In an SRAM, threshold voltages of transistors decrease as the CMOS process technology scales down into the nanometer scale, which causes the leakage currents on the bit‐lines. The bit‐line leakage current slows reading operations or even causes reading errors. In this paper, we proposed a new scheme called RTB, which is combined with a four‐input low‐offset sense amplifier with threshold voltage consideration to solve the problem caused by bit‐line leakage current. This scheme adopts 8T cells and two pairs of bit‐lines connected to a four‐input sense amplifier to balance the bit‐line leakage current in real‐time. In this way, the maximum tolerable bit‐line leakage current can be effectively increased and the reading operation can be accelerated. Simulations in the 55 nm CMOS process design kits under different process corners, temperatures, and voltages show that the proposed scheme can increase the maximum tolerable leakage to more than 300 μA.
{"title":"Real‐time bit‐line leakage balance circuit with four‐input low‐offset SA considering threshold voltage for SRAM stability design","authors":"Chunyu Peng, Wei Hu, Hao Zheng, Wenjuan Lu, Chenghu Dai, Xiulong Wu, Zhiting Lin, Junning Chen","doi":"10.1002/cta.4248","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4248","url":null,"abstract":"In an SRAM, threshold voltages of transistors decrease as the CMOS process technology scales down into the nanometer scale, which causes the leakage currents on the bit‐lines. The bit‐line leakage current slows reading operations or even causes reading errors. In this paper, we proposed a new scheme called RTB, which is combined with a four‐input low‐offset sense amplifier with threshold voltage consideration to solve the problem caused by bit‐line leakage current. This scheme adopts 8T cells and two pairs of bit‐lines connected to a four‐input sense amplifier to balance the bit‐line leakage current in real‐time. In this way, the maximum tolerable bit‐line leakage current can be effectively increased and the reading operation can be accelerated. Simulations in the 55 nm CMOS process design kits under different process corners, temperatures, and voltages show that the proposed scheme can increase the maximum tolerable leakage to more than 300 μA.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181778","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In order to achieve an optimized design of a three‐coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system with constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) output characteristics, meeting the power supply demands of rechargeable loads for CV/CC, this paper conducts an in‐depth research on the three‐coil magnetically coupled resonance (MCR) WPT system. A novel method for CV/CC output switching under the MCR‐WPT system is proposed. Firstly, a coupled inductance model is established, and the compensation parameter expressions of both single‐transmitter single‐receiver (STSR) three‐coil WPT system with relay coil and double‐transmitter single‐receiver (DTSR) three‐coil WPT system are derived. A compensation network parameter design method to achieve zero phase angle (ZPA) condition is proposed. This proposed three‐coil WPT system can achieve CV/CC output switching by a single alternating current (AC) switch. The transmission characteristics of these two MCR‐WPT systems are analyzed, and the transmission efficiency and lateral offset capability of the systems are compared. Experimental results demonstrate stable energy transfer of the system, validating the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed system's CV/CC output characteristics and parameter design methods. The results indicate that the proposed system can achieve stable CV/CC output.
{"title":"Analysis and experimental verification of two types of three‐coil MCR‐WPT system with constant current and constant voltage characteristics","authors":"Haichao Chen, Pengfei Zhang, Lijiao Gong, Tong Yang, Xin Xin Ma, Bo Huang","doi":"10.1002/cta.4226","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4226","url":null,"abstract":"In order to achieve an optimized design of a three‐coil wireless power transfer (WPT) system with constant voltage (CV) and constant current (CC) output characteristics, meeting the power supply demands of rechargeable loads for CV/CC, this paper conducts an in‐depth research on the three‐coil magnetically coupled resonance (MCR) WPT system. A novel method for CV/CC output switching under the MCR‐WPT system is proposed. Firstly, a coupled inductance model is established, and the compensation parameter expressions of both single‐transmitter single‐receiver (STSR) three‐coil WPT system with relay coil and double‐transmitter single‐receiver (DTSR) three‐coil WPT system are derived. A compensation network parameter design method to achieve zero phase angle (ZPA) condition is proposed. This proposed three‐coil WPT system can achieve CV/CC output switching by a single alternating current (AC) switch. The transmission characteristics of these two MCR‐WPT systems are analyzed, and the transmission efficiency and lateral offset capability of the systems are compared. Experimental results demonstrate stable energy transfer of the system, validating the correctness and effectiveness of the proposed system's CV/CC output characteristics and parameter design methods. The results indicate that the proposed system can achieve stable CV/CC output.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"31 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181779","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The transformer is an important part of the power system and ensures the stable operation of the power grid and electricity safety key equipment. With the increase in electricity demand, it is of great significance to ensure the safe and reliable operation of transformers. However, the commonly used dissolved gas analysis (DGA) method in oil for transformer fault identification has significant drawbacks, so this paper proposes a transformer fault identification method based on GASF‐AlexNet‐MSA transfer learning. The use of GASF to convert one‐dimensional dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data into two‐dimensional images, thus enhancing the comprehensiveness of data representation; the utilization of a pre‐trained AlexNet model through transfer learning, which enables the method to efficiently extract complex features such as textures, shapes, and edges; and the introduction of multiple self‐attention mechanisms that further refine the feature extraction and focuses on the key features, thereby improving the accuracy of fault identification. The proposed model achieves a remarkable accuracy of 97.04% on the publicly DGA dataset, which is 5.19% higher than AlexNet, 6.48% higher than VGG16, 6.12% higher than GoogLeNet, 2.41% higher than ResNet, and 3.71% higher than MobileNet. These results underscore the model's strong feature extraction capabilities and its superior performance in transformer fault identification, providing a valuable reference for enhancing the reliability and safety of power systems.
{"title":"Transformer fault identification method based on GASF‐AlexNet‐MSA transfer learning","authors":"Xin Zhang, Kaiyue Yang, Lei Jia","doi":"10.1002/cta.4218","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4218","url":null,"abstract":"The transformer is an important part of the power system and ensures the stable operation of the power grid and electricity safety key equipment. With the increase in electricity demand, it is of great significance to ensure the safe and reliable operation of transformers. However, the commonly used dissolved gas analysis (DGA) method in oil for transformer fault identification has significant drawbacks, so this paper proposes a transformer fault identification method based on GASF‐AlexNet‐MSA transfer learning. The use of GASF to convert one‐dimensional dissolved gas analysis (DGA) data into two‐dimensional images, thus enhancing the comprehensiveness of data representation; the utilization of a pre‐trained AlexNet model through transfer learning, which enables the method to efficiently extract complex features such as textures, shapes, and edges; and the introduction of multiple self‐attention mechanisms that further refine the feature extraction and focuses on the key features, thereby improving the accuracy of fault identification. The proposed model achieves a remarkable accuracy of 97.04% on the publicly DGA dataset, which is 5.19% higher than AlexNet, 6.48% higher than VGG16, 6.12% higher than GoogLeNet, 2.41% higher than ResNet, and 3.71% higher than MobileNet. These results underscore the model's strong feature extraction capabilities and its superior performance in transformer fault identification, providing a valuable reference for enhancing the reliability and safety of power systems.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"22 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181781","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ming Nie, Chaolai Da, Fang Li, Chengxuan Tao, Shufan Li, Lifang Wang
In this paper, an underwater single‐capacitor coupled wireless power transmission (USCC‐WPT) system is proposed, which operates at 200 kHz and can transmit 1 kW of power at 1 m in seawater with an efficiency of 76%. The USCC‐WPT system produces no eddy current losses in seawater, and the distance is increased compared to conventional inductive power transfer systems. The system proposed in this paper has a wide range of applications underwater. The load‐independent constant voltage (CV) output and misalignment tolerance properties of the USCC‐WPT system are analyzed and validated by an equivalent circuit model constructed from the stray capacitance. The 1 kW prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the USCC‐WPT system proposed in this paper, while the system can work properly with 50 cm misalignment.
{"title":"A 1 kW, 76% efficiency underwater single‐capacitor coupled WPT system with a 1 m separation distance single‐capacitor coupled","authors":"Ming Nie, Chaolai Da, Fang Li, Chengxuan Tao, Shufan Li, Lifang Wang","doi":"10.1002/cta.4221","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4221","url":null,"abstract":"In this paper, an underwater single‐capacitor coupled wireless power transmission (USCC‐WPT) system is proposed, which operates at 200 kHz and can transmit 1 kW of power at 1 m in seawater with an efficiency of 76%. The USCC‐WPT system produces no eddy current losses in seawater, and the distance is increased compared to conventional inductive power transfer systems. The system proposed in this paper has a wide range of applications underwater. The load‐independent constant voltage (CV) output and misalignment tolerance properties of the USCC‐WPT system are analyzed and validated by an equivalent circuit model constructed from the stray capacitance. The 1 kW prototype demonstrates the feasibility of the USCC‐WPT system proposed in this paper, while the system can work properly with 50 cm misalignment.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"65 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-14","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper proposes a transformer‐less high step‐down converter (TLHSC) with battery integration. The converter functions as a versatile three‐port converter, with an integration of battery, and offers a wide range of step‐down conversions. This work presents the operational modes along with the steady‐state analysis, design, and modeling of the controller for the TLHSC converter. The controller validates for the diverse load variations. The proposed converter for 500 W is validated on a laboratory test bed with a voltage conversion from 270 to 28 V for a 25 kHz switching frequency. The proposed TLHC demonstrates the remarkable capabilities of a three‐port converter with a high step‐down voltage ratio and reduced semiconductor stress compared to the existing converters. Various performance attributes like loss and efficiency determinations, switch stress analysis, and sensitivity have been investigated and reported. An empirical results presented and the comparative analysis presented for the proposed circuit with the recent converters in the literature entrust the superiority of the proposed converter, offering advantages such as high step‐down capability, minimal components, lower stress, reduced losses, and a simple circuit design for achieving a wide range of step‐down conversions.
本文提出了一种集成电池的无变压器高降压转换器（TLHSC）。该转换器是一种集成电池的多功能三端口转换器，可提供多种降压转换功能。本研究介绍了 TLHSC 转换器的运行模式以及控制器的稳态分析、设计和建模。控制器针对不同的负载变化进行了验证。拟议的 500 W 转换器在实验室试验台上进行了验证，电压转换从 270 V 到 28 V，开关频率为 25 kHz。与现有的转换器相比，拟议的 TLHC 展示了三端口转换器的卓越性能，具有较高的降压比，并降低了半导体应力。研究并报告了各种性能属性，如损耗和效率测定、开关应力分析和灵敏度。所提供的实证结果以及对所提电路与最新文献中的转换器进行的比较分析，证明了所提转换器的优越性，它具有降压能力强、元件少、应力低、损耗小以及电路设计简单等优点，可实现各种降压转换。
{"title":"Battery integrated three‐port transformer‐less high step‐down converter","authors":"Kavitha Murugan, Praneeth Kumar Pedapati, Allamsetty Hemachander","doi":"10.1002/cta.4228","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4228","url":null,"abstract":"This paper proposes a transformer‐less high step‐down converter (TLHSC) with battery integration. The converter functions as a versatile three‐port converter, with an integration of battery, and offers a wide range of step‐down conversions. This work presents the operational modes along with the steady‐state analysis, design, and modeling of the controller for the TLHSC converter. The controller validates for the diverse load variations. The proposed converter for 500 W is validated on a laboratory test bed with a voltage conversion from 270 to 28 V for a 25 kHz switching frequency. The proposed TLHC demonstrates the remarkable capabilities of a three‐port converter with a high step‐down voltage ratio and reduced semiconductor stress compared to the existing converters. Various performance attributes like loss and efficiency determinations, switch stress analysis, and sensitivity have been investigated and reported. An empirical results presented and the comparative analysis presented for the proposed circuit with the recent converters in the literature entrust the superiority of the proposed converter, offering advantages such as high step‐down capability, minimal components, lower stress, reduced losses, and a simple circuit design for achieving a wide range of step‐down conversions.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"179 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142223882","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Aiming at the problem that the current arc suppression method of coil cannot achieve full compensation. First, the calculation model of the full compensation parameters of the controllable voltage source is established by analyzing the grounding fault arc suppression principle of the independent controllable voltage source and the parallel arc suppression coil. Second, by analyzing the arc suppression characteristics of controllable voltage source, a PI automatic regulation method based on phase deviation‐fault residual voltage control is proposed. The method uses fault residual voltage and the change of output voltage amplitude of controllable voltage source to control the adjustment direction and fault residual voltage to control the output voltage amplitude of controllable voltage source. The simulation results show that when the capacitive current of the distribution network is 24.47 A, the fault residual voltage is 2.5 V and the residual current is 446 mA after compensation by the independent controllable voltage source. When the capacitive current is 40.8 A and the deharmonic degree of arc suppression coil is −9%, the fault residual voltage and residual current are 2.2 V and 60 mA after compensated by the parallel arc suppression coil of the controlled voltage source. The proposed PI control method exhibits good stability, resulting in low fault residual voltage, and outperforms traditional control methods, enhancing the arc extinction effect of ground faults.
针对线圈电流消弧方式无法实现全补偿的问题。首先，通过分析独立可控电压源和并联消弧线圈的接地故障消弧原理，建立了可控电压源全补偿参数的计算模型。其次，通过分析可控电压源的消弧特性，提出了一种基于相位偏差-故障残压控制的 PI 自动调节方法。该方法利用故障残压和可控电压源输出电压幅值的变化来控制调节方向，利用故障残压来控制可控电压源的输出电压幅值。仿真结果表明，当配电网电容电流为 24.47 A 时，经独立可控电压源补偿后，故障残压为 2.5 V，残流为 446 mA。当电容电流为 40.8 A，消弧线圈的失谐度为-9%时，通过可控电压源的并联消弧线圈补偿后，故障残压和残流分别为 2.2 V 和 60 mA。所提出的 PI 控制方法稳定性好，故障残压低，优于传统控制方法，增强了接地故障的消弧效果。
{"title":"Research on PI automatic tracking and arc elimination method based on phase deviation‐fault residual voltage control","authors":"Hongwen Liu, Xiangjun Zeng, Qing Yang, Chenchao Chai","doi":"10.1002/cta.4202","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4202","url":null,"abstract":"Aiming at the problem that the current arc suppression method of coil cannot achieve full compensation. First, the calculation model of the full compensation parameters of the controllable voltage source is established by analyzing the grounding fault arc suppression principle of the independent controllable voltage source and the parallel arc suppression coil. Second, by analyzing the arc suppression characteristics of controllable voltage source, a PI automatic regulation method based on phase deviation‐fault residual voltage control is proposed. The method uses fault residual voltage and the change of output voltage amplitude of controllable voltage source to control the adjustment direction and fault residual voltage to control the output voltage amplitude of controllable voltage source. The simulation results show that when the capacitive current of the distribution network is 24.47 A, the fault residual voltage is 2.5 V and the residual current is 446 mA after compensation by the independent controllable voltage source. When the capacitive current is 40.8 A and the deharmonic degree of arc suppression coil is −9%, the fault residual voltage and residual current are 2.2 V and 60 mA after compensated by the parallel arc suppression coil of the controlled voltage source. The proposed PI control method exhibits good stability, resulting in low fault residual voltage, and outperforms traditional control methods, enhancing the arc extinction effect of ground faults.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"155 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181782","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Ruiqiong Wu, Haiming Zhang, Jun Hou, Xiangsheng Luo, Feng Wang, Xueqin Li, Zeli Han
Multiple independent outputs are highly desirable to power the different ports in some power distribution wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This paper develops a WPT system with one transmitter coil and one multi‐tap‐receiver coil to generate multiple independent output voltages. The systems with dual‐tap‐receiver, three‐tap‐receiver, and multiple‐tap‐receiver are analyzed in theory. Because the sub‐windings of the multi‐tap‐receiver can be reused in positive series, the wire length of the receiver (WLR) is reduced compared to the system with multi‐independent receivers. For instance, a multiple outputs system needs N voltage levels (v1, v2, …, vN) while the receiver has N sub‐windings (LS1, LS2, …, LSN), then the voltage level vi (1 ≤ i ≤ N) is powered by sub‐windings LS1, LS2, …, LSi. Hence, the highest voltage level is fed with the entire charge included in the whole receiver, and a part of the sub‐windings supplies low‐voltage levels. The proposed system reduces WLR by more than 32.77% while v2/v1 is 2:1, and under the condition that v3/v2/v1 is 3:2:1, the saved WLR is higher than 75.73%. Besides, an 880‐W prototype with a dual‐tap receiver is built. The experimental results verify that the dual output voltages are load‐independent and non‐interfering. The efficiency is higher than 93.259%.
{"title":"A multi‐tap‐receiver based wireless power transfer system with multiple independent outputs and reduced wire length","authors":"Ruiqiong Wu, Haiming Zhang, Jun Hou, Xiangsheng Luo, Feng Wang, Xueqin Li, Zeli Han","doi":"10.1002/cta.4198","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4198","url":null,"abstract":"Multiple independent outputs are highly desirable to power the different ports in some power distribution wireless power transfer (WPT) systems. This paper develops a WPT system with one transmitter coil and one multi‐tap‐receiver coil to generate multiple independent output voltages. The systems with dual‐tap‐receiver, three‐tap‐receiver, and multiple‐tap‐receiver are analyzed in theory. Because the sub‐windings of the multi‐tap‐receiver can be reused in positive series, the wire length of the receiver (WLR) is reduced compared to the system with multi‐independent receivers. For instance, a multiple outputs system needs <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> voltage levels (<jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub>, <jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub>, …, <jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>N</jats:italic></jats:sub>) while the receiver has <jats:italic>N</jats:italic> sub‐windings (<jats:italic>L</jats:italic><jats:sub>S1</jats:sub>, <jats:italic>L</jats:italic><jats:sub>S2</jats:sub>, …, <jats:italic>L</jats:italic><jats:sub>S<jats:italic>N</jats:italic></jats:sub>), then the voltage level <jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub><jats:italic>i</jats:italic></jats:sub> (1 ≤ <jats:italic>i</jats:italic> ≤ <jats:italic>N</jats:italic>) is powered by sub‐windings <jats:italic>L</jats:italic><jats:sub>S1</jats:sub>, <jats:italic>L</jats:italic><jats:sub>S2</jats:sub>, …, <jats:italic>L</jats:italic><jats:sub>S<jats:italic>i</jats:italic></jats:sub>. Hence, the highest voltage level is fed with the entire charge included in the whole receiver, and a part of the sub‐windings supplies low‐voltage levels. The proposed system reduces WLR by more than 32.77% while <jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/<jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub> is 2:1, and under the condition that <jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>3</jats:sub>/<jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>2</jats:sub>/<jats:italic>v</jats:italic><jats:sub>1</jats:sub> is 3:2:1, the saved WLR is higher than 75.73%. Besides, an 880‐W prototype with a dual‐tap receiver is built. The experimental results verify that the dual output voltages are load‐independent and non‐interfering. The efficiency is higher than 93.259%.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper introduces a hybrid inductor‐current sensor with fast response and high accuracy using online calibration for 25 MHz BUCK DC‐DC converter. The proposed inductor‐current sensor combines the high accuracy of the senseFET sensing method with the lossless and real‐time response characteristics of the RC filter technique. Comparing to exist techniques, the proposed calibration scheme can make filter coefficient converge even in unsteady state, which improve its effectiveness in practical application. Moreover, the proposed inductor‐current sensor utilizes sample‐based senseFET‐based current sensing to offer calibration reference, which avoid the use of high bandwidth amplifier. Digital current balance control is seamlessly integrated into the 25 MHz 2‐phase digital adaptive time‐controlled (AOT) BUCK DC‐DC converter through the utilization of the proposed hybrid inductor‐current sensor. The 2‐phase BUCK DC‐DC converter is implemented in a standard 0.18‐µm CMOS process. After online calibration, proposed hybrid inductor‐current sensor outputs a full‐wave waveform with high accuracy and low propagation delay of only 9 ns in post‐layout simulation.
{"title":"A hybrid inductor‐current sensor with fast response and high accuracy using online calibration for high‐frequency BUCK DC‐DC converters","authors":"Wentai Yuan, Weitao Xie, Zhijian Chen, Xiaoling Lin, Xian Tang, Yanqi Zheng","doi":"10.1002/cta.4216","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4216","url":null,"abstract":"This paper introduces a hybrid inductor‐current sensor with fast response and high accuracy using online calibration for 25 MHz BUCK DC‐DC converter. The proposed inductor‐current sensor combines the high accuracy of the senseFET sensing method with the lossless and real‐time response characteristics of the RC filter technique. Comparing to exist techniques, the proposed calibration scheme can make filter coefficient converge even in unsteady state, which improve its effectiveness in practical application. Moreover, the proposed inductor‐current sensor utilizes sample‐based senseFET‐based current sensing to offer calibration reference, which avoid the use of high bandwidth amplifier. Digital current balance control is seamlessly integrated into the 25 MHz 2‐phase digital adaptive time‐controlled (AOT) BUCK DC‐DC converter through the utilization of the proposed hybrid inductor‐current sensor. The 2‐phase BUCK DC‐DC converter is implemented in a standard 0.18‐µm CMOS process. After online calibration, proposed hybrid inductor‐current sensor outputs a full‐wave waveform with high accuracy and low propagation delay of only 9 ns in post‐layout simulation.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"66 2 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941818","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Due to the increasing complexity of chip design, existing placement methods still have many shortcomings in dealing with macro cells coverage and optimization efficiency. Aiming at the problems of layout overlap, inferior performance, and low optimization efficiency in existing chip design methods, this paper proposes an end-to-end placement method, SRLPlacer, based on reinforcement learning. First, the placement problem is transformed into a Markov decision process by establishing the coupling relationship graph model between macro cells to learn the strategy for optimizing layouts. Secondly, the whole placement process is optimized after integrating the standard cell layout. By assessing the public benchmark ISPD2005, the proposed SRLPlacer can effectively solve the overlap problem between macro cells while considering routing congestion and shortening the total wire length to ensure routability.
{"title":"Non-overlapping placement of macro cells based on reinforcement learning in chip design","authors":"Tao Yu, Peng Gao, Fei Wang, Ru-Yue Yuan","doi":"10.1002/cta.4235","DOIUrl":"10.1002/cta.4235","url":null,"abstract":"<p>Due to the increasing complexity of chip design, existing placement methods still have many shortcomings in dealing with macro cells coverage and optimization efficiency. Aiming at the problems of layout overlap, inferior performance, and low optimization efficiency in existing chip design methods, this paper proposes an end-to-end placement method, SRLPlacer, based on reinforcement learning. First, the placement problem is transformed into a Markov decision process by establishing the coupling relationship graph model between macro cells to learn the strategy for optimizing layouts. Secondly, the whole placement process is optimized after integrating the standard cell layout. By assessing the public benchmark ISPD2005, the proposed SRLPlacer can effectively solve the overlap problem between macro cells while considering routing congestion and shortening the total wire length to ensure routability.</p>","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"53 2","pages":"1159-1170"},"PeriodicalIF":1.8,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"142181783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many online monitoring devices in substations are placed at high potential differences from the ground, and it is not possible to supply power to these devices directly from the ground through wires. Placing magnetically coupled structures inside the substation pillar insulators for inductive power transfer is considered a feasible solution, and at this stage of research, systems that add multi‐stage repeating coil structures are mostly used to achieve stable power supply for individual online monitoring devices. However, the monitoring point generally requires multiple devices to monitor together, and the power requirements of different devices are different, so adding multiple repeating coils at the same time will increase the complexity of the system design, which is not conducive to engineering applications. Therefore, this paper designs and optimizes a multi‐stage multi‐load wireless power supply system magnetic coupling structure, using a three‐dimensional hollow solenoid combined with a ferrite core as the system repeating coil structure and an embedded magnetic coupling structure as the receiver end structure to reduce the number of system repeating coils while supplying power to devices with different power requirements. A prototype with a transmission distance of 1.02 m was built in the experiment, and the experimental results showed that the highest transmission efficiency of the system was 44.3% and 39.2% under single load and double load conditions, respectively. As the load resistance increases, the system can achieve constant voltage output under both single‐load and dual‐load operating conditions. Adjusting the number of turns of the receiving coil can change the output characteristics of the system and achieve constant voltage output of different voltage levels or constant current output of different current levels, which can meet the power supply needs of different loads.
{"title":"Research and design of multi‐stage multi‐load wireless power supply system for high voltage online monitoring equipment","authors":"Jianghua Lu, Yineng Gui","doi":"10.1002/cta.4212","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1002/cta.4212","url":null,"abstract":"Many online monitoring devices in substations are placed at high potential differences from the ground, and it is not possible to supply power to these devices directly from the ground through wires. Placing magnetically coupled structures inside the substation pillar insulators for inductive power transfer is considered a feasible solution, and at this stage of research, systems that add multi‐stage repeating coil structures are mostly used to achieve stable power supply for individual online monitoring devices. However, the monitoring point generally requires multiple devices to monitor together, and the power requirements of different devices are different, so adding multiple repeating coils at the same time will increase the complexity of the system design, which is not conducive to engineering applications. Therefore, this paper designs and optimizes a multi‐stage multi‐load wireless power supply system magnetic coupling structure, using a three‐dimensional hollow solenoid combined with a ferrite core as the system repeating coil structure and an embedded magnetic coupling structure as the receiver end structure to reduce the number of system repeating coils while supplying power to devices with different power requirements. A prototype with a transmission distance of 1.02 m was built in the experiment, and the experimental results showed that the highest transmission efficiency of the system was 44.3% and 39.2% under single load and double load conditions, respectively. As the load resistance increases, the system can achieve constant voltage output under both single‐load and dual‐load operating conditions. Adjusting the number of turns of the receiving coil can change the output characteristics of the system and achieve constant voltage output of different voltage levels or constant current output of different current levels, which can meet the power supply needs of different loads.","PeriodicalId":13874,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Circuit Theory and Applications","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":2.3,"publicationDate":"2024-08-12","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"141941815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":3,"RegionCategory":"工程技术","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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