Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244464
S. Y. Erol, Y. Topcu, G. Şahin
HIGHLIGHTS The new strategies to be developed related to traditional forest-related knowledge can be easily adapted to classical forest policy approaches because they are directly tied to the main objectives of forestry policy. Social strategies for traditional knowledge (TK) are the most prioritised; thus, it would be appropriate to give priority to strategies with social content. As strategies for organisational issues are also significant for strengthening TK-related issues, the strategy-making process should consider both organisational issues and legislation-policy-related strategies. Although the priority of legislation-policy-related strategies is lower, the scores they received indicate a complementary role for these strategies. In general, TK-related issues require a holistic perspective in forestry. SUMMARY Forests are an essential part of the lifestyle and income of forest villagers in Türkiye. This interaction between forests and rural society offers considerable potential for the generation of traditional knowledge (TK). However, most of this knowledge is in danger of extinction. This study pursued qualitative and quantitative research methods: a SWOT analysis was created by utilising the related components of current national forest policy documents and sought to create basic strategies which were then prioritised using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) rating approach. The findings showed that TK is tied directly to the main objectives of forestry policy. Social strategies were viewed as the highest priority, emphasising the improvement of local living standards and increasing local awareness and loyalty to their regions. These strategies were followed by organisational and legislation-policy-related issues. However, the close scores of the strategies proved that all are interdependent and have relations with each other, and a holistic approach is required. Les forêts sont une part essentielle des revenus des villageois forestiers en Turquie. Cette interaction entre les forêts et la société rurale offre un potentiel considérable pour la génération de la connaissance traditionnelle (TK). Cependant, le gros de cette connaissance est en danger d'extinction. Cette étude a poursuivi des méthodes de recherche qualitatives et quantitatives: une analyse SWOT a été créée en utilisant les passages appropriés des documents de politique nationale forestière et en cherchant à créer des stratégies de base, lesquelles furent ensuite priorisées en utilisant le Processus d'analyse hiérarchique (AHP) pour les évaluer. Les résultats montrent que la TK est directement liée aux objectifs principaux de la politique forestière. Les stratégies sociales étaient perçues comme la priorité absolue, en mettant l'accent sur l'amélioration du niveau de vie local et en essayant d'accroître la conscience locale et la loyauté des peuples à leur région. Ces stratégies étaient suivies de questions organisationnelles, légales et politiques. Au final, les scores trè
{"title":"Identifying and Prioritising Traditional Knowledge-Related strategies within Turkish Forest Policy: The Perspective of Forest Managers","authors":"S. Y. Erol, Y. Topcu, G. Şahin","doi":"10.1505/146554823837244464","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837244464","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The new strategies to be developed related to traditional forest-related knowledge can be easily adapted to classical forest policy approaches because they are directly tied to the main objectives of forestry policy. Social strategies for traditional knowledge (TK) are the most prioritised; thus, it would be appropriate to give priority to strategies with social content. As strategies for organisational issues are also significant for strengthening TK-related issues, the strategy-making process should consider both organisational issues and legislation-policy-related strategies. Although the priority of legislation-policy-related strategies is lower, the scores they received indicate a complementary role for these strategies. In general, TK-related issues require a holistic perspective in forestry. SUMMARY Forests are an essential part of the lifestyle and income of forest villagers in Türkiye. This interaction between forests and rural society offers considerable potential for the generation of traditional knowledge (TK). However, most of this knowledge is in danger of extinction. This study pursued qualitative and quantitative research methods: a SWOT analysis was created by utilising the related components of current national forest policy documents and sought to create basic strategies which were then prioritised using the Analytic Hierarchy Process (AHP) rating approach. The findings showed that TK is tied directly to the main objectives of forestry policy. Social strategies were viewed as the highest priority, emphasising the improvement of local living standards and increasing local awareness and loyalty to their regions. These strategies were followed by organisational and legislation-policy-related issues. However, the close scores of the strategies proved that all are interdependent and have relations with each other, and a holistic approach is required. Les forêts sont une part essentielle des revenus des villageois forestiers en Turquie. Cette interaction entre les forêts et la société rurale offre un potentiel considérable pour la génération de la connaissance traditionnelle (TK). Cependant, le gros de cette connaissance est en danger d'extinction. Cette étude a poursuivi des méthodes de recherche qualitatives et quantitatives: une analyse SWOT a été créée en utilisant les passages appropriés des documents de politique nationale forestière et en cherchant à créer des stratégies de base, lesquelles furent ensuite priorisées en utilisant le Processus d'analyse hiérarchique (AHP) pour les évaluer. Les résultats montrent que la TK est directement liée aux objectifs principaux de la politique forestière. Les stratégies sociales étaient perçues comme la priorité absolue, en mettant l'accent sur l'amélioration du niveau de vie local et en essayant d'accroître la conscience locale et la loyauté des peuples à leur région. Ces stratégies étaient suivies de questions organisationnelles, légales et politiques. Au final, les scores trè","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45370038","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244437
D. Thornhill-Gillis, D. Ramdial
In 2009 Guyana developed and tested their REDD+ Monitoring Reporting and Verification System (REDD+ MRVS) to satisfy a Memorandum of Understanding between Guyana and the Kingdom of Norway. Despite being a developing country, it has been one of the few countries to progress its MRVS substantially with comparatively similar results to independent auditing standards. While socio-political support has helped efforts to implement a national based monitoring system challenges of improving stakeholder coordination and collaboration can potentially undermine efforts to maintain a robust system. The effectiveness of the REDD+ MRVS was assessed to determine end users demands, and system output applications. We employed a qualitative methodological approach using the Borich needs assessment model. The results revealed that the overall structure of REDD+ MRVS was mostly likely to reduce the efficiency in reporting the outcomes of the MRVS and its value as a tool to aid in natural resources management. Stakeholders believe that Guyana's REDD+ MRVS has the potential to improve natural resource management in Guyana. However, to boost the system's credibility, monitoring, data exchange capabilities, and the timeliness of the assessment should be promptly addressed. Further, the role of Indigenous communities in real time monitoring remains a central idea to be explored.
{"title":"Improving the Guyana REDD+ Monitoring Reporting and Verification System: stakeholders perception","authors":"D. Thornhill-Gillis, D. Ramdial","doi":"10.1505/146554823837244437","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823837244437","url":null,"abstract":"In 2009 Guyana developed and tested their REDD+ Monitoring Reporting and Verification System (REDD+ MRVS) to satisfy a Memorandum of Understanding between Guyana and the Kingdom of Norway. Despite being a developing country, it has been one of the few countries to progress its MRVS\u0000 substantially with comparatively similar results to independent auditing standards. While socio-political support has helped efforts to implement a national based monitoring system challenges of improving stakeholder coordination and collaboration can potentially undermine efforts to maintain\u0000 a robust system. The effectiveness of the REDD+ MRVS was assessed to determine end users demands, and system output applications. We employed a qualitative methodological approach using the Borich needs assessment model. The results revealed that the overall structure of REDD+ MRVS was mostly\u0000 likely to reduce the efficiency in reporting the outcomes of the MRVS and its value as a tool to aid in natural resources management. Stakeholders believe that Guyana's REDD+ MRVS has the potential to improve natural resource management in Guyana. However, to boost the system's credibility,\u0000 monitoring, data exchange capabilities, and the timeliness of the assessment should be promptly addressed. Further, the role of Indigenous communities in real time monitoring remains a central idea to be explored.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-06-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48078804","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244455
F. Nurfatriani, Erwidodo, H. Tarigan, H. W. Perkasa
HIGHLIGHTS There has been a paradigm shift from conventional forest management centered on the state and the private sector to forest management involving communities around the forest. Social forestry programs in the upstream Citarum watershed have provided economic, social, and environmental benefits for farmers. Social forestry needs multistakeholder involvement as well as partnership and collaboration between forest area managers or forest utilization permit holders with the community. The social forestry program will provide sustainable benefits for farmers through farmer empowerment programs in technical, market, and capital aspects. SUMMARY This paper examines the implementation of Social Forestry programs in the Upstream Citarum – West Java, Indonesia. The paper utilizes the data set of the Farm Household Survey undertaken in the Bandung and West Bandung districts. A critical review was carried out on farmers who participated or did not participate in the forest management program by examining variables such as: access to land, ratio of farm incomes, conservation practices, and perceptions toward the program. Data were collected from individual interviews of 499 farm-households within two districts. Using descriptive statistical analysis, the results show that social forestry programs have provided economic, social, and environmental benefits for farmers in the area. The programs have improved community and farmers's access to forestry land and increased household's incomes from the farm sector. Strengthening and empowering farmers, supported by government and other stakeholders are key for sustainability of the program. Ce papier examine la mise en pratique des programmes de foresterie sociale en amont du Citarum, Java Ouest, Indonésie. Il utilise l'ensemble des données de l'enquête chez les ménages fermiers menée dans les districts de Bandung et de Bandung Ouest. Un examen critique a été poursuivi auprès des fermiers ayant, ou n'ayant pas participé dans le programme de gestion forestière, en examinant des variables telles que: l'accès à la terre, le pourcentage de revenus des fermes, les pratiques de conservation, et les perceptions du programme. Des donnés ont été recueillies lors d'interviews individuelles auprès de 499 ménages fermiers, dans deux districts. Utilisant une analyse sociale descriptive, les résultats indiquent que les programmes de foresterie sociale ont fourni des bénéfices économiques, sociaux et environnementaux aux fermiers de la région. Ces programmes ont amélioré l'accès des fermiers et de la communauté aux terres agricoles, et ils ont vu croître les revenus des ménages dans le secteur fermier. Soutenir les fermiers et les fortifier, avec l'aide du gouvernement et d;autres parties prenantes, est clé pour la durabilité du programme. Este artículo estudia la aplicación de programas de silvicultura social en la cuenca aguas arriba de Citarum en Java Occidental (Indonesia). El artículo utiliza el conjunto de datos de l
重点：从以国家和私营部门为中心的传统森林管理向涉及森林周围社区的森林管理发生了范式转变。上游城市流域的社会林业方案为农民提供了经济、社会和环境效益。社会林业需要多方利益攸关方的参与，以及森林地区管理者或森林利用许可证持有人与社区之间的伙伴关系和合作。社会林业方案将通过技术、市场和资本方面的农民赋权方案为农民提供可持续的惠益。摘要本文审查了印度尼西亚西爪哇上游城市社会林业方案的执行情况。该文件利用了万隆和西万隆地区进行的农场家庭调查的数据集。通过审查土地使用、农场收入比率、保护做法和对该方案的看法等变量，对参与或不参与森林管理方案的农民进行了批判性审查。数据来自对两个区499个农场家庭的个人访谈。利用描述性统计分析，结果表明，社会林业方案为该地区农民提供了经济、社会和环境效益。这些方案改善了社区和农民获得林地的机会，增加了农场部门的家庭收入。在政府和其他利益攸关方的支持下，加强和赋予农民权力是该方案可持续性的关键。本文研究了印度尼西亚西爪哇Citarum上游社会林业计划的实施情况。它使用了万隆和西万隆地区农户调查的所有数据。对参与或未参与森林管理方案的农民进行了批判性审查，审查了土地使用、农场收入百分比、保护做法和对该方案的看法等变量。数据是通过对两个区499个农户的个人访谈收集的。通过描述性社会分析，结果表明，社会林业方案为该地区的农民提供了经济、社会和环境效益。这些方案改善了农民和社区获得农田的机会，并增加了农业部门的家庭收入。在政府和d的帮助下，支持和加强农民；其他利益相关者是该计划可持续性的关键。Este artículo estudia la aplicación de programas de silvicultura social en la cuenca aguas arriba de citarum en西爪哇（印度尼西亚）。El Artículo utiliza el convento de datos de la encuesta de hogares agrícolas realizada en los distritos de Bandung y Bandung occidental。Se llevóa cabo una revisión crítica de los agricultores que participaron o no en el programa de gestion forestal examinando variables como：获取土地、勘探资源、保护和感知方案。Los datos se recopilaron de entrevistas individuales a 499 hogares agrícolas de dos distritos。结果将从一个描述性的国家和文化计划中获得，该计划旨在为该地区的农业提供经济、社会和媒体福利。Los programas han mejorado el acceso de las comunidades y los agricultores a las tierras de cultivo y han aumentado los ingresos de los hogares procedentes del sector agrícola。结论是，农业的力量和能力，以及其他利益相关者，是可持续发展计划的关键。
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Pub Date : 2023-06-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823837244419
M. Jenke, K. S. Hintz, M. Starfinger, L. Giessen
HIGHLIGHTS The study of organisations in the forest sector is hampered by the lack of a coherent naming convention. Forest-managing organisations were classified according to their position within or at the intersection of the public, market, household, and social economy sector. Partnerships between types of forest-managing organisations frequently centre around public forest agencies. According to this typology, it was hypothesized that organisational characteristics determine the appropriateness of certain forest management systems. The proposed typology can serve as a starting point for better understanding the diversity of forest-managing organisations. SUMMARY The global diversity of forest-managing organisations (FMOs) could, so far, not be captured in a comprehensive framework or terminology leaving the research field fragmented. A typology of FMOs was developed using dimensions drawn from social economy theory to provide a unifying framework and coherent terminology. FMO types were described according to, (1) the formality of their land ownership and labour relations, (2) their objectives in managing forests, (3) their institutional characteristics, and (4) their participation in the social economy sector. The characteristics and forest management of each FMO type were reviewed. Additionally, public-private and private-sector partnerships between FMOs were classified. This multidimensional framework enables greater precision in the description and comparison of FMOs and their partnerships. Research hypotheses were elaborated to encourage future studies on how the characteristics of FMOs could affect the technical and silvicultural aspects of their forest management. La diversité globale des organisations de gestion forestières (FMOs) ne pourrait pas, au jour d'aujourd'hui, être capturée dans un cadre ou une terminologie complets, ce qui laisse le terrain de recherche fragmenté. Une typologie des FMOs a été développée en utilisant des dimensions tirées de la théorie d'économie sociale pour fournir un cadre unifiant et une terminologie cohérente. Les types de FMO étaient décrits suivant (1) la qualité formelle de leur propriété foncière et de leurs relations au travail, (2) leurs objectifs dans la gestion des forêts, (3) leurs caractéristiques institutionnelles, et (4) leur participation dans le secteur socio-économique. Les caractéristiques de la gestion forestière de chaque type de FMO ont fait l'objet d'études. De plus, les partenariats public-privé et du secteur privé entre les FMOs ont été classifiés. Ce cadre multidimensionnel permet une plus grande précision dans la description et la comparaison des FMOs et de leurs partenariats. Des hypothèses de recherche ont été élaborées pour encourager de futures études sur la manière dont les caractéristiques des FMOs pourrait affecter les aspects techniques et sylvicoles de leur gestion forestière. La diversidad global de las organizaciones de gestión forestal (OGF) no se ha podido recoger ha
由于缺乏连贯的命名惯例，对森林部门组织的研究受到阻碍。森林经营组织根据其在公共、市场、家庭和社会经济部门中的位置或其交叉点进行分类。各类森林管理组织之间的伙伴关系往往以公共森林机构为中心。根据这一类型学，假设组织特征决定了某些森林管理制度的适当性。提出的类型学可以作为更好地理解森林管理组织多样性的起点。到目前为止，森林管理组织(FMOs)的全球多样性还不能用一个全面的框架或术语来描述，这使得研究领域支离破碎。FMOs的类型学是利用从社会经济理论中提取的维度来提供一个统一的框架和连贯的术语。森林组织的类型是根据(1)其土地所有权和劳动关系的形式，(2)其管理森林的目标，(3)其制度特征，(4)其在社会经济部门的参与来描述的。综述了各类FMO的特点和森林管理。此外，对fmo之间的公私伙伴关系和私营部门伙伴关系进行了分类。这种多维框架使得对fmo及其伙伴关系的描述和比较更加精确。拟定了研究假设，以鼓励今后研究森林生物的特点如何影响其森林管理的技术和造林方面。全球多样性组织研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)、研究森林资源(FMOs)。FMOs的一种类型学是:电子交换器、电子交换器、电子交换器、电子交换器、电子交换器、电子交换器、电子交换器。FMO的三种类型(1)关于个人和社会的性质，(2)关于劳动关系的性质，(3)关于机构和社会的性质，(4)关于参与和社会的性质，(1)关于个人和社会的性质。Les caractacristesde la gestion foretires de chque type de FMO not fait l'objet d'忧郁。另外，公私合作伙伴关系和公私合作伙伴关系，以及公私合作伙伴关系和公私合作伙伴关系。因此，干部的多维度许可和大范围的决策可以对fmo和leurs合作伙伴进行描述和比较。假设，研究，前程前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程，前程。全球de las organizaciones de La diversidad行为影响(组)不se ha podido recoger直到ahora en联合国马可·o terminologia exhaustivos, lo, ha fragmentado el campo de La investigacion。参见desarrolló una tipología de OGF利用维度extraídas de la teoría de la economía social para proporciar un marco unicunicador y una terminología coherente。Los tipos de OGF se descripbieron según (1) la formalidad de su proproedad de la tierra y sus relaciones laborales， (2) sus objectitivos en la gestión de Los boques， (3) sus características institutales; (4) su participación en el sector de la economía social。这一修订是características y la gestión forest de cadadtipo de OGF。Además, see classicaron las associaciones público-privadas y privadas entre OGF。Este marco多维许可una mayor precisión en la descripción y comparación de las OGF y sus associaciones。这些详细说明hipótesis de investigación para formentar future estures sobre cómo podrían afectar las características de las OGF的许多方面都是通过森林养殖的方式获得的gestión森林。
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Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902581
D. Young, T. Nkuintchua
HIGHLIGHTS Obligations of logging companies to share revenue and make contributions in kind to affected communities are a legal requirement in all four countries studied. They are commonly referred to as benefit sharing or social agreements, diminishing their legal basis, hence the preferred term – social obligations. Legal frameworks on social obligations are complex, incomplete and precarious, leading to communities and the State not reaping the benefits they are owed by law. Their complexity renders social obligation systems open to abuse at many levels. Their intent might be to decentralise power but this often allows local elites to stand in the way of community members and capture most benefits. While comparison between countries is difficult, best practices identified on specific aspects in all countries are evidence that improvements are possible. SUMMARY This paper offers a critical review of the social obligations (revenue redistribution, direct payments, payments in kind, and access to justice or compensation) of logging concessionaires to affected communities in Cameroon, Ghana, Liberia and Republic of Congo. The research draws on a full desk-review of relevant legal texts, and consultation with leading non-governmental organisations working in the forest sector in the four countries. It appears that the legal foundation of social obligations is mainly shaped by national context, and therefore important differences can be observed across countries. However, they are complex, incomplete and precarious, providing opportunities for elite capture, and communities – and the State – not reaping the benefits they are owed by law. A key conclusion is that legality-licensing schemes such as under a Voluntary Partnership Agreement (VPA) with the European Union (EU) tend to downplay social obligations compared to other aspects of legal compliance. Cet article propose un examen critique des obligations sociales (redistribution des revenus, paiements directs, paiements en nature, et accès à la justice ou à la compensation) des concessionnaires forestiers vis-à-vis des communautés affectées au Cameroun, en République du Congo, au Ghana et au Liberia. La recherche s'appuie sur une revue complète des textes juridiques pertinents et sur la consultation des principales organisations non gouvernementales travaillant dans le secteur forestier dans les quatre pays. Il apparaît que le fondement juridique des obligations sociales est principalement façonné par le contexte national, et que des différences importantes peuvent donc être observées entre les pays. Cependant, les obligations sociales sont complexes, incomplètes et précaires, offrant des possibilités de captation par les élites, ainsi, les communautés – et l'État – ne récoltent pas les bénéfices qui leur sont dus par la loi. L'une des principales conclusions est que les systèmes de licence de légalité, comme dans le cadre d'un accord de partenariat volontaire (APV) avec l'Union européenne (UE), on
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Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902635
R. Kambugu, Abwoli Y. Banana, P. Byakagaba, C. Bosse, M. Ihalainen, C. Mukasa, G. Schoneveld, A. Zziwa, P. Cerutti
HIGHLIGHTS There is increased forestry sector informality in Uganda as small-scale operations expand. The shift from natural to planted forests as the primary wood source has led to sector fragmentation. Small volumes from predominantly individual players aggregate to an estimated production of up to 476,000 m3 of sawn wood annually. Current regulations facilitate informality, being administratively burdensome for formal small-scale operations. Policies have succeeded in increasing planted forests but not yet in fostering effective and efficient utilization of the tree resources. SUMMARY With increasing scarcity and spatial dispersion of tree resources, Uganda's forest sector – similarly to several other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa – has experienced a shift from the large-scale concessionary model historically used to access and harvest forests, to more versatile models involving smaller-scale operators. The timber they produce is sold not only locally in producer countries but also across borders and beyond. Yet small-scale operators largely work outside established regulatory frameworks and as such remain invisible to national and international production and trade statistics, rendering these players voiceless during policy-reform processes. Uganda is no exception, and little is known about the nature of people involved in various small-scale forestry activities, the constraints they face in day-to-day operations, and the dynamics that influence these aspects. Through 452 interviews, of a random sample of actors engaged directly in the sawn wood value chain, conducted between 2016 and 2019, this paper describes sawn wood flows from production areas to markets in Uganda. It assesses the socioeconomic characteristics of operators and the organisation of activities. Findings indicate that the majority of actors in the informal sawn wood value chain are adult males, belonging to a limited number of ethnic groups, exogenous to logging areas and generally deriving their income from the timber business. The sawn wood value chain shows a high degree of fragmentation, with low levels of organisation and lack of vertical and horizontal integration. We conservatively estimate the total volumes sold annually between 386,000 and 467,000 cubic meters of sawn wood. With the expected progressive shift from natural forests to plantations as the primary source of wood, it is key for the Government of Uganda to embrace a paradigm shift on the current policy framework, to ensure that it facilitates rather than constrains the sawn wood value chain, since most of the timber will be sourced from privately owned forests instead of State-owned forests. If most legal provisions remain based on the latter, it is likely that legality will remain the exception rather than the norm. Avec la raréfaction et la dispersion spatiale des ressources forestières, le secteur forestier ougandais – à l'instar de plusieurs autres pays d'Afrique subsaharienne – est passé du modèle c
随着小规模经营的扩大，乌干达林业部门的非正式性有所增加。从天然林到人工林作为主要木材来源的转变导致了部门破碎化。主要来自个人玩家的小批量合计估计每年生产高达476,000立方米的锯木。目前的规章便利了非正式性，对正式的小规模经营造成行政负担。政策已成功地增加了人工林，但尚未促进有效和高效率地利用树木资源。随着树木资源的日益稀缺和空间分散，乌干达的森林部门——与撒哈拉以南非洲的其他几个国家类似——经历了从历史上用于获取和采伐森林的大规模特许模式向涉及小规模经营者的更通用模式的转变。他们生产的木材不仅在生产国本地销售，而且还跨境销售。然而，小规模经营者大多在既定的监管框架之外工作，因此在国家和国际生产和贸易统计中仍然是隐形的，使这些参与者在政策改革过程中没有发言权。乌干达也不例外，人们对参与各种小规模林业活动的人的性质、他们在日常业务中面临的限制以及影响这些方面的动力知之甚少。通过对2016年至2019年期间直接参与锯木价值链的随机参与者进行的452次访谈，本文描述了乌干达锯木从生产区流向市场的情况。它评估经营者和活动组织的社会经济特征。调查结果表明，非正式锯木价值链中的大多数参与者是成年男性，属于少数民族，外生于伐木地区，通常从木材业务中获得收入。锯木价值链显示出高度碎片化，组织水平低，缺乏纵向和横向整合。我们保守估计，每年销售的锯木总量在38.6万至46.7万立方米之间。随着木材的主要来源预计将逐步从天然林转向人工林，乌干达政府必须对目前的政策框架进行范式转变，以确保促进而不是限制锯木价值链，因为大部分木材将来自私人拥有的森林，而不是国有森林。如果大多数法律规定仍然以后者为基础，那么合法性很可能仍然是例外，而不是规范。用la稀疏等la分散空间资源弗赖斯节,le secteur弗赖斯节ougandais - l 'instar de几个其他支付中部subsaharienne - est过时du模型concessionnaire grande中阶梯光栅利用historiquement倒加入et剥削者les forets des模型+多价impliquant des operateurs travaillant有一个中阶梯光栅+娇小。Le bois quis 'ils生产和销售非结算地点，主要是aussi - au- delons des frontires nationales。Ces operateurs largement上面工作在此des干部reglementaires etablis等,在不断的运输,restent隐形辅助的国家商业生产的份不吸烟者,ce, les撕裂也无voix当时des突起de des政治改革。欧甘达不存在例外情况，如涉及人的性质、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动、各种各样的活动。À查阅了452项关于在乌干达境内选择与<s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1> <s:1>·······关于在坦桑尼亚境内选择与<s:1> <s:1> <s:1>·······关于在坦桑尼亚境内选择与<s:1>··················“article”的意思是:“article”的意思是:“article”的意思是:“社会”的意思。它是指独立的、主要的、不受限制的、群体的、种族的、外部性的、剥削区域的、不受限制的、经济的、商业的、商业的。从纵向到横向，从纵向到纵向，从纵向到横向，从纵向到横向，从纵向到横向。Nous估计每年的销售量为38.6万立方米和46.7万立方米。 与预期的逐步过渡,各林场天然林木作为主要收入来源。在乌干达,乌干达政府必须通过一个范式的转变在你目前的政策框架,以便利而不是产业发展的瓶颈,因为大多数私人森林木材来自反而国有森林。如果大多数法律规定仍以后者为基础，那么合法性很可能仍将是例外，而不是规范。Con la creciente escasez y los recursos套利o o n espacial dispersi橄榄油、米线、el sector forestal艾尔比葡鼓励或其他易其delÁpa / 06 frica subsahariana公顷,experimentado cambio del型号为o n . concesi gran escala在o ricamente hist加入者para a y los bosques aprovecharlos modelos m s到los衬布,主修837)operadores menor escala。他们生产的木材不仅销往生产国的当地，也销往国外。然而，小型经营者在很大程度上是在既定的监管框架之外运作的，因此在国家和国际生产和贸易统计中仍然是无形的，这使得这些行动者在政策改革进程中没有发言权。乌干达也不例外，因此对参与各种小规模林业活动的人的性质、他们在日常业务中面临的限制以及影响这些方面的动态了解很少。本文件描述了乌干达木材从生产区到市场的流动，这是在2016年至2019年期间对直接参与木材价值链的随机参与者进行的452次访谈的结果。在这一过程中，参与者的社会经济特征和活动的组织进行了评估。本研究的目的是确定在aserri o的非正规木材价值链中，男性和女性的行为者是什么，以及他们在多大程度上参与了这些活动，以及他们在多大程度上参与了这些活动。本研究的目的是确定在aserri o的非正规木材价值链中，男性和女性的行为者是什么。在过去的几年里，木材的生产和使用发生了巨大的变化，这使得木材的生产和使用更加多样化。在这篇文章中，我们估计，每年出售的aserrio木材的总销量在386000到467000立方米之间。Con el cambio progresivo到底espera de los bosques自然厌倦了plantaciones es como fuente madera文化,才基本人权维护者的乌干达通过了marco / pol / ' en el cambio paradigm for tico tico para的实际,拯救了自己,在limitar卢格、cadena valor》madera aserr} o ya,马德里市长madera mg商标的bosques privada…在卢格bosques商标的声援。如果大多数法律规定仍然以后者为基础，那么合
{"title":"The Informal Sawn Wood Value Chains in Uganda: Structure and Actors","authors":"R. Kambugu, Abwoli Y. Banana, P. Byakagaba, C. Bosse, M. Ihalainen, C. Mukasa, G. Schoneveld, A. Zziwa, P. Cerutti","doi":"10.1505/146554823836902635","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902635","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS There is increased forestry sector informality in Uganda as small-scale operations expand. The shift from natural to planted forests as the primary wood source has led to sector fragmentation. Small volumes from predominantly individual players aggregate to an estimated production of up to 476,000 m3 of sawn wood annually. Current regulations facilitate informality, being administratively burdensome for formal small-scale operations. Policies have succeeded in increasing planted forests but not yet in fostering effective and efficient utilization of the tree resources. SUMMARY With increasing scarcity and spatial dispersion of tree resources, Uganda's forest sector – similarly to several other countries in Sub-Saharan Africa – has experienced a shift from the large-scale concessionary model historically used to access and harvest forests, to more versatile models involving smaller-scale operators. The timber they produce is sold not only locally in producer countries but also across borders and beyond. Yet small-scale operators largely work outside established regulatory frameworks and as such remain invisible to national and international production and trade statistics, rendering these players voiceless during policy-reform processes. Uganda is no exception, and little is known about the nature of people involved in various small-scale forestry activities, the constraints they face in day-to-day operations, and the dynamics that influence these aspects. Through 452 interviews, of a random sample of actors engaged directly in the sawn wood value chain, conducted between 2016 and 2019, this paper describes sawn wood flows from production areas to markets in Uganda. It assesses the socioeconomic characteristics of operators and the organisation of activities. Findings indicate that the majority of actors in the informal sawn wood value chain are adult males, belonging to a limited number of ethnic groups, exogenous to logging areas and generally deriving their income from the timber business. The sawn wood value chain shows a high degree of fragmentation, with low levels of organisation and lack of vertical and horizontal integration. We conservatively estimate the total volumes sold annually between 386,000 and 467,000 cubic meters of sawn wood. With the expected progressive shift from natural forests to plantations as the primary source of wood, it is key for the Government of Uganda to embrace a paradigm shift on the current policy framework, to ensure that it facilitates rather than constrains the sawn wood value chain, since most of the timber will be sourced from privately owned forests instead of State-owned forests. If most legal provisions remain based on the latter, it is likely that legality will remain the exception rather than the norm. Avec la raréfaction et la dispersion spatiale des ressources forestières, le secteur forestier ougandais – à l'instar de plusieurs autres pays d'Afrique subsaharienne – est passé du modèle c","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"45202361","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902608
L. Mei
HIGHLIGHTS Logging activities that occur in Indigenous peoples' traditional territories can have significant and wide-ranging effects on Indigenous peoples' rights, including well-being, cultural, land and participation rights. Preventing impacts on Indigenous peoples' well-being requires respect for Indigenous peoples' right to their lands and resources in the first instance. International human rights jurisprudence recognizes that respect for participation rights is an important safeguard to ensure protection of other rights of Indigenous peoples. Respect for Indigenous peoples' participation rights entails undertaking the following before commencing activities such as logging in Indigenous peoples' lands: conducting environmental and social impact assessments; engaging in consultations with the affected Indigenous peoples with the aim of obtaining Free, Prior, and Informed Consent; and agreeing on benefit sharing, compensation, prevention and mitigation measures. Although these requirements are well-established under international human rights law, many States have yet to comply with their treaty obligations, and in practice there is both limited incorporation of protections for Indigenous peoples' rights into national legislation and improper implementation of these requirements by States and non-State actors. SUMMARY Logging activities worldwide occur on lands that are already inhabited and used by Indigenous peoples and other local communities and often cause negative impacts on those communities. International human rights law provides one framework within which to understand these impacts. In particular, a discrete body of rights within international human rights law pertain to Indigenous peoples. Encroachments on Indigenous lands, such as through logging or other forestry operations, often run up against the full spectrum of Indigenous peoples' rights, all of which are interdependent and interconnected. Numerous human rights bodies, including the United Nations treaty bodies and regional human rights courts, have addressed Indigenous rights in the context of logging and other extractive activities. This article reviews existing jurisprudence elaborating the scope of these rights and explains how respect for land and participation rights can help prevent impacts on other rights. International human rights jurisprudence outlines three steps as core components of Indigenous peoples' participation rights and as safeguards to protect other rights: conduct environmental and social impact assessments; engage in consultations with the affected Indigenous peoples with the aim of obtaining free, prior, and informed consent; and agree on benefit sharing, compensation, prevention, and mitigation measures with the affected Indigenous peoples. However, these requirements, and respect for Indigenous peoples' rights more broadly, remain to be effectively implemented and observed in practice. L'exploitation du bois s'effectue à travers le monde sur des t
{"title":"Logging and Indigenous Peoples' Well-Being: An Overview of the Relevant International Human Rights Jurisprudence","authors":"L. Mei","doi":"10.1505/146554823836902608","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554823836902608","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Logging activities that occur in Indigenous peoples' traditional territories can have significant and wide-ranging effects on Indigenous peoples' rights, including well-being, cultural, land and participation rights. Preventing impacts on Indigenous peoples' well-being requires respect for Indigenous peoples' right to their lands and resources in the first instance. International human rights jurisprudence recognizes that respect for participation rights is an important safeguard to ensure protection of other rights of Indigenous peoples. Respect for Indigenous peoples' participation rights entails undertaking the following before commencing activities such as logging in Indigenous peoples' lands: conducting environmental and social impact assessments; engaging in consultations with the affected Indigenous peoples with the aim of obtaining Free, Prior, and Informed Consent; and agreeing on benefit sharing, compensation, prevention and mitigation measures. Although these requirements are well-established under international human rights law, many States have yet to comply with their treaty obligations, and in practice there is both limited incorporation of protections for Indigenous peoples' rights into national legislation and improper implementation of these requirements by States and non-State actors. SUMMARY Logging activities worldwide occur on lands that are already inhabited and used by Indigenous peoples and other local communities and often cause negative impacts on those communities. International human rights law provides one framework within which to understand these impacts. In particular, a discrete body of rights within international human rights law pertain to Indigenous peoples. Encroachments on Indigenous lands, such as through logging or other forestry operations, often run up against the full spectrum of Indigenous peoples' rights, all of which are interdependent and interconnected. Numerous human rights bodies, including the United Nations treaty bodies and regional human rights courts, have addressed Indigenous rights in the context of logging and other extractive activities. This article reviews existing jurisprudence elaborating the scope of these rights and explains how respect for land and participation rights can help prevent impacts on other rights. International human rights jurisprudence outlines three steps as core components of Indigenous peoples' participation rights and as safeguards to protect other rights: conduct environmental and social impact assessments; engage in consultations with the affected Indigenous peoples with the aim of obtaining free, prior, and informed consent; and agree on benefit sharing, compensation, prevention, and mitigation measures with the affected Indigenous peoples. However, these requirements, and respect for Indigenous peoples' rights more broadly, remain to be effectively implemented and observed in practice. L'exploitation du bois s'effectue à travers le monde sur des t","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2023-04-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48034911","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902590
T. Minter, J. van der Ploeg
HIGHLIGHTS Rural people's voices are rarely heard in forest policy and science. In Solomon Islands, logging rents remain with foreign companies and political elites, and hardly trickle down to rural communities. Local benefits of logging are minimal and ephemeral, whereas the environmental and social costs are significant and long-lasting. Addressing the negative impacts of logging on subsistence livelihoods and social relations needs to be prioritized in forestry policy. Particular attention is needed for the harmful impacts on women. SUMMARY Solomon Islands has relied on highly unsustainable industrial logging since the 1980s. While the development narrative around logging emphasizes its macro-economic importance, it structurally overlooks the impacts on local people's lives. Based on 200 qualitative interviews conducted in 25 villages and 14 logging operations in Malaita Province between 2016 and 2019, this paper demonstrates that the impacts of logging on subsistence and social relations are systemic rather than incidental. By making use of interview quotes, the paper gives voice to rural Solomon Islanders. The results show that the logging industry fails to generate lasting local benefits, while unsustainable logging practices undermine subsistence livelihoods, especially fisheries. Logging triggers conflict that long outlasts the operations themselves, causes sexual exploitation, facilitates excessive alcohol use and reinforces gender disparities by structurally excluding women from decision-making and benefit-sharing. This paper calls for a stronger focus on the social impacts of logging in forestry science, policy and practice. Les Îles Salomon sont devenues dépendantes d'une coupe de bois absolument non-durable depuis les années 80. Alors que la narration du développement portant sur la coupe de bois souligne son importance macro-économique; elle ignore structurellement les impacts de celle-ci sur la vie des populations locales. Ce papier se base sur 200 interviews qualitatives menées dans 25 villages et 14 opérations de coupe de bois dans la province du Malaita, entre 2016 et 2019, et démontre que les impacts de la coupe du bois sur la subsistance et les relations sociales sont systémiques, plutôt qu'accidentels. En faisant usage de citations provenant des interviews, le papier donne voix aux habitants ruraux des Îles Salomon. Les résultats montrent que l'industrie de coupe du bois échoue dans le domaine d'une création de bénéfices locaux durables, alors que les pratiques de coupe non-durables sapent les revenus de subsistance, particulièrement ceux de la pêche. La coupe enflamme un conflit qui perdure bien au-delà des opérations mêmes, causant une exploitation sexuelle, facilitant la consommation excessive d'alcool et renforçant la disparité entre les sexes, en excluant les femmes des prises de décision et du partage des bénéfices. Ce papier réclame qu'une concentration plus forte soit portée dans la science de foresterie, la politique
在森林政策和科学中很少听到农村人民的声音。在所罗门群岛，伐木租金仍然与外国公司和政治精英在一起，并艰难地向农村社区倾斜。伐木的当地效益是最小和短暂的，环境和社会成本是巨大和持久的。为了解决伐木对生计和社会关系的负面影响，林业政策需要优先考虑。需要特别注意对妇女的有害影响。所罗门群岛自1980年代以来一直与高度不可持续的工业伐木有关。虽然围绕伐木的发展叙事强调其宏观经济重要性，但它在结构上掩盖了对当地人民生活的影响。根据2016年至2019年在马莱塔省25个村庄和14个伐木作业进行的200次定性访谈，本文表明，伐木对生计和社会关系的影响是系统性的，而不是偶然的。通过使用采访引文，该文件为所罗门群岛农村居民提供了发言权。结果表明，伐木业未能产生持久的当地效益，而不可持续的伐木做法破坏了生计，特别是渔业。记录引发冲突，长期以来，冲突阻碍了她们的行动，导致性剥削，促进过度饮酒，并通过结构性地将妇女排除在决策和利益分享之外，重新推动性别差异。本文呼吁更加关注伐木对林业科学、政策和实践的社会影响。自1980年代以来，所罗门群岛一直依赖绝对不可持续的木材采伐。而关于木材采伐发展的叙述强调了其宏观经济重要性；它在结构上忽略了它对当地居民生活的影响。本文基于2016年至2019年在马莱塔省25个村庄和14个伐木作业中进行的200次定性访谈，表明伐木对生计和社会关系的影响是系统性的，而不是偶然的。该论文利用采访中的引文，为所罗门群岛的农村居民发声。结果表明，木材采伐业未能创造可持续的当地利润，而不可持续的采伐做法破坏了生计收入，特别是渔业收入。这一削减引发了一场远远超出行动范围的冲突，导致性剥削，助长过度饮酒，加剧性别差距，将妇女排除在决策和利益分享之外。本文呼吁林业科学、政策和实践更加关注伐木的社会影响。Las Islas Salomón han Dependido de una tala industrial altamente insostenible desde la decada，1980年。Mientras que la narrativa del desarrollo en torno a la tala deárboles enfatiza su importancia macroeconómica，estructuralmente pasa por alto los impactos en las vidas de la población local。2016年至2019年期间，在马莱塔省的25个aldeas和14个tala操作中，200个entrevistas cualitativas realizadas的基础，este artículo demuestra que los impactos de la tala en la substancia y las relaciones sociales son sistémicos y no fortuitos。Mediante el uso de citas textuales de entrevistas，el artículo da voz a los habitantes de las zonas rurales de las Islas Salomón。Los resultados muestran que la industria maderera no general beneficios locales duraderos，mientras que las prácticas de tala no sostenibles socavan los medios de substancia，特别是la pesca。这场冲突引发了性爆炸，允许过度饮酒，并巩固了从一开始就消失的情况，并排除了决策和利润分享的妇女的结构。Este artículo hace un llamado a más atención a la tala en la ciencia、la política y la práctica de la silvicultura的社会研究。
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Pub Date : 2023-04-01DOI: 10.1505/146554823836902644
T. Minter, D. Naito, T. Sunderland
HIGHLIGHTS The social impacts of logging in tropical forests are overwhelmingly negative and affect local and Indigenous people's livelihoods, their relationships with the forest and with each other. These impacts need to feature much more prominently in sustainable forest management policy, practice and assessment. This requires awareness of the broad and long-term nature of social impacts, which reach far beyond labour relations and the workplace, and far into the future. The gender inequities embedded in and reinforced by the logging sector require specific attention. Future empirical research must focus on the equitability of the design, workings and outcomes of social impact assessments, FPIC procedures, social auditing, benefit sharing and grievance mechanisms, particularly in certified logging operations. SUMMARY Global demand for timber is projected to grow and much of this timber will continue to be sourced from natural forests. As these forests, particularly in the tropics, tend to be inhabited by the world's most marginalized communities, the social impacts of logging require more attention within policy, practice and research. This Introduction to the Special Issue of International Forestry Review on The Social Impacts of Logging compiles evidence that the overwhelmingly negative social impacts of logging are systemic. As logging companies fail to fulfill their social obligations, and elite capture is common, the extent to which local communities benefit from logging operations is minimal, while long-term, harmful effects on livelihoods, social fabric and safety are severe. Logging operations reinforce and often exacerbate pre-existing inequities, particularly for women and Indigenous people. Weak governance, a lack of transparency and poor participation procedures partially explain this unfavourable situation. However, logging will only achieve better social outcomes if underlying power-imbalances are tackled. Il est projeté que la demande globale pour le bois d'ouvrage continue de croître, et le gros du bois va continuer à être obtenu dans les forêts naturelles. Comme ces forêts ont tendance à être habitées par certaines des communautés les plus marginalisés au monde, dans les tropiques en particulier, les impacts sociaux de l'exploitation du bois requièrent une attention plus grande, du point de vue des politiques, des pratiques et de la recherche. Cette Introduction au numéro spécial de l'International Forestry Review sur les impacts sociaux de l'exploitation du bois, rassemble les preuves que les impacts largement négatifs des opérations d'exploitation du bois sont systémiques. Alors que les compagnies d'exploitation du bois ne remplissent pas leurs obligations sociales, et que l'obtention par les élites est répandue, l'envergure des bénéfices récoltés par les communautés lors de l'exploitation du bois sont minimaux, alors que les effets négatifs à long-terme sur les revenus, la fabrique sociale et la sécurité sont sévères. Les e
热带森林采伐的社会影响绝大多数是负面的，影响到当地和土著人民的生计、他们与森林以及彼此之间的关系。这些影响需要在可持续森林管理政策、实践和评估中更加突出。这就需要认识到社会影响的广泛性和长期性，其影响远远超出劳资关系和工作场所，而且影响到未来。需要特别注意伐木部门所存在和加剧的性别不平等。未来的实证研究必须关注社会影响评估、FPIC程序、社会审计、利益分享和申诉机制的设计、运作和结果的公平性，特别是在经过认证的伐木作业中。全球对木材的需求预计将增长，其中大部分木材将继续来自天然林。由于这些森林，特别是热带地区的森林，往往居住着世界上最边缘化的社区，因此伐木的社会影响需要在政策、实践和研究中得到更多关注。《国际林业评论》关于采伐社会影响的特刊导言汇编了证据，证明采伐的压倒性负面社会影响是系统性的。由于伐木公司未能履行其社会义务，精英被捕获是常见的，当地社区从伐木作业中受益的程度很小，而对生计、社会结构和安全的长期有害影响是严重的。伐木作业加剧并往往加剧了原有的不平等，特别是对妇女和土著人民而言。治理薄弱、缺乏透明度和不良的参与程序是造成这种不利局面的部分原因。然而，只有解决潜在的权力失衡问题，伐木才能取得更好的社会成果。我们将在全球范围内建立一个项目，让森林继续生长下去，让森林继续生长下去，être获得森林继续生长下去，forêts自然继续生长下去。商业活动forêts和趋势 être习惯的薪金、某些社会的薪金、有限的薪金、特别是热带地区的薪金、有限的社会影响、土地利用的社会影响、政治价值、实践价值和研究价值都需要特别注意。在《国际林业评论》上的《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类社会对森林资源开发的影响的介绍》、《关于人类系统的影响的介绍》。利用人力资源的公司有三个办法:利用人力资源的公司有三个办法:利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司、利用人力资源的公司。对土地的剥削是加强的，是迫切的même解决了所有的人，特别是妇女和穷人的问题。一项建议是不可行的，透明的程序和参与的程序是不明确的，因为各方的情况都是有利的。最后，我想说的是，我的研究结果是，我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:我的研究结果是:这是一项对自然条件的严格要求，也是一项对自然条件的严格要求。墙裙,且这些博斯克,尤其对洛tropicos, suelen会habitados超过拉斯维加斯comunidades mas marginadas▽世界报,拉斯维加斯repercusiones优势种de las explotaciones影响requieren mas atencion en la politica, la la investigacion practica y。Esta Introducción al Número《国际林业评论》特别版，全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:《社会对森林的影响》全文如下:“社会义务”是指“逮捕穷人和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“逮捕罪犯和罪犯”、“惩治罪犯和罪犯”。这一现象加剧了先前存在的不平等，特别是普韦布洛人Indígenas的不平等现象。由于透明度的不足，透明度的下降导致了程序的缺陷participación解释了部分原因situación是不利的。禁运期间，由于爆炸造成的森林砍伐sólo lograrán造成的后果是，社会破坏造成的森林破坏平衡造成的森林破坏。
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