Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554822835224829
F. R. Riva, M. Paes-de-Souza, E. Talamini
HIGHLIGHTS Brazil and Indonesia are two of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases from deforestation and the main beneficiaries of REDD + programs in the world. The REDD+'s structure can be divided into twelve dimensions, identified from a systematic review. These dimensions are defined as Governance, Implementation, Beneficiaries, Land Use, Monitoring, Biodiversity, Financing, Forest Management, Deforestation, Conservation, Safeguard and Opportunity Cost. By identifying and describing the dimensions that make up REDD+, its application can be better planned and executed. After it was introduced in 2005, it took six years before the basic mechanism was established, but even after 10 years of implementation it still needs to be further developed and adjusted. SUMMARY REDD+ is a payments mechanism through environmental services that proposes the reduction of greenhouse gas emission caused by change in use of tropical forest lands. The present study aimed to identify the REDD+ dimensions in tropical forests in the world, approaching a broader discussion about themes by focusing on Brazil and Indonesia. A systematic review of scientific literature relating to Brazil and Indonesia was used as an analysis method. A total of 102 scientific articles with themes related to REDD+ development were selected. Through analysis of the selected articles, REDD+ dimensions with frequent mentions in the scientific literature were identified, such as governance, implementation, beneficiaries, land use, monitoring, biodiversity, financing, forest management, deforestation, conservation, safeguard, and opportunity cost. The analysis identified the existence of political barriers the implementation of REDD+ and recommends dialogue in order to maintain the balance of beneficiaries and the environment. Both beneficiary countries and payers should invest in longer-term and more efficient REDD+ practices, such as long-term programs and more defined criteria for project evaluation. La REDD+ est un mécanisme de paiements par des services environnementaux, proposant la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet serre causées par les changements de l'utilisation des terres forestières tropicales. Cette étude vise à identifier les dimensions de la REDD+ dans les forêts tropicales du monde, pour se rapprocher d'une discussion plus large de thèmes, en se concentrant sur le Brésil et l'Indonésie. Une étude systématique de la littérature scientifique ayant trait au Brésil et à l'Indonésie a été utilisée comme méthode analytique. Un total de 102 articles à thèmes liés au développement de la REDD+ ont été sélectionnés. L'envergure de la fréquence des mentions de la REDD+ dans cette littérature scientifique a été identifiée par l'analyse des articles choisis, quant à la gestion, la mise en application, les bénéficiaires, l'utilisation de la terre, la surveillance de la biodiversité, la finance, la gestion forestière, la déforestation, la protection et le coût opportun. Cette analyse a i
重点：巴西和印度尼西亚是世界上毁林温室气体排放量最大的两个国家，也是REDD+计划的主要受益者。REDD+的结构可以分为十二个维度，从系统审查中确定。这些层面定义为治理、实施、受益人、土地使用、监测、生物多样性、融资、森林管理、毁林、养护、保障和机会成本。通过确定和描述REDD+的维度，可以更好地规划和实施其应用。在2005年引入之后，它比基本机制建立早了六年，但即使在实施10年之后，仍然需要进一步发展和调整。REDD+是一种通过环境服务支付的机制，旨在减少热带森林土地利用变化造成的温室气体排放。本研究旨在确定世界热带森林的REDD+维度，通过侧重于巴西和印度尼西亚，对主题进行更广泛的讨论。对巴西和印度尼西亚相关科学文献的系统回顾被用作分析方法。共选择了102篇与REDD+发展相关主题的科学文章。通过对选定文章的分析，确定了科学文献中经常提到的降排+维度，如治理、执行、受益人、土地利用、监测、生物多样性、融资、森林管理、毁林、养护、保障和机会成本。分析确定了REDD+实施的政治障碍，并建议进行对话，以保持利益与环境的平衡。受援国和付款人都应投资于长期和更有效的降排+做法，如长期方案和更明确的项目评估标准。REDD+是一种环境服务支付机制，旨在减少热带林地使用变化造成的温室气体排放。本研究旨在确定世界热带森林中REDD+的维度，以更广泛地讨论主题，重点是巴西和印度尼西亚。对巴西和印度尼西亚科学文献的系统研究被用作分析方法。共选择了102篇关于REDD+发展相关主题的文章。本科学文献中提到REDD+的频率范围是通过分析选定文章确定的，这些文章涉及管理、执行、受益人、土地利用、生物多样性监测、金融、森林管理、毁林、保护和及时性成本。该分析确定了实施REDD+的政治障碍，并建议进行对话，以保持受益人和环境之间的平衡。受援国和资本提供者都应投资于更有效和长期的REDD+实践，如长期方案和更明确的项目评估标准。REDD+是一种环境服务机制，旨在减少热带森林地区的气体排放。El presente estudio tiene como objetivo identificar las dimensiones de REDD+en los bosques tropicales del mundo，planteando un debate más amplio sobre estos temas y centrándolo en brasil e indonesia。Como método de análisis se utilizóuna revisión sistemática de la literatura científica relativa a Brasil e Indonesia。共有102条关于REDD+关系的科学文章。在Través del Análisis de los Artículos Seleccionados，我们可以确定REDD+科学文献自由的维度、como la gobernanza、la implementación、los beneficiarios、el uso de la tierra、el monitoreo、la biodiversidad、la financiación、la gestionón forestal、la deforestación、la conservación、las salvaguardas和el costo de oportunidad。El análisis确定了实施REDD+和El Estudio Recomienda El diálogo的政策障碍的存在，以维护受益人和环境之间的平衡。Tanto los Países受益人como quienes pagan deberían invertir en prácticas de redd+a más largo plazo y más eficientes，como programas a largo plazo y criterios más definidos para la evaluación de proyectos。
{"title":"REDD+: Analysis of Its Components through a Systematic Review of Scientific Literature from Brazil and Indonesia","authors":"F. R. Riva, M. Paes-de-Souza, E. Talamini","doi":"10.1505/146554822835224829","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554822835224829","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Brazil and Indonesia are two of the largest emitters of greenhouse gases from deforestation and the main beneficiaries of REDD + programs in the world. The REDD+'s structure can be divided into twelve dimensions, identified from a systematic review. These dimensions are defined as Governance, Implementation, Beneficiaries, Land Use, Monitoring, Biodiversity, Financing, Forest Management, Deforestation, Conservation, Safeguard and Opportunity Cost. By identifying and describing the dimensions that make up REDD+, its application can be better planned and executed. After it was introduced in 2005, it took six years before the basic mechanism was established, but even after 10 years of implementation it still needs to be further developed and adjusted. SUMMARY REDD+ is a payments mechanism through environmental services that proposes the reduction of greenhouse gas emission caused by change in use of tropical forest lands. The present study aimed to identify the REDD+ dimensions in tropical forests in the world, approaching a broader discussion about themes by focusing on Brazil and Indonesia. A systematic review of scientific literature relating to Brazil and Indonesia was used as an analysis method. A total of 102 scientific articles with themes related to REDD+ development were selected. Through analysis of the selected articles, REDD+ dimensions with frequent mentions in the scientific literature were identified, such as governance, implementation, beneficiaries, land use, monitoring, biodiversity, financing, forest management, deforestation, conservation, safeguard, and opportunity cost. The analysis identified the existence of political barriers the implementation of REDD+ and recommends dialogue in order to maintain the balance of beneficiaries and the environment. Both beneficiary countries and payers should invest in longer-term and more efficient REDD+ practices, such as long-term programs and more defined criteria for project evaluation. La REDD+ est un mécanisme de paiements par des services environnementaux, proposant la réduction des émissions des gaz à effet serre causées par les changements de l'utilisation des terres forestières tropicales. Cette étude vise à identifier les dimensions de la REDD+ dans les forêts tropicales du monde, pour se rapprocher d'une discussion plus large de thèmes, en se concentrant sur le Brésil et l'Indonésie. Une étude systématique de la littérature scientifique ayant trait au Brésil et à l'Indonésie a été utilisée comme méthode analytique. Un total de 102 articles à thèmes liés au développement de la REDD+ ont été sélectionnés. L'envergure de la fréquence des mentions de la REDD+ dans cette littérature scientifique a été identifiée par l'analyse des articles choisis, quant à la gestion, la mise en application, les bénéficiaires, l'utilisation de la terre, la surveillance de la biodiversité, la finance, la gestion forestière, la déforestation, la protection et le coût opportun. Cette analyse a i","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"24 1","pages":"72 - 84"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"46635789","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-03-01DOI: 10.1505/146554822835224847
K. Nketiah, J. Asante, C. P. Hansen
HIGHLIGHTS A methodology to estimate the national charcoal production in Ghana was developed and tested. The method made use of the official permit system that covers road transport of charcoal (the Charcoal Conveyance Certificate). Measures were developed to capture road movement of charcoal without the permit through mounted checkpoints. Charcoal production “hotspots” (major production areas) were identified. The national annual (2018) charcoal production in Ghana was estimated at 1 100 000 tonnes which is equal to 15.7 million m3 round wood equivalent (RWE). SUMMARY Accurate data on the production and sources of woodfuels is necessary to ensure sustainability. National level data is scanty in most sub-Saharan African countries. This research aimed to provide accurate data on charcoal production in Ghana and to develop a methodology that could serve as an inspiration for future assessments, in Ghana and beyond. The study compiled data over two years from Ghana Forestry Commission's records on charcoal quantities transported on the road (Charcoal Conveyance Certificates). This data was validated by mounting sentries 24 hours daily for two weeks in 2016 and 2018, respectively, along major charcoal transport routes to capture charcoal being transported without the certificate. Charcoal production not captured through the Charcoal Conveyance Certificate and the sentries was quantified from field observation and expert panel validation. Using these three methods, the study estimated a total annual production (2018) of 1 100 000 tonnes of charcoal for Ghana. This corresponds to 15.7 million m3 of round wood equivalent. The implications of the study findings are discussed together with the pros and cons of the methods employed. Des données précises sur la production et les sources de bois de combustion sont nécessaires pour assurer la durabilité. Les données sont vagues au niveau national dans la plupart des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Cette recherche s'efforce de réunir des données précises sur la production de charbon au Ghana, afin de développer une méthodologie pouvant inspirer les évaluations futures, au Ghana et au-delà. Cette étude a recueilli durant deux ans des données provenant des enregistrements de la Commission de foresterie du Ghana sur les quantités de charbon transportées sur les routes (Charcoal Conveyance Certificates). Ces données ont été validées par une mise en place de sentinelles 24 heures sur 24, pendant deux semaines, en 2016 et en 2018 respectivement, sur les principales artères de transport, afin d'intercepter le charbon transporté sans le certificat. La production de charbon n'était pas identifiée par le Charcoal Conveyance Certificate et les sentinelles étaient quantifiées par l'observation sur le terrain et la validation d'un groupe d'experts. En utilisant ces trois méthodes, l'étude estime une production annuelle totale de 1 100 000 tonnes de charbon au Ghana en 2018. Ceci correspond à l'équivalent de 15.7 millions
加纳开发并测试了一种估算全国木炭产量的方法。该方法利用了涵盖木炭公路运输的官方许可证制度(木炭运输证书)。制定了措施，通过安装的检查站，捕捉未经许可的木炭的公路运输。确定了木炭生产“热点”(主要生产区)。加纳全国年度(2018年)木炭产量估计为110万吨，相当于1570万立方米圆木当量(RWE)。关于木材燃料的生产和来源的准确数据是确保可持续性所必需的。大多数撒哈拉以南非洲国家缺乏国家级数据。这项研究旨在提供加纳木炭生产的准确数据，并制定一种方法，为加纳及其他地区的未来评估提供灵感。这项研究汇编了加纳林业委员会两年来关于公路运输木炭数量的记录(木炭运输证书)。在2016年和2018年的两周内，分别在主要木炭运输路线上每天24小时设置哨兵，以捕获没有证书的木炭，从而验证了这一数据。未通过木炭运输证书和哨兵捕获的木炭生产是通过实地观察和专家小组验证进行量化的。使用这三种方法，该研究估计加纳的木炭年总产量(2018年)为110万吨。这相当于1570万立方米的圆木当量。本文讨论了研究结果的含义以及所采用方法的优缺点。在生产和燃烧过程中，没有固定的碳源，没有固定的碳源，没有固定的碳源，没有固定的碳源，没有固定的碳源，没有固定的碳源，没有固定的碳源。在非洲撒哈拉以南地区，有许多国家的薪金是由薪金和薪金组成的。Cette research ' s'在加纳的碳生产中，在加纳和非洲的碳生产中，在加纳和非洲的碳生产中，在加纳和非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中，在非洲的碳生产中。在加纳林业委员会登记的碳运输数量、碳运输路线、碳运输证书(木炭运输证书)上登记的碳运输和碳运输证书。分别在2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年、2016年和2018年。碳的生产和碳的运输通过鉴定，碳的运输通过鉴定，碳的运输通过鉴定，碳的运输通过鉴定，碳的运输通过鉴定，碳的运输通过鉴定，碳的运输通过鉴定。2018年，在加纳，利用三种不同的化学物质交换装置，化学物质交换装置估计每年的碳产量总计为110万吨。Ceci相当于1570万公吨立方米的油条。这些影响是指与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，与被审查的人相比，更有优势。根据《可燃物燃料油处理程序》producción的规定，需要按照《可燃物燃料油处理程序》producción处理。Los datos是一个新国家的儿子，他的名字是mayoría de Los países del África撒哈拉以南。1 .目标确定investigación数据确定的比例准确性producción数据确定的准确性carbón数据确定的准确性在加纳通过数据确定的准确性metodología数据确定的准确性inspiración数据确定的准确性在加纳通过数据确定的准确性países数据确定的准确性。El estudio recopiló datos durante dos años de los registros de la Comisión加纳森林sobre las cantidades de carbón植物运输证书(Carbón植物运输证书)。Estos datos se validaron estableciendo centinelas 24 horas al día durante dos semanas在2016年至2018年分别进行了一次大型的验证，验证了carbón植物para capos datos del carbón transportado sin certificado。producción . carbón .植物没有身份证明和Carbón .植物运输证书的登记，并由下述专家小组提供:cuantificó .植物观察组织和validación .植物运输证书的登记。Mediante estos trres m录影带，el estudio estimó una producción加纳每年(2018年)总计1,110万份录影带carbón录影带。相当于1570万立方米的天然气。从结果的含义来看，我们讨论的是对员工的影响，而不是对员工的影响。
{"title":"An Estimation of National Charcoal Production: The Case of Ghana","authors":"K. Nketiah, J. Asante, C. P. Hansen","doi":"10.1505/146554822835224847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554822835224847","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS A methodology to estimate the national charcoal production in Ghana was developed and tested. The method made use of the official permit system that covers road transport of charcoal (the Charcoal Conveyance Certificate). Measures were developed to capture road movement of charcoal without the permit through mounted checkpoints. Charcoal production “hotspots” (major production areas) were identified. The national annual (2018) charcoal production in Ghana was estimated at 1 100 000 tonnes which is equal to 15.7 million m3 round wood equivalent (RWE). SUMMARY Accurate data on the production and sources of woodfuels is necessary to ensure sustainability. National level data is scanty in most sub-Saharan African countries. This research aimed to provide accurate data on charcoal production in Ghana and to develop a methodology that could serve as an inspiration for future assessments, in Ghana and beyond. The study compiled data over two years from Ghana Forestry Commission's records on charcoal quantities transported on the road (Charcoal Conveyance Certificates). This data was validated by mounting sentries 24 hours daily for two weeks in 2016 and 2018, respectively, along major charcoal transport routes to capture charcoal being transported without the certificate. Charcoal production not captured through the Charcoal Conveyance Certificate and the sentries was quantified from field observation and expert panel validation. Using these three methods, the study estimated a total annual production (2018) of 1 100 000 tonnes of charcoal for Ghana. This corresponds to 15.7 million m3 of round wood equivalent. The implications of the study findings are discussed together with the pros and cons of the methods employed. Des données précises sur la production et les sources de bois de combustion sont nécessaires pour assurer la durabilité. Les données sont vagues au niveau national dans la plupart des pays de l'Afrique subsaharienne. Cette recherche s'efforce de réunir des données précises sur la production de charbon au Ghana, afin de développer une méthodologie pouvant inspirer les évaluations futures, au Ghana et au-delà. Cette étude a recueilli durant deux ans des données provenant des enregistrements de la Commission de foresterie du Ghana sur les quantités de charbon transportées sur les routes (Charcoal Conveyance Certificates). Ces données ont été validées par une mise en place de sentinelles 24 heures sur 24, pendant deux semaines, en 2016 et en 2018 respectivement, sur les principales artères de transport, afin d'intercepter le charbon transporté sans le certificat. La production de charbon n'était pas identifiée par le Charcoal Conveyance Certificate et les sentinelles étaient quantifiées par l'observation sur le terrain et la validation d'un groupe d'experts. En utilisant ces trois méthodes, l'étude estime une production annuelle totale de 1 100 000 tonnes de charbon au Ghana en 2018. Ceci correspond à l'équivalent de 15.7 millions ","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"24 1","pages":"30 - 42"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48139572","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777215
M. A. Healey, S. Lawson, S. Somany, W. Tasen, Q. D. Ngoc
HIGHLIGHTS Currently, countries in South-East Asia have no dedicated biosecurity laws or legislation that focus on the risk and harm associated with forest invasive pests. The challenge is to create a biosecurity policy and implement it across relevant departments, institutes, and plant health groups in the different countries. Transfer of knowledge from countries with well-established biosecurity frameworks will support development of forest biosecurity laws and legislation. Developing technical biosecurity capacity (monitoring, surveillance, and PRA) is critical to support forest biosecurity policies. A regional approach to forest biosecurity law and legislation could be implemented through the formation of a forest biosecurity working group reporting on biosecurity focal points as a sub-committee of the ASEAN Forest Products Industry Club (AFPIC). SUMMARY To ensure the protection of natural and planted forests in South-East Asia, it is vital that the risks posed by invasive and local pests are minimised and that effective mitigation and response plans are in place. To do so, forest biosecurity laws need to be developed to coordinate policy, direct on-ground activities to prepare the region to respond to an incursion and empower relevant agencies to act. In this review, we outline the current laws and legislations relevant to the forestry sector in six ASEAN countries and make suggestions on forest biosecurity laws that could be developed. We put forward general recommendations on how these laws may be developed, with a focus on a regional approach to forest biosecurity. This could be implemented through the formation of a forest biosecurity working group as a sub-committee to the ASEAN Forest Products Industry Club, to promote global safety in invasive pests of native and planted forests of member countries.
{"title":"Forest Biosecurity Laws in South-East Asia: A Review","authors":"M. A. Healey, S. Lawson, S. Somany, W. Tasen, Q. D. Ngoc","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777215","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777215","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Currently, countries in South-East Asia have no dedicated biosecurity laws or legislation that focus on the risk and harm associated with forest invasive pests. The challenge is to create a biosecurity policy and implement it across relevant departments, institutes, and plant health groups in the different countries. Transfer of knowledge from countries with well-established biosecurity frameworks will support development of forest biosecurity laws and legislation. Developing technical biosecurity capacity (monitoring, surveillance, and PRA) is critical to support forest biosecurity policies. A regional approach to forest biosecurity law and legislation could be implemented through the formation of a forest biosecurity working group reporting on biosecurity focal points as a sub-committee of the ASEAN Forest Products Industry Club (AFPIC). SUMMARY To ensure the protection of natural and planted forests in South-East Asia, it is vital that the risks posed by invasive and local pests are minimised and that effective mitigation and response plans are in place. To do so, forest biosecurity laws need to be developed to coordinate policy, direct on-ground activities to prepare the region to respond to an incursion and empower relevant agencies to act. In this review, we outline the current laws and legislations relevant to the forestry sector in six ASEAN countries and make suggestions on forest biosecurity laws that could be developed. We put forward general recommendations on how these laws may be developed, with a focus on a regional approach to forest biosecurity. This could be implemented through the formation of a forest biosecurity working group as a sub-committee to the ASEAN Forest Products Industry Club, to promote global safety in invasive pests of native and planted forests of member countries.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"418 - 436"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48700185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777233
C. Colfer
{"title":"Participatory Forest Management in a New Age: Integration of Climate Change Policy and Rural Development Policy","authors":"C. Colfer","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777233","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777233","url":null,"abstract":"","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"562 - 562"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47673191","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777260
R. Purwestri, M. Hájek, M. Hochmalová, P. Palátová, D.C. Huertas-Bernal, S. P. García-Jácome, V. Jarský, J. Kašpar, M. Riedl, R. Marušák
HIGHLIGHTS The Czech Forest Policy denotes the 2012 European Bioeconomy Strategy as one of the reference documents, while the Swedish National Forest Programme (NFP) positions the Bioeconomy Strategy as its core value. The principles of the 2012 European Bioeconomy have not been officially transposed by the Czech government, and therefore their application in the forestry sector is limited. Differences in the initial situation between the Czech Republic and Sweden now may result in various foci on the strategic measures in the 2020 Czech Forest Policy compared to Sweden. The adoption of the 2012 European Bioeconomy to uplift the bio-based manufacturers in the Czech Republic is carefully being examined through the lens of Sweden's experiences The main challenges for the Czech forest-based sector are to fulfil the need for sustainable forest biomass and high added-value products. SUMMARY The 2012 European Bioeconomy Strategy has been adopted in some European countries' national policies. However, it has not been officially included in the Czech Republic's national policy. In Sweden, the Bioeconomy Strategy has been adopted in the national policy and the National Forest Programme (NFP). The paper reviews the current forest policy in the Czech Republic in meeting the purposes of the forest-based bioeconomy by performing a comparative study between the Czech Republic and Sweden. As bioeconomy principles are core values in the Swedish NFP it aims not only to deliver sustainable forest products and ecosystem services to support forest enterprises but also to achieve a fossil-fuel-free Sweden. Although the Czech Forest Policy denotes the European Bioeconomy Strategy as one of the reference documents, it does not directly relate to shifting from fossil fuels to bioenergy. The implementation of the Czech document is limited to the forest-based sector. Bioeconomy principles are expected to be included in inter-ministerial committees at the government level in the Czech Republic. The challenges faced by the country include fulfilling the provision of sustainable forest biomass and high added-value products while harmonising forest policies and regulations.
{"title":"The Role of Bioeconomy in the Czech National Forest Strategy: A Comparison with Sweden","authors":"R. Purwestri, M. Hájek, M. Hochmalová, P. Palátová, D.C. Huertas-Bernal, S. P. García-Jácome, V. Jarský, J. Kašpar, M. Riedl, R. Marušák","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777260","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777260","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS The Czech Forest Policy denotes the 2012 European Bioeconomy Strategy as one of the reference documents, while the Swedish National Forest Programme (NFP) positions the Bioeconomy Strategy as its core value. The principles of the 2012 European Bioeconomy have not been officially transposed by the Czech government, and therefore their application in the forestry sector is limited. Differences in the initial situation between the Czech Republic and Sweden now may result in various foci on the strategic measures in the 2020 Czech Forest Policy compared to Sweden. The adoption of the 2012 European Bioeconomy to uplift the bio-based manufacturers in the Czech Republic is carefully being examined through the lens of Sweden's experiences The main challenges for the Czech forest-based sector are to fulfil the need for sustainable forest biomass and high added-value products. SUMMARY The 2012 European Bioeconomy Strategy has been adopted in some European countries' national policies. However, it has not been officially included in the Czech Republic's national policy. In Sweden, the Bioeconomy Strategy has been adopted in the national policy and the National Forest Programme (NFP). The paper reviews the current forest policy in the Czech Republic in meeting the purposes of the forest-based bioeconomy by performing a comparative study between the Czech Republic and Sweden. As bioeconomy principles are core values in the Swedish NFP it aims not only to deliver sustainable forest products and ecosystem services to support forest enterprises but also to achieve a fossil-fuel-free Sweden. Although the Czech Forest Policy denotes the European Bioeconomy Strategy as one of the reference documents, it does not directly relate to shifting from fossil fuels to bioenergy. The implementation of the Czech document is limited to the forest-based sector. Bioeconomy principles are expected to be included in inter-ministerial committees at the government level in the Czech Republic. The challenges faced by the country include fulfilling the provision of sustainable forest biomass and high added-value products while harmonising forest policies and regulations.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"492 - 510"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48676314","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777170
T. Phạm, M. Moeliono, B. Dwisatrio, J. Yuwono, S. Atmadja
HIGHLIGHTS Most Ethiopian REDD+ stakeholders at the federal level interviewed agreed that benefits should be shared according to efforts made in reducing deforestation and forest degradation. In contrast, federal government policies and laws on benefit sharing are generally pro-poor, with emphasis on legal rights to receive benefits. Although most stakeholders support the government's vision for a benefit-sharing mechanism, the majority of interviewees also highlighted major challenges in implementing a REDD+ benefit-sharing mechanism, including a lack of awareness and knowledge of REDD+; a lack of technical expertise in monitoring carbon emissions and sequestration; a lack of clear tenure and user rights; weak coordination amongst stakeholders; contradictions between laws and regulations; and high transaction costs. Multiple ideas of fairness can pose practical challenges for the implementation of REDD+ benefit sharing in Ethiopia. This should be addressed, e.g., through establishment of an open and inclusive dialogue and establishing a learning mechanism to initiate and improve regulations, processes and mechanisms over time. Although country stakeholders often tend to rush on the selection of or discussion on who should be paid, it is the legitimacy of the decision-making that counts. The decision needs to be based on participatory decision-making process which take into account different actors' voices, concerns and interests. SUMMARY Current Ethiopian policies and laws recognize the importance of equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms for natural resource management. The question of ‘what is fair’ is often unclear in practice. We pursue this question in the context of benefit sharing for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Ethiopia. We present findings from interviews conducted in 2017 with 33 national REDD+ actors, and a review of national policies and laws until 2020 to understand Ethiopia’s policy and legal framework, and vision for a REDD+ benefit-sharing mechanism. Our findings show that Ethiopia is progressing in developing a benefit-sharing mechanism (BSM) for REDD+. Government policies on benefit sharing are pro-poor with an emphasis on legal rights. Among the various concepts of fairness, more stakeholders agreed that benefits should be shared according to efforts made to reduce deforestation and forest degradation rather than being based on poverty or legal rights. Left unattended, we believe this divergence of opinion on ‘what is fair’ opens the potential for questions regarding the legitimacy of the REDD+ BSM among stakeholders in general and can pose practical implementation challenges. We suggest that establishing open dialogue, learning mechanisms and inclusive processes can lead to regulations, policies and procedures that clarify and harmonize the different views on fairness over time.
{"title":"REDD+ Benefit Sharing in Ethiopia: Policy and Stakeholder Perceptions Analysis","authors":"T. Phạm, M. Moeliono, B. Dwisatrio, J. Yuwono, S. Atmadja","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777170","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777170","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Most Ethiopian REDD+ stakeholders at the federal level interviewed agreed that benefits should be shared according to efforts made in reducing deforestation and forest degradation. In contrast, federal government policies and laws on benefit sharing are generally pro-poor, with emphasis on legal rights to receive benefits. Although most stakeholders support the government's vision for a benefit-sharing mechanism, the majority of interviewees also highlighted major challenges in implementing a REDD+ benefit-sharing mechanism, including a lack of awareness and knowledge of REDD+; a lack of technical expertise in monitoring carbon emissions and sequestration; a lack of clear tenure and user rights; weak coordination amongst stakeholders; contradictions between laws and regulations; and high transaction costs. Multiple ideas of fairness can pose practical challenges for the implementation of REDD+ benefit sharing in Ethiopia. This should be addressed, e.g., through establishment of an open and inclusive dialogue and establishing a learning mechanism to initiate and improve regulations, processes and mechanisms over time. Although country stakeholders often tend to rush on the selection of or discussion on who should be paid, it is the legitimacy of the decision-making that counts. The decision needs to be based on participatory decision-making process which take into account different actors' voices, concerns and interests. SUMMARY Current Ethiopian policies and laws recognize the importance of equitable benefit-sharing mechanisms for natural resource management. The question of ‘what is fair’ is often unclear in practice. We pursue this question in the context of benefit sharing for Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD+) in Ethiopia. We present findings from interviews conducted in 2017 with 33 national REDD+ actors, and a review of national policies and laws until 2020 to understand Ethiopia’s policy and legal framework, and vision for a REDD+ benefit-sharing mechanism. Our findings show that Ethiopia is progressing in developing a benefit-sharing mechanism (BSM) for REDD+. Government policies on benefit sharing are pro-poor with an emphasis on legal rights. Among the various concepts of fairness, more stakeholders agreed that benefits should be shared according to efforts made to reduce deforestation and forest degradation rather than being based on poverty or legal rights. Left unattended, we believe this divergence of opinion on ‘what is fair’ opens the potential for questions regarding the legitimacy of the REDD+ BSM among stakeholders in general and can pose practical implementation challenges. We suggest that establishing open dialogue, learning mechanisms and inclusive processes can lead to regulations, policies and procedures that clarify and harmonize the different views on fairness over time.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"163 2","pages":"476 - 491"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"41287096","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777206
M. A. Adams, Y. Tegegne, S. Ramcilovik-Suominen, E. Acheampong, A. Attah
HIGHLIGHTS This paper analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the Ghana VPA process. The identified weaknesses undermine the strengths. The multi-stakeholder platform is seen as a top-down process. The VPA has influenced legal reforms and brought some legal clarity, yet implementing the reforms remains a challenge. Implementing agencies need to address the unequal power relations between domestic actors if forest governance issues are to be addressed. SUMMARY The European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPA) is an important international forest governance initiative, yet various implementation challenges remain. The FLEGT VPA implementation challenges are well-documented in the scientific literature, where various methodologies and research approaches have been used. As the empirical case indicated various contradicting and overlapping claims, where different respondents framed the same situations as strengths as well as weaknesses, and/or as threats as well as opportunities, we used the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) approach to assess the associated governance changes in FLEGT VPA implementation in Ghana. This paper offers new insights derived from participant observation of the second independent technical evaluation of the Ghana Timber Legality Assurance System (GhTLAS) conducted in July 2019, and from semi-structured interviews with key informants and a document review. What are considered the greatest perceived strengths – namely multi-stakeholder engagement, clarification of regulatory frameworks, and access to information – are brought into question once the identified weaknesses and threats are explored in more detail. The identified weaknesses include the top-down nature of the multi-stakeholder process, fatigue related to additional legality principles, and bureaucracy of the GhTLAS, which negatively affect VPA implementation activities and processes in Ghana.
{"title":"FLEGT Voluntary Partnership Agreement Implementation in Ghana: Insights from a SWOT Analysis","authors":"M. A. Adams, Y. Tegegne, S. Ramcilovik-Suominen, E. Acheampong, A. Attah","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777206","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777206","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS This paper analyses the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats of the Ghana VPA process. The identified weaknesses undermine the strengths. The multi-stakeholder platform is seen as a top-down process. The VPA has influenced legal reforms and brought some legal clarity, yet implementing the reforms remains a challenge. Implementing agencies need to address the unequal power relations between domestic actors if forest governance issues are to be addressed. SUMMARY The European Union Forest Law Enforcement, Governance and Trade (FLEGT) Voluntary Partnership Agreements (VPA) is an important international forest governance initiative, yet various implementation challenges remain. The FLEGT VPA implementation challenges are well-documented in the scientific literature, where various methodologies and research approaches have been used. As the empirical case indicated various contradicting and overlapping claims, where different respondents framed the same situations as strengths as well as weaknesses, and/or as threats as well as opportunities, we used the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats (SWOT) approach to assess the associated governance changes in FLEGT VPA implementation in Ghana. This paper offers new insights derived from participant observation of the second independent technical evaluation of the Ghana Timber Legality Assurance System (GhTLAS) conducted in July 2019, and from semi-structured interviews with key informants and a document review. What are considered the greatest perceived strengths – namely multi-stakeholder engagement, clarification of regulatory frameworks, and access to information – are brought into question once the identified weaknesses and threats are explored in more detail. The identified weaknesses include the top-down nature of the multi-stakeholder process, fatigue related to additional legality principles, and bureaucracy of the GhTLAS, which negatively affect VPA implementation activities and processes in Ghana.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"405 - 417"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"48354924","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2022-01-19DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777198
D. A. Wardell, M. Elias, M. Zida, A. Tapsoba, K. Rousseau, D. Gautier, P. Lovett, T. Bama
HIGHLIGHTS Historical evidence indicates a widespread and centuries old exchange of shea kernels and shea butter by women in periodic local markets, and on a regional scale, with the densely populated West African littoral. Initial French interest in shea was as a potential substitute for gutta-percha (latex) to insulate submarine cables in the wake of the profligate, inefficient and unsustainable methods of extraction from Palaquium gutta and other tropical rainforest trees in Southeast Asia. Early and violent resistance to colonial rule during the Volta-Bani War was replaced by persistent migration into the (British) Protectorate of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast Colony, as a form of protest by local Burkinabé communities to avoid the cumulative burdens of capitation tax, forced labour, military conscription, corporal punishment, and restrictive forest policies. Multiple initiatives to extract shea butter (mechanically and chemically), to protect shea parklands or to plant shea trees, as well as early industrialization efforts, including a French ‘colonial petroleum’ project, were not successful. Ultimately, the production and supply of shea kernels and shea butter remained central to servicing the needs of Burkinabe and West African consumers throughout the colonial period. SUMMARY Burkinabé women have traded shea kernels and shea butter in periodic local markets, and on a regional scale with the densely-populated West African littoral, for centuries. This paper traces the origins of French colonial efforts to develop shea as a commodity of empire from the 1890s to independence in 1960. Colonial efforts to incorporate Upper Volta, a French colonial backwater, into the world economy was drawn out, heterogenous, and messy. The colonial state assumed erroneously that little shea trade existed, and that producers would respond positively to market incentives. Yet, we suggest that French colonial policies failed due to a composite of factors including the limited investment in either the colony or shea as an oilseed crop, adaptation by women shea producers to the extraction of male labour and the trade opportunities created by new international borders, and the ‘blindness’ of colonial officials to the economic, social and cultural functions of periodic local markets used by women shea traders. The historical trajectory of the shea trade continues to have implications for current-day shea markets and their actors.
{"title":"Shea (Vitellaria paradoxa C.F. Gaertn.) – a Peripheral Empire Commodity in French West Africa, 1894–1960","authors":"D. A. Wardell, M. Elias, M. Zida, A. Tapsoba, K. Rousseau, D. Gautier, P. Lovett, T. Bama","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777198","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Historical evidence indicates a widespread and centuries old exchange of shea kernels and shea butter by women in periodic local markets, and on a regional scale, with the densely populated West African littoral. Initial French interest in shea was as a potential substitute for gutta-percha (latex) to insulate submarine cables in the wake of the profligate, inefficient and unsustainable methods of extraction from Palaquium gutta and other tropical rainforest trees in Southeast Asia. Early and violent resistance to colonial rule during the Volta-Bani War was replaced by persistent migration into the (British) Protectorate of the Northern Territories of the Gold Coast Colony, as a form of protest by local Burkinabé communities to avoid the cumulative burdens of capitation tax, forced labour, military conscription, corporal punishment, and restrictive forest policies. Multiple initiatives to extract shea butter (mechanically and chemically), to protect shea parklands or to plant shea trees, as well as early industrialization efforts, including a French ‘colonial petroleum’ project, were not successful. Ultimately, the production and supply of shea kernels and shea butter remained central to servicing the needs of Burkinabe and West African consumers throughout the colonial period. SUMMARY Burkinabé women have traded shea kernels and shea butter in periodic local markets, and on a regional scale with the densely-populated West African littoral, for centuries. This paper traces the origins of French colonial efforts to develop shea as a commodity of empire from the 1890s to independence in 1960. Colonial efforts to incorporate Upper Volta, a French colonial backwater, into the world economy was drawn out, heterogenous, and messy. The colonial state assumed erroneously that little shea trade existed, and that producers would respond positively to market incentives. Yet, we suggest that French colonial policies failed due to a composite of factors including the limited investment in either the colony or shea as an oilseed crop, adaptation by women shea producers to the extraction of male labour and the trade opportunities created by new international borders, and the ‘blindness’ of colonial officials to the economic, social and cultural functions of periodic local markets used by women shea traders. The historical trajectory of the shea trade continues to have implications for current-day shea markets and their actors.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"511 - 533"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2022-01-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"42866152","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-12-01DOI: 10.1505/146554821834777242
S. Ji, Y. Lee
HIGHLIGHTS Agroforestry has emerged as a potential solution to chronic food shortages and forest devastation in North Korea. Agroforestry is positively associated with the security of food, nutrition, environment, and energy. SDGs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 15 can be achieved directly through agroforestry. International aid projects dominate agroforestry project in North Korea. The promotion of agroforestry programmes for food security (SDG2) and land restoration (SDG15) are linked to the achievement of other SDGs. SUMMARY This study analyses the contribution of agroforestry to the achievement of SDGs based on the performance of agroforestry and North Korea's Voluntary National Review (VNR). Since the early 2000s, North Korea has promoted agroforestry and worked with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), and the FAO to expand agroforestry projects. Agroforestry has contributed to the achievement of food security and land restoration in SDG2 and SDG15. The achievement of SDGs from individual agroforestry pilot projects since the early 2000s allows the assessment of agroforestry's contribution to SDGs. North Korea is likely to restore degraded forests by sustainable forest management (SDG15), which emphasises the need for new land cultivation in the VNR to strengthen food security (SDG2). Because agroforestry practices can simultaneously enhance food, nutrition, environmental, and energy security, agroforestry can further contribute to the achievement of other SDGs by discovering models that reflect local characteristics and inducing residents to participate through a strict evaluation of their effectiveness and the use of ‘sloping land’ management accompanied by the development of cultivation technologies suitable for mixed management with various trees and crops.
{"title":"Food Security and Agroforestry from the Perspective of the SDGs: A Case Study of the Democratic People's Republic of Korea","authors":"S. Ji, Y. Lee","doi":"10.1505/146554821834777242","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1505/146554821834777242","url":null,"abstract":"HIGHLIGHTS Agroforestry has emerged as a potential solution to chronic food shortages and forest devastation in North Korea. Agroforestry is positively associated with the security of food, nutrition, environment, and energy. SDGs 1, 2, 3, 6, 7, 8, 11, 12, 13, and 15 can be achieved directly through agroforestry. International aid projects dominate agroforestry project in North Korea. The promotion of agroforestry programmes for food security (SDG2) and land restoration (SDG15) are linked to the achievement of other SDGs. SUMMARY This study analyses the contribution of agroforestry to the achievement of SDGs based on the performance of agroforestry and North Korea's Voluntary National Review (VNR). Since the early 2000s, North Korea has promoted agroforestry and worked with the Swiss Agency for Development Cooperation (SDC), the World Agroforestry Centre (ICRAF), and the FAO to expand agroforestry projects. Agroforestry has contributed to the achievement of food security and land restoration in SDG2 and SDG15. The achievement of SDGs from individual agroforestry pilot projects since the early 2000s allows the assessment of agroforestry's contribution to SDGs. North Korea is likely to restore degraded forests by sustainable forest management (SDG15), which emphasises the need for new land cultivation in the VNR to strengthen food security (SDG2). Because agroforestry practices can simultaneously enhance food, nutrition, environmental, and energy security, agroforestry can further contribute to the achievement of other SDGs by discovering models that reflect local characteristics and inducing residents to participate through a strict evaluation of their effectiveness and the use of ‘sloping land’ management accompanied by the development of cultivation technologies suitable for mixed management with various trees and crops.","PeriodicalId":13868,"journal":{"name":"International Forestry Review","volume":"23 1","pages":"437 - 447"},"PeriodicalIF":1.6,"publicationDate":"2021-12-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"47710436","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":4,"RegionCategory":"农林科学","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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