande échelle et des processus de conversion de la forêt qui ont eu lieu dans le sillage des opérations d'exploitation. L'article couvre une période d'environ quatre décennies au cours de laquelle le travail de terrain a eu lieu à différentes périodes. Sont abordées les multiples façons dont les Orang Rimba ont réagi aux défis et aux opportunités qui ont émergé à la suite de ces opérations. El paisaje de Sumatra Central ha cambiado rápidamente en las últimas décadas. La tala industrial y la posterior conversión de los bosques tropicales de tierras bajas en plantaciones de palma de aceite y caucho, el establecimiento de focos","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"136 - 153"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46205160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836838691
A. Karsenty, S. Salau
HIGHLIGHTS Taxation has not commonly been used as a direct incentive instrument for reducing deforestation and forest degradation. Inclusion of zero-deforestation criteria in several forestry and agricultural certification schemes creates new opportunities. Feebates (bonus-malus) mechanisms can be designed to promote production of certified timber or agricultural commodities not involved in deforestation. Such a mechanism is budget neutral and therefore more acceptable to ministries of finance. Since the objective of the feebates mechanism is to encourage certified products, levels of malus and bonuses must be revised over the years to maintain the budget neutrality condition. SUMMARY Until recently, little or no use was made of fiscal instruments for forest protection in developing countries. The rise of independent third-party certification systems since the 1990s opens new perspectives for using taxation as an incentive. In the forestry sector, certification has developed significantly in Central Africa but reached a plateau in the last ten years, apparently due to the reorientation of timber export flows towards Asian markets that do not demand certified products. Fiscal incentives, through tax cuts for responsible producers, could compensate for the absence of price premiums but would diminish public revenues. The principle of the “bonus-malus” (feebates) seems promising to the extent that it does not reduce government budgetary revenues (budget neutrality). Bonus-malus schemes can also promote certified “zero deforestation” or “grown in agroforestry” agricultural production, especially cocoa, a significant driver of deforestation in Africa. Governments can select one or several certification schemes, private or public ones, and target fiscal incentives related to these certified products. The peculiarity of a bonus-malus system is that the revenues generated by the malus are expected to decrease progressively (with the adoption of certification), requiring a reduction of the bonus rates in order to respect budget neutrality. Adopting such a scheme would create winners and losers, therefore, complementary policy measures targeting small-scale producers are desirable. Jusqu'à récemment, les instruments fiscaux étaient peu ou pas utilisés pour la protection des forêts dans les pays en développement. L'essor, depuis les années 1990, de systèmes de certification par tierce partie ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l'utilisation de la fiscalité dans un sens incitatif. Dans le secteur forestier, la certification s'est développée de manière significative en Afrique centrale, mais a atteint un plateau au cours des dix dernières années, notamment en raison de la réorientation des flux d'exportation de bois vers les marchés asiatiques qui ne demandent pas de produits certifiés. Les incitations fiscales, par le biais de baisses de taxes pour les producteurs responsables, pourraient compenser l'absence de prix majorés, mais diminueraient les recettes
税收通常不被用作减少森林砍伐和森林退化的直接激励手段。将零毁林标准纳入若干林业和农业认证计划创造了新的机会。可以设计奖励(奖惩)机制，以促进不涉及砍伐森林的经认证木材或农业商品的生产。这种机制是预算中性的，因此更容易为各国财政部所接受。由于收费机制的目标是鼓励经过认证的产品，奖励和奖金的水平必须逐年修订，以保持预算中立的条件。直到最近，发展中国家很少或根本没有使用财政工具来保护森林。自20世纪90年代以来，独立的第三方认证系统的兴起为利用税收作为激励手段开辟了新的前景。在林业部门，核证在中非有了很大的发展，但在过去十年中达到了停滞状态，这显然是由于木材出口流向不需要核证产品的亚洲市场。通过对负责任的生产商减税的财政激励措施，可以弥补价格溢价的缺失，但会减少公共收入。在不减少政府预算收入(预算中立)的情况下，“奖惩”(收费)原则似乎很有希望。奖惩计划还可以促进经认证的“零毁林”或“种植于农林复合”的农业生产，特别是可可，这是非洲毁林的一个重要驱动因素。政府可以选择一个或几个私人或公共的认证计划，并针对这些认证产品制定财政激励措施。奖励制的特点是，奖励制产生的收入预计会逐渐减少(随着认证的采用)，这就要求降低奖励率，以尊重预算中立。采用这种计划将产生赢家和输家，因此，针对小规模生产者的补充政策措施是可取的。例如，如果你使用的是电子文书，你可以使用电子文书，你可以使用电子文书，你可以使用电子文书，你可以使用电子文书，你可以使用电子文书。律师，1990年，代理税务部门，认证系统，提供新观点，利用财政部门的新观点。根据林业部门的规定，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，主要是注意到在非洲中部，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义，核证在非洲中部具有重要意义。减少激励税，减少税收基础税，减少生产者责任税，减少补贴税，减少补贴税，减少补贴税，减少补贴税，减少补贴税，减少补贴税。“奖金-奖励”原则和“奖励-奖励”原则与“奖励-奖励”原则一致，即“奖励-奖励”原则与“奖励-奖励”原则。Les系统de bonus-malus peuvent promouvoir la农业生产合理certifiee«零毁林»,«produite agroforesterie»,en particulier le可可是联合国重要moteur de Afrique森林砍伐。一些国家的政府在自己的企业认证系统中禁止个人注册，在公众中禁止个人注册，在企业中禁止财政部门注册产品认证。特别的奖励-奖励制度制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励-奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度的奖励制度。采用电子通讯系统的办法，使电子通讯系统的管理人员和服务人员，电子通讯系统的措施，使小型生产者和服务人员。Hasta has poco, en los países en desarrollo casi, nunca, a recurrido a los instrumtos financies para protección de los bosques。1990年《关于建立独立系统的办法》和《关于利用财政和经济激励办法的新观点》。国家林业部门，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局，国家林业局。Los incentive fiscal, como las reducciones de impuestos para生产者责任人，podrían compensar la ausencia de primas de precios, perdisminuirían Los ingressos públicos。“奖励-奖励原则”(“奖励-奖励原则”)是“奖励-奖励原则”，“奖励-奖励原则”是“奖励原则”，“奖励原则”是“奖励原则”，“奖励原则”是“奖励原则”，“奖励原则”是“奖励原则”。 奖励-苹果计划还可以促进“零砍伐”或“农林作物”的认证农业生产，如可可，这是非洲森林砍伐的主要驱动因素。政府可以选择一个或多个私人或公共认证计划，并针对这些认证产品的税收优惠。奖金-苹果制度的特点是，预计由奖金产生的收入将逐渐减少(随着认证的采用)，这就要求减少奖金百分比，以尊重预算中立。采用这种制度将产生赢家和输家，因此需要针对小生产者的配套政策措施。
{"title":"Fiscal Incentives for Improved Forest Management and Deforestation-Free Agricultural Commodities in Central and West Africa","authors":"A. Karsenty, S. Salau","doi":"10.1505/146554823836838691","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836838691","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Taxation has not commonly been used as a direct incentive instrument for reducing deforestation and forest degradation. Inclusion of zero-deforestation criteria in several forestry and agricultural certification schemes creates new opportunities. Feebates (bonus-malus) mechanisms can be designed to promote production of certified timber or agricultural commodities not involved in deforestation. Such a mechanism is budget neutral and therefore more acceptable to ministries of finance. Since the objective of the feebates mechanism is to encourage certified products, levels of malus and bonuses must be revised over the years to maintain the budget neutrality condition. SUMMARY Until recently, little or no use was made of fiscal instruments for forest protection in developing countries. The rise of independent third-party certification systems since the 1990s opens new perspectives for using taxation as an incentive. In the forestry sector, certification has developed significantly in Central Africa but reached a plateau in the last ten years, apparently due to the reorientation of timber export flows towards Asian markets that do not demand certified products. Fiscal incentives, through tax cuts for responsible producers, could compensate for the absence of price premiums but would diminish public revenues. The principle of the “bonus-malus” (feebates) seems promising to the extent that it does not reduce government budgetary revenues (budget neutrality). Bonus-malus schemes can also promote certified “zero deforestation” or “grown in agroforestry” agricultural production, especially cocoa, a significant driver of deforestation in Africa. Governments can select one or several certification schemes, private or public ones, and target fiscal incentives related to these certified products. The peculiarity of a bonus-malus system is that the revenues generated by the malus are expected to decrease progressively (with the adoption of certification), requiring a reduction of the bonus rates in order to respect budget neutrality. Adopting such a scheme would create winners and losers, therefore, complementary policy measures targeting small-scale producers are desirable. Jusqu'à récemment, les instruments fiscaux étaient peu ou pas utilisés pour la protection des forêts dans les pays en développement. L'essor, depuis les années 1990, de systèmes de certification par tierce partie ouvre de nouvelles perspectives pour l'utilisation de la fiscalité dans un sens incitatif. Dans le secteur forestier, la certification s'est développée de manière significative en Afrique centrale, mais a atteint un plateau au cours des dix dernières années, notamment en raison de la réorientation des flux d'exportation de bois vers les marchés asiatiques qui ne demandent pas de produits certifiés. Les incitations fiscales, par le biais de baisses de taxes pour les producteurs responsables, pourraient compenser l'absence de prix majorés, mais diminueraient les recettes ","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"27 - 38"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44490168","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836838745
S. Serbouti, A. Ettaqy, H. Boukcim, El Mderssa M, N. El Ghachtouli, Y. Abbas
HIGHLIGHTS Forests and woodland are considered as a source of high biodiversity in Morocco. Moroccan forests provide essential ecosystem and environmental services. Moroccan forest and woodland have a crucial economic role for rural populations. Human activities, fires and climate change have affected the integrity of forest ecosystems. There is a need for innovation in order to balance the socioeconomic and natural roles of Moroccan forest ecosystems. SUMMARY Forests and woodland ecosystems in Morocco play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and providing ecological and economic services. Despite advances in administration, technology, and research tools in Morocco, these ecosystems have received limited attention. This paper highlights the importance of forests and woodland ecosystems in Morocco, focusing on their economic significance and the factors that pose a threat to them. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for appropriate conservation measures and future research to better understand the current situation of forests in Morocco. The results show that Moroccan forests and woodlands are rich in flora and fauna, including species with significant economic value, such as medicinal plants. These ecosystems also provide important ecological services, such as serving as habitats for endemic and threatened species. Despite the efforts of the government, human activities have negatively affected these ecosystems. To ensure that these resources are preserved for future generation, we recommend considering the human element as a central factor in all conservation approaches and actions. Au Maroc, les écosystèmes forestiers jouent un rôle crucial dans le maintien de la biodiversité et l'approvisionnement des services écologiques et économiques. Cependant, malgré les progrès administratifs, les technologies et les outils de recherche adoptés, ces écosystèmes ont reçu une attention limitée. Cette revue souligne l'importance des écosystèmes forestiers au Maroc, en mettant l'accent sur leur importance économique et les facteurs qui les menacent. En outre, des lignes directrices sont fournies pour des mesures de conservation appropriées et des recherches futures afin de mieux comprendre la situation actuelle des forêts au Maroc. Les résultats montrent que les forêts marocaines sont riches en flore et faune, y compris les espèces ayant une valeur économique importante, telles que les plantes médicinales. Ces écosystèmes fournissent également d'importants services écologiques, comme servir d'habitat à des espèces endémiques et menacées. Malgré les efforts du gouvernement, les activités humaines ont eu des répercussions négatives sur ces écosystèmes. Pour veiller à ce que ces ressources soient préservées pour les générations futures, nous recommandons de considérer l'élément humain comme un facteur central dans toutes les approches et actions de conservation. Los bosques y ecosistemas forestales de Marruecos desempeñan un papel crucial en el manteni
亮点森林和林地被认为是摩洛哥高生物多样性的来源。摩洛哥森林提供基本的生态系统和环境服务。摩洛哥森林和林地对农村人口具有重要的经济作用。人类活动、火灾和气候变化影响了森林生态系统的完整性。需要创新，以平衡摩洛哥森林生态系统的社会经济和自然作用。摩洛哥的森林和林地生态系统在维持生物多样性和提供生态和经济服务方面发挥着至关重要的作用。尽管摩洛哥在行政、技术和研究工具方面取得了进展，但对这些生态系统的关注有限。本文强调了摩洛哥森林和林地生态系统的重要性，重点是其经济意义和对其构成威胁的因素。此外，为适当的保护措施和未来的研究提供了指南，以更好地了解摩洛哥森林的现状。结果表明，摩洛哥森林和林地动植物丰富，包括具有重要经济价值的物种，如药用植物。这些生态系统还提供重要的生态服务，作为特有和受威胁物种的栖息地。尽管政府作出了努力，但人类活动对这些生态系统产生了负面影响。为了确保为后代保护这些资源，我们建议将人的因素作为所有保护方法和行动的中心因素。在摩洛哥，森林生态系统在维持生物多样性和提供生态和经济服务方面发挥着关键作用。然而，尽管采用了行政进步、技术和研究工具，但这些生态系统受到的关注有限。本综述强调了摩洛哥森林生态系统的重要性，强调了其经济重要性和威胁因素。此外，还为适当的保护措施和未来的研究提供了指导，以更好地了解摩洛哥森林的现状。结果表明，摩洛哥森林拥有丰富的动植物群，包括具有重要经济价值的物种，如药用植物。这些生态系统还提供重要的生态服务，如为特有和濒危物种提供栖息地。尽管政府作出了努力，但人类活动对这些生态系统产生了负面影响。为了确保为子孙后代保护这些资源，我们建议将人的因素视为所有保护方法和行动的核心因素。Los Bosques y Ecosistemas Forestales de Marruecos Desempeñan是生物多样性管理和生态和经济服务提供的一个重要案例。在Pesar de los Administración，la Tecnología y las Herramientas de Investigación en Marruecos，estos ecosistemas han recibido una atención limitada。Esta investigación pone de relieve la importancia de los bosques y ecosistemas forestales en marruecos，centrándose en su importancia económica y en los factores que les amenazan。Además，se ofrecen pautas sobre medidas de conservación adecuadas y futuras investigaciones para mejor la situación actual de los bosques en marruecos。Los resultados muestran que los bosques y arboledas marroquíes son ricos en flora y fauna，包括重要的经济价值物种，como las plantas medicinales。Estos ecosistemas también prestan importantes servicios ecológicos，como servir de hábitat a species endemicas y amenazadas。在Pesar de los Esfuerzos del Gobierno，人类活动是负面的。为了保障未来几代人的保护，我们建议将人的因素视为保护植物和行动的主要因素。
{"title":"Forests and Woodlands in Morocco: Review of Historical Evolution, Services, Priorities for Conservation Measures and Future Research","authors":"S. Serbouti, A. Ettaqy, H. Boukcim, El Mderssa M, N. El Ghachtouli, Y. Abbas","doi":"10.1505/146554823836838745","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836838745","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Forests and woodland are considered as a source of high biodiversity in Morocco. Moroccan forests provide essential ecosystem and environmental services. Moroccan forest and woodland have a crucial economic role for rural populations. Human activities, fires and climate change have affected the integrity of forest ecosystems. There is a need for innovation in order to balance the socioeconomic and natural roles of Moroccan forest ecosystems. SUMMARY Forests and woodland ecosystems in Morocco play a crucial role in maintaining biodiversity and providing ecological and economic services. Despite advances in administration, technology, and research tools in Morocco, these ecosystems have received limited attention. This paper highlights the importance of forests and woodland ecosystems in Morocco, focusing on their economic significance and the factors that pose a threat to them. Furthermore, guidelines are provided for appropriate conservation measures and future research to better understand the current situation of forests in Morocco. The results show that Moroccan forests and woodlands are rich in flora and fauna, including species with significant economic value, such as medicinal plants. These ecosystems also provide important ecological services, such as serving as habitats for endemic and threatened species. Despite the efforts of the government, human activities have negatively affected these ecosystems. To ensure that these resources are preserved for future generation, we recommend considering the human element as a central factor in all conservation approaches and actions. Au Maroc, les écosystèmes forestiers jouent un rôle crucial dans le maintien de la biodiversité et l'approvisionnement des services écologiques et économiques. Cependant, malgré les progrès administratifs, les technologies et les outils de recherche adoptés, ces écosystèmes ont reçu une attention limitée. Cette revue souligne l'importance des écosystèmes forestiers au Maroc, en mettant l'accent sur leur importance économique et les facteurs qui les menacent. En outre, des lignes directrices sont fournies pour des mesures de conservation appropriées et des recherches futures afin de mieux comprendre la situation actuelle des forêts au Maroc. Les résultats montrent que les forêts marocaines sont riches en flore et faune, y compris les espèces ayant une valeur économique importante, telles que les plantes médicinales. Ces écosystèmes fournissent également d'importants services écologiques, comme servir d'habitat à des espèces endémiques et menacées. Malgré les efforts du gouvernement, les activités humaines ont eu des répercussions négatives sur ces écosystèmes. Pour veiller à ce que ces ressources soient préservées pour les générations futures, nous recommandons de considérer l'élément humain comme un facteur central dans toutes les approches et actions de conservation. Los bosques y ecosistemas forestales de Marruecos desempeñan un papel crucial en el manteni","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"121 - 145"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45651976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836838754
E. Chia, F. Nsubuga, P. Chirwa
HIGHLIGHTS Experiences from past tree-based land restoration endeavours are relevant for the success of future land restoration policies and programs in Cameroon. Tree-based land restoration endeavours have been assessed by stakeholders to have good and bad sides because of the multiple Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) identified in this study. Stakeholders have different views regarding the importance and influence of each of the tree-based land restoration SWOT factors. Thus, considering these different views in the design, implementation and monitoring of restoration initiatives will help to address realities on the ground. The participatory process enabled the identification of socioeconomic and environmental specificities that are crucial for ensuring that restoration projects and programs are designed and implemented successfully. A participatory approach that involves stakeholder consultations in all five agroecological zones of the country should be used when revising the national restoration strategic framework in Cameroon. SUMMARY This paper analyses restoration efforts in the Northern Sahel region of Cameroon using a combination of SWOT analysis and the Analytical Hierarchical Process approach. Based on the perception of key informants from three stakeholder groups – representatives of the administration, representatives of communities, representatives of local NGOs, the results show that the positive attributes of restoration efforts overshadow the negative aspects. Moreover, source of additional income for families from restoration received the overall highest factor score ranking for strength. Tenure insecurity is the weakness with the highest score and the overall priority score for weaknesses was highest for key informants from local NGOs. On the other hand, improving livelihoods and natural resource base of communities received the highest overall factor for opportunities, while inadequate supply of quality inputs for restoration was perceived as the most critical threat to land restoration efforts in the northern Sahel region of Cameroon. Ce papier analyse les efforts de restauration dans la région du Sahel du nord au Cameroun, en utilisant une combinaison d'analyses SWOT et une approche de Processus analytique hiérarchique. Basés sur la perception qu'ont des informateurs-clé de trois groupes de parties prenantes- des représentants de l'administration, des communautés et des ONG locales, les résultats indiquent que les attributs positifs des efforts de restauration cachent ses aspects négatifs. De plus, la source de revenus additionnels pour les familles résultant de la restauration reçut le plus fort facteur de classement pour sa force. L'insécurité de la tenure est le facteur le plus faible, parmi les scores les plus haut, ainsi que le score de priorité majeur par sa faiblesse pour les informateurs-clé des ONGs. En revanche, l'amélioration des revenus et la base de ressources naturelles des communautés r
过去以树木为基础的土地恢复工作的经验对喀麦隆未来土地恢复政策和项目的成功具有重要意义。由于本研究中确定的多个优势、劣势、机会和威胁(SWOT)，利益相关者评估了以树木为基础的土地恢复工作的好与坏方面。利益相关者对每个基于树木的土地恢复SWOT因素的重要性和影响有不同的看法。因此，在设计、实施和监测恢复计划时考虑这些不同的观点将有助于解决实际情况。参与性的过程能够确定社会经济和环境的特殊性，这对于确保恢复项目和计划的设计和实施成功至关重要。在修订喀麦隆的国家恢复战略框架时，应采用一种参与性方法，在该国所有五个农业生态区与利益攸关方进行磋商。本文结合SWOT分析和层次分析法分析了喀麦隆萨赫勒北部地区的恢复工作。基于来自三个利益相关者群体(政府代表、社区代表、当地非政府组织代表)的关键线人的看法，结果表明，恢复工作的积极属性掩盖了消极方面。此外，家庭从重建中获得额外收入的来源在总体因素得分中排名最高。使用权不安全是得分最高的弱点，来自当地非政府组织的关键信息提供者的弱点总体优先得分最高。另一方面，改善社区的生计和自然资源基础获得了最高的总体机会因素，而高质量恢复投入的供应不足被认为是喀麦隆萨赫勒北部地区土地恢复工作的最关键威胁。本文运用SWOT分析法和过程分析法相结合的方法，分析了喀麦隆北部萨赫勒地区的经济转型过程中所付出的努力。在三个方面，即代表行政方面的，代表社区方面的，代表地方方面的，代表个人方面的，代表个人方面的，代表积极方面的，代表恢复工作方面的。再加上，收入的来源增加了收入的来源，增加了家庭的收入;再加上，收入的来源增加了家庭的收入;再加上，收入的来源增加了家庭的收入。L' ins。在报复方面，在喀麦隆，在资源基础、自然基础、社区基础、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件、交换条件。Este artículo分析loesfuerzos de restauración en la región del萨赫勒七次访问Camerún mediante uncombinación de análisis DAFO通过enfoque de Proceso de Jerarquía Analítica。关于percepción的知情者小组的资料(关于administración的代表、关于社区的代表、关于当地的代表)，关于结果的资料，关于积极属性的资料，关于restauración的资料，关于消极方面的资料。一部分,葡萄酒de ingresos附加对位拉项目procedentes de la restauracion recibio la puntuacion总mas alta对位fuerza el因素。La inseguridad de La tenencia es el punto debil con La puntuacion mas alta y总de La puntuacion prioridad帕洛分debiles fue mas阿尔塔帕拉洛杉矶线人劈开de las ONG场所。为什么又总理拉mejora de los五分镍币de subsistencia y de la基地de recurso项目一直de las comunidades recibio el因素总mas alto en cuanto oportunidades mientras, el suministro inadecuado de insumos de la restauracion calidad para se percibio科莫la amenaza mas critica帕洛通过restauracion de tierra en la del萨赫勒地区产生de Camerun。
{"title":"Learning from the Past to Guide the Future: A SWOT-AHP Analysis of Tree-Based Land Restoration Endeavours in the Northern Sahel Region of Cameroon","authors":"E. Chia, F. Nsubuga, P. Chirwa","doi":"10.1505/146554823836838754","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836838754","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Experiences from past tree-based land restoration endeavours are relevant for the success of future land restoration policies and programs in Cameroon. Tree-based land restoration endeavours have been assessed by stakeholders to have good and bad sides because of the multiple Strengths, Weaknesses, Opportunities and Threats (SWOT) identified in this study. Stakeholders have different views regarding the importance and influence of each of the tree-based land restoration SWOT factors. Thus, considering these different views in the design, implementation and monitoring of restoration initiatives will help to address realities on the ground. The participatory process enabled the identification of socioeconomic and environmental specificities that are crucial for ensuring that restoration projects and programs are designed and implemented successfully. A participatory approach that involves stakeholder consultations in all five agroecological zones of the country should be used when revising the national restoration strategic framework in Cameroon. SUMMARY This paper analyses restoration efforts in the Northern Sahel region of Cameroon using a combination of SWOT analysis and the Analytical Hierarchical Process approach. Based on the perception of key informants from three stakeholder groups – representatives of the administration, representatives of communities, representatives of local NGOs, the results show that the positive attributes of restoration efforts overshadow the negative aspects. Moreover, source of additional income for families from restoration received the overall highest factor score ranking for strength. Tenure insecurity is the weakness with the highest score and the overall priority score for weaknesses was highest for key informants from local NGOs. On the other hand, improving livelihoods and natural resource base of communities received the highest overall factor for opportunities, while inadequate supply of quality inputs for restoration was perceived as the most critical threat to land restoration efforts in the northern Sahel region of Cameroon. Ce papier analyse les efforts de restauration dans la région du Sahel du nord au Cameroun, en utilisant une combinaison d'analyses SWOT et une approche de Processus analytique hiérarchique. Basés sur la perception qu'ont des informateurs-clé de trois groupes de parties prenantes- des représentants de l'administration, des communautés et des ONG locales, les résultats indiquent que les attributs positifs des efforts de restauration cachent ses aspects négatifs. De plus, la source de revenus additionnels pour les familles résultant de la restauration reçut le plus fort facteur de classement pour sa force. L'insécurité de la tenure est le facteur le plus faible, parmi les scores les plus haut, ainsi que le score de priorité majeur par sa faiblesse pour les informateurs-clé des ONGs. En revanche, l'amélioration des revenus et la base de ressources naturelles des communautés r","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"15 - 26"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"49037426","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836838727
P. Rana, F. Fleischman
HIGHLIGHTS Mixed outcomes were observed in terms of the effectiveness of forest bureaucrats' handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many forest officers were able to adapt and improvise new solutions to saving forests, wildlife and local livelihoods. Several officers failed to control forest offenses and did not support forest-based livelihoods. Old and outdated forest laws, exigencies-driven forest management and professional decay reduced administrative performance. Strengthening forests as a safety net, reforming forest laws, empowering communities and adopting proactive governance can help forest authorities and managers better respond to unpredictable events. SUMMARY The unexpected nature of COVID-19 tested the institutional strength and resilience of state agencies across the world. Preliminary evidence is presented on how reduced mobility due to COVID-19 affected the functioning of the Forest Department in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and triggered changes in forest use by local communities as perceived by forest officials. Our evidence shows mixed outcomes in terms of the effectiveness of the forest bureaucrats in handling the COVID-19 pandemic as assessed through their own perceptions and other forestry records. The positive and negative elements relating to the bureaucratic forest administration during the COVID-19 lockdown are presented, and some possible reasons behind these varying patterns across the state of Himachal Pradesh are suggested. Lessons drawn from the COVID-19 crisis that can help guide forest bureaucracies to deal effectively with unpredictable events in the future are presented. La nature imprévisible de la Covid 19 a été un test pour la force et la résilience institutionnelles des agences d'état dans le monde. Des preuves préliminaires sont présentées quant à la manière dont la mobilité réduite due à la Covid 19 a affecté le fonctionnement du département forestier de l'état du Himachal Pradesh, au nord de l'Inde, et a généré des changements dans l'usage que les communautés locales font de la forêt, en se basant sur les rapports des officiers forestiers. Nos données indiquent que l'efficacité des bureaucrates forestiers dans la gestion de la pandémie de la Covid 19 a été mitigée, en s'appuyant sur les propres perceptions de ces derniers, ainsi que sur d'autres rapports forestiers. Les éléments positifs et négatifs de l'administration bureaucratique forestière pendant le confinement dû à la Covid 19 sont présentés, et des raisons possibles sous-tendant ces réponses variables dans l'état du Himachal Pradesh sont suggérées. Des leçons tirées de la crise de la Covid 19 pouvant aider à guider les bureaucraties forestières à réagir efficacement à des crises imprévues dans le futur sont présentées. El carácter inesperado de COVID-19 puso a prueba la fortaleza institucional y la resiliencia de los organismos estatales de todo el mundo. Este estudio presenta pruebas preliminares de cómo la reducción de la movilidad
在森林官员应对COVID-19大流行的有效性方面，观察到不同的结果。许多森林官员能够适应并即兴制定新的解决方案，以拯救森林、野生动物和当地生计。一些官员未能控制森林犯罪，也不支持以森林为基础的生计。陈旧过时的森林法律、紧急情况驱动的森林管理和职业衰退降低了行政绩效。加强森林作为安全网、改革森林法、增强社区权能和采取主动治理，可以帮助森林主管部门和管理者更好地应对不可预测的事件。COVID-19的意外性质考验了世界各地国家机构的制度实力和复原力。初步证据表明，2019冠状病毒病导致的人员流动性减少影响了印度北部喜马偕尔邦森林部门的运作，并引发了森林官员所认为的当地社区对森林利用的变化。我们的证据显示，根据森林官员自己的看法和其他林业记录评估，他们在应对COVID-19大流行方面的有效性结果好坏参半。本文介绍了新冠肺炎封锁期间与官僚森林管理有关的积极和消极因素，并提出了喜马偕尔邦各地不同模式背后的一些可能原因。从2019冠状病毒病危机中汲取的经验教训有助于指导森林官僚机构有效应对未来不可预测的事件。从本质上说，不受世事影响的人是不能接受的;从本质上说，不受世事影响的人是不能接受的;从本质上说，不受世事影响的人是不能接受的。Des preuves初览是被推荐者量化一个洛杉矶的方式不拉mobilite reduite由于la Covid 19 affecte le fonctionnement du旅行杜弗德我喜马偕尔邦,非盟nord de l 'Inde et genere Des变化在课,les communautes地区字体de la foret en se basant苏尔les怎样Des军官弗赖斯节。no donnsames indient que ' effacit des官僚主义的个体个体，以及la pandsammie de la Covid - 19的个体个体，en ' apentiant sules的个体个体，以及' quentique suresres的个体个体。这两个词的意思是:纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向纵向。Des lecons轮胎de la危机de la Covid 19 pouvant教唆者导向器les bureaucraties弗赖斯节一个reagir efficacement Des危机imprevues在将来时是被推荐者。“carácter新冠肺炎疫情报告”通过“全球生物组织弹性报告”提供了一种机制上的预防措施。Este estustudio提出了关于cómo la reducción de la movilidad a causa de COVID-19的初步程序afectó al功能性森林部门、喜马偕尔邦州和印度北部的初步程序desencadenó cambios en el uso de los bosques por parte de las comcomades locales, según la percepción de los功能性森林部门。《关于森林灾害的证据》、《关于森林灾害的证据》、《关于森林灾害的证据》、《关于森林灾害的证据》、《关于森林灾害的证据》、《关于森林灾害的证据》和《关于森林灾害的证据》。本文通过对喜马偕尔邦州的森林灾害、森林灾害和2019冠状病毒病疫情的影响因素的分析，提出了积极因素和消极因素之间的关系，并对喜马偕尔邦州的森林灾害和潜在灾害的影响因素进行了分析。Las lecciones extraídas de la crisis de COVID-19(新冠肺炎危机)是目前最重要的问题之一，同时也是最重要的问题之一guía a la官僚林业最重要的问题之一，即未来不可预见的情况。
{"title":"Indian Forest Governance during the COVID-19 Pandemic","authors":"P. Rana, F. Fleischman","doi":"10.1505/146554823836838727","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836838727","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Mixed outcomes were observed in terms of the effectiveness of forest bureaucrats' handling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Many forest officers were able to adapt and improvise new solutions to saving forests, wildlife and local livelihoods. Several officers failed to control forest offenses and did not support forest-based livelihoods. Old and outdated forest laws, exigencies-driven forest management and professional decay reduced administrative performance. Strengthening forests as a safety net, reforming forest laws, empowering communities and adopting proactive governance can help forest authorities and managers better respond to unpredictable events. SUMMARY The unexpected nature of COVID-19 tested the institutional strength and resilience of state agencies across the world. Preliminary evidence is presented on how reduced mobility due to COVID-19 affected the functioning of the Forest Department in the northern Indian state of Himachal Pradesh and triggered changes in forest use by local communities as perceived by forest officials. Our evidence shows mixed outcomes in terms of the effectiveness of the forest bureaucrats in handling the COVID-19 pandemic as assessed through their own perceptions and other forestry records. The positive and negative elements relating to the bureaucratic forest administration during the COVID-19 lockdown are presented, and some possible reasons behind these varying patterns across the state of Himachal Pradesh are suggested. Lessons drawn from the COVID-19 crisis that can help guide forest bureaucracies to deal effectively with unpredictable events in the future are presented. La nature imprévisible de la Covid 19 a été un test pour la force et la résilience institutionnelles des agences d'état dans le monde. Des preuves préliminaires sont présentées quant à la manière dont la mobilité réduite due à la Covid 19 a affecté le fonctionnement du département forestier de l'état du Himachal Pradesh, au nord de l'Inde, et a généré des changements dans l'usage que les communautés locales font de la forêt, en se basant sur les rapports des officiers forestiers. Nos données indiquent que l'efficacité des bureaucrates forestiers dans la gestion de la pandémie de la Covid 19 a été mitigée, en s'appuyant sur les propres perceptions de ces derniers, ainsi que sur d'autres rapports forestiers. Les éléments positifs et négatifs de l'administration bureaucratique forestière pendant le confinement dû à la Covid 19 sont présentés, et des raisons possibles sous-tendant ces réponses variables dans l'état du Himachal Pradesh sont suggérées. Des leçons tirées de la crise de la Covid 19 pouvant aider à guider les bureaucraties forestières à réagir efficacement à des crises imprévues dans le futur sont présentées. El carácter inesperado de COVID-19 puso a prueba la fortaleza institucional y la resiliencia de los organismos estatales de todo el mundo. Este estudio presenta pruebas preliminares de cómo la reducción de la movilidad","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"105 - 120"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41385323","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836838673
Reza Bakhtiar Ramadhan, M. Dhavio, R. Hanafi, M. H. Daulay, G. Prakosa
HIGHLIGHTS After the State Forestry Company/SFC failed to adopt a community-based forestry (CBF) governance model on its area, a governance transformation occurred in the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia. The establishment of two popular programs, namely the Social Forestry Utilization Permit (IPHPS) and the Strengthening and Protection of Forestry Partnerships (Kulin-KK) (partnership program), is the outcome of policy arrangements made by the relevant actors. Both programs are grounded in political dynamics and a related historical context. A coalition of government and non-government actors, such as civil society organizations, plays an important role in promoting the transition of forest management in the SFC region. The IPHPS program was developed as a result of dissatisfaction with the previous management by SFC, while Kulin-KK was mentioned as part of SFC's efforts to maintain its existence. In locations where IPHPS is adopted, group facilitators become influential actors who are affiliated with established organizational networks. SUMMARY In Indonesia, particularly in Java, forest governance has been taking place since the State Forest Corporation (SFC) came to power. The emergence of the Social Forestry Forest Utilization Permit (IPHPS) and Strengthening and Protection-Forestry Partnership (Kulin-KK) programs in the SFC area marked the start of an essential phase of social forestry (SF), in which forest access and management were transferred to community groups. The 2017 regulatory policy regarding SF programs in the SFC region significantly impacts governance and actor relations in Java. This study examines the transformation that is taking place using the concept of policy arrangement and analysis of changes in actors at the program implementation level. We find that policy coalitions are formed by government actors and civil society groups using forest and socioeconomic condition-based discourse. The rules of the game that are formed cannot be divorced from the interests of the actors who desire change. The findings at IPHPS indicate that SFC actors have less impact than they do in the Kulin-KK program, where they remain powerful because this program is regarded as a continuation of the PHBM concept that SFC introduced. Community group facilitators are influential actors in a network of community groups in Java that are mainly involved in promoting social forestry programs. This study proposes expanding community participation in the program so that previously powerful actors' interests do not exploit it. En Indonésie, et à Java en particulier, la gestion forestière a été opérée depuis que la Corporation de la Forêt d'Etat (SFC) est arrivée au pouvoir. L'arrivée du Permis d'utilisation de forêt de la foresterie sociale (IPHPS) et de programmes de Partenariat forestier de protection (Kulin-KK) dans le domaine de la SFC ont marqué le début d'une phase essentielle de la Foresterie sociale (SF), dans laquelle l'accès à la for
在国家林业公司/SFC未能在其所在地区采用社区林业(CBF)治理模式后，印尼社会林业的实施发生了治理转型。“社会林业利用许可证”(IPHPS)和“加强和保护林业伙伴关系”(Kulin-KK)(伙伴关系计划)这两个备受欢迎的项目的建立，是相关行为体做出政策安排的结果。这两个项目都以政治动态和相关的历史背景为基础。政府和非政府行为体(如民间社会组织)的联盟在促进SFC地区森林管理转型方面发挥着重要作用。IPHPS计划是由于对证监会以前的管理不满意而制定的，而Kulin-KK被提到是证监会维持其存在的努力的一部分。在采用IPHPS的地方，团体促进者成为附属于已建立的组织网络的有影响力的行动者。在印度尼西亚，特别是爪哇，自国家森林公司(SFC)执政以来，森林治理一直在进行。“社会林业森林利用许可证”(IPHPS)和“加强与保护林业伙伴关系”(Kulin-KK)项目在SFC地区的出现标志着社会林业进入了一个重要阶段，在这个阶段，森林准入和管理被移交给了社区团体。2017年关于SFC地区SF项目的监管政策显著影响了Java的治理和参与者关系。本研究使用政策安排的概念和对项目实施层面参与者变化的分析来检查正在发生的转变。我们发现，政策联盟是由政府行为者和民间社会团体利用基于森林和社会经济条件的话语形成的。所形成的游戏规则不能脱离渴望改变的行为者的利益。IPHPS的研究结果表明，SFC参与者的影响力低于他们在Kulin-KK计划中的影响力，在Kulin-KK计划中，他们仍然强大，因为该计划被视为SFC引入的PHBM概念的延续。社区团体促进者是爪哇社区团体网络中有影响力的行动者，主要参与促进社会林业方案。本研究建议扩大社区对该计划的参与，使以前强大的行动者的利益不会利用它。在印度尼西亚，特别是在印度尼西亚，林业部门和<s:2>印度尼西亚公司(SFC)之间的交换是:印度尼西亚、印度尼西亚、印度尼西亚和印度尼西亚的交换是:印度尼西亚和印度尼西亚的交换是:印度尼西亚和印度尼西亚的交换是:印度尼西亚和印度尼西亚的交换是:<s:1>社会林业组织(ips)和林业保护伙伴计划(Kulin-KK)、林业保护伙伴计划(SFC)、<s:1>社会林业组织(SF)、<s:1>社会林业组织(forêt)、<s:1>社会林业组织(forêt)和其他组织(<s:1>社会林业组织)和其他组织(<s:1>社会林业组织和社会林业组织)和其他组织(<s:1>社会林业组织和社会林业组织)和其他组织(<s:1>社会林业组织和社会组织)之间的交换。des项目de La政治regulatoire 2017科幻在地区de La证监会impacte fortement两者之间acteurs治理关系还有一个Java, le secteur弗赖斯节de l 'Indonesie。ceetetacetude审查过程中的变革，利用政治安排的概念，并分析方案中行为者的变化。目前的观察结果是:政治联盟、社会团体、政府团体、社会团体、公民团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体、社会团体。Les r<e:1> Les du jeu en en peuvent pas être divorcsames des intérêts des acurs dsamsireux de changement。结果我们盟IPHPS indiquent, Les acteurs de la证监会酒店项目Kulin-KK中减去d的影响,非盟盛duquel ils demeurent强力,ce计划etant同样因为延续du概念PHMN introduit la证监会不相上下。Les facilitateurs de的小组施行是des acteurs入渗在网格de的小组施行一个Java, principalement devoues de项目de la促销foresterie sociale。ceetetacetude提议将“社会工作者参与方案”改为“社会工作者参与方案”，并建议将“社会工作者参与方案”改为“社会工作者参与方案”。在印度尼西亚，在爪哇岛，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林，在印度尼西亚的森林。网址:网址:aparición de los programas Permiso de Utilización forest Social (IPHPS, pso as siglas en Bahasa)，网址:Asociación Forestal para el Fortalecimiento，网址:Protección (Kulin-KK, pso as siglas en Bahasa)，网址:网址:marcó网址:el inicio de La forest ultura Social (SS)，网址:网址:gestión网址:de los bosques se transfirieron a grpos communities。 2017年关于SFC地区SS项目的监管政策对爪哇(印度尼西亚)森林部门利益相关者之间的治理和关系产生了重大影响。本研究通过政治协议的概念和对方案执行层面行动者变化的分析，探讨了正在发生的转变。研究发现，政治联盟是由政府行为者和民间社会团体组成的，他们使用基于森林和社会经济条件的话语。正在形成的游戏规则不能脱离那些希望改变的行动者的利益。残骸在IPHPS表明司法行动者SFC最差Kulin-KK方案影响,依然强大,因为这个方案被视为续PHBM概念引入SFC。主持人社区团体是放置在一个具有影响力的网络社区团体的Java主要从事促进社会林业项目。这项研究建议扩大社区对该计划的参与，使其被以前有权势的行动者的利益所利用。
{"title":"Transformation of Forest Governance: Policy Concepts and Actor Changes in Social Forestry Program Implementation in Indonesia","authors":"Reza Bakhtiar Ramadhan, M. Dhavio, R. Hanafi, M. H. Daulay, G. Prakosa","doi":"10.1505/146554823836838673","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836838673","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS After the State Forestry Company/SFC failed to adopt a community-based forestry (CBF) governance model on its area, a governance transformation occurred in the implementation of social forestry in Indonesia. The establishment of two popular programs, namely the Social Forestry Utilization Permit (IPHPS) and the Strengthening and Protection of Forestry Partnerships (Kulin-KK) (partnership program), is the outcome of policy arrangements made by the relevant actors. Both programs are grounded in political dynamics and a related historical context. A coalition of government and non-government actors, such as civil society organizations, plays an important role in promoting the transition of forest management in the SFC region. The IPHPS program was developed as a result of dissatisfaction with the previous management by SFC, while Kulin-KK was mentioned as part of SFC's efforts to maintain its existence. In locations where IPHPS is adopted, group facilitators become influential actors who are affiliated with established organizational networks. SUMMARY In Indonesia, particularly in Java, forest governance has been taking place since the State Forest Corporation (SFC) came to power. The emergence of the Social Forestry Forest Utilization Permit (IPHPS) and Strengthening and Protection-Forestry Partnership (Kulin-KK) programs in the SFC area marked the start of an essential phase of social forestry (SF), in which forest access and management were transferred to community groups. The 2017 regulatory policy regarding SF programs in the SFC region significantly impacts governance and actor relations in Java. This study examines the transformation that is taking place using the concept of policy arrangement and analysis of changes in actors at the program implementation level. We find that policy coalitions are formed by government actors and civil society groups using forest and socioeconomic condition-based discourse. The rules of the game that are formed cannot be divorced from the interests of the actors who desire change. The findings at IPHPS indicate that SFC actors have less impact than they do in the Kulin-KK program, where they remain powerful because this program is regarded as a continuation of the PHBM concept that SFC introduced. Community group facilitators are influential actors in a network of community groups in Java that are mainly involved in promoting social forestry programs. This study proposes expanding community participation in the program so that previously powerful actors' interests do not exploit it. En Indonésie, et à Java en particulier, la gestion forestière a été opérée depuis que la Corporation de la Forêt d'Etat (SFC) est arrivée au pouvoir. L'arrivée du Permis d'utilisation de forêt de la foresterie sociale (IPHPS) et de programmes de Partenariat forestier de protection (Kulin-KK) dans le domaine de la SFC ont marqué le début d'une phase essentielle de la Foresterie sociale (SF), dans laquelle l'accès à la for","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"25 1","pages":"92 - 104"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"44445108","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：