Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211011
E. Ameyaw, E. Obese, D. Asante, R. Biney, A. Karikari, E. Adakudugu, Bright G. Dzotefe, Madison Adanusa
Background: Neuropathic pain is a very disturbing condition commonly found in diabetic patients. This study investigated xylopic acid (XA), the major constituent of Xylopia aethiopica in diabetic neuropathy as well as established possible toxicity of the compound on some selected tissues. Methods: Diabetes was induced in six groups of male rats with 120 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Diabetes was confirmed as a blood glucose level >15 mmol/dl. Neuropathic pain was confirmed on day three post-diabetes induction and treatment with 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg xylopic acid, 10 mg/kg glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg morphine, and 10 ml/kg normal saline were initiated and continued for the next 15 days. The effects of the treatments on cold allodynia (cold water at 4°C) and thermal hyperalgesia (hot water at 55 ± 1°C) were evaluated within the duration of treatments. Histology of the liver and kidney, as well as haematological, serum biochemical, and semen analyses, were done after the fifteenth day of the experiment. Results: Xylopic acid produced significant anti-hyperglycaemic and analgesic effects in the cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests. Sperm motility, viability and count were significantly restored at 10 mg/kg XA as compared higher doses and negative control. The outcome of haematological analysis revealed a protective effect of XA although histological damage liver and kidney due to alloxan treatment was observable. Conclusions: Xylopic acid ameliorates diabetic neuropathy in rats and does not exert detrimental effects at low doses.
{"title":"Effect of xylopic acid on alloxan-induced diabetic neuropathy in rats","authors":"E. Ameyaw, E. Obese, D. Asante, R. Biney, A. Karikari, E. Adakudugu, Bright G. Dzotefe, Madison Adanusa","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211011","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211011","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Neuropathic pain is a very disturbing condition commonly found in diabetic patients. This study investigated xylopic acid (XA), the major constituent of Xylopia aethiopica in diabetic neuropathy as well as established possible toxicity of the compound on some selected tissues. Methods: Diabetes was induced in six groups of male rats with 120 mg/kg alloxan monohydrate. Diabetes was confirmed as a blood glucose level >15 mmol/dl. Neuropathic pain was confirmed on day three post-diabetes induction and treatment with 10 mg/kg, 30 mg/kg or 100 mg/kg xylopic acid, 10 mg/kg glibenclamide, 10 mg/kg morphine, and 10 ml/kg normal saline were initiated and continued for the next 15 days. The effects of the treatments on cold allodynia (cold water at 4°C) and thermal hyperalgesia (hot water at 55 ± 1°C) were evaluated within the duration of treatments. Histology of the liver and kidney, as well as haematological, serum biochemical, and semen analyses, were done after the fifteenth day of the experiment. Results: Xylopic acid produced significant anti-hyperglycaemic and analgesic effects in the cold allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia tests. Sperm motility, viability and count were significantly restored at 10 mg/kg XA as compared higher doses and negative control. The outcome of haematological analysis revealed a protective effect of XA although histological damage liver and kidney due to alloxan treatment was observable. Conclusions: Xylopic acid ameliorates diabetic neuropathy in rats and does not exert detrimental effects at low doses.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"24 1","pages":"333"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"77590321","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211034
R. Paudel, H. Nepal
Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens since 1986. VRE have been associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates than vancomycin susceptible enterococci. Of over 50 species of Enterococcus, a genus of Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs and short chains, E. faecalis is the most common cause of infections whereas E. faecium is the species exhibiting highest rate of antibiotic resistance. VRE have been implicated in varieties of infections such as bacteremia, infective endocarditis, intra-abdominal and pelvic infections, urinary tract infections, central nervous system infections and skin and skin structure infections. Since VRE exhibit multidrug resistance, there are very limited options for treatment of infections caused by them. One of the major treatment options is linezolid. The drug is the first member of oxazolidinones that received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2000 as the last-resort drug for treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. This bacteriostatic drug binds to rRNAs of both the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, inhibits formation of initiation complex and prevents the synthesis of bacterial protein. Though this drug has been very useful to treat serious infections caused by VRE, some strains of enterococci have already been found to exhibit resistance to this drug.
{"title":"Linezolid resistance in vancomycin resistant enterococci: a worrisome situation","authors":"R. Paudel, H. Nepal","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211034","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211034","url":null,"abstract":"Vancomycin resistant enterococci (VRE) have emerged as important nosocomial pathogens since 1986. VRE have been associated with higher morbidity and mortality rates than vancomycin susceptible enterococci. Of over 50 species of Enterococcus, a genus of Gram-positive cocci arranged in pairs and short chains, E. faecalis is the most common cause of infections whereas E. faecium is the species exhibiting highest rate of antibiotic resistance. VRE have been implicated in varieties of infections such as bacteremia, infective endocarditis, intra-abdominal and pelvic infections, urinary tract infections, central nervous system infections and skin and skin structure infections. Since VRE exhibit multidrug resistance, there are very limited options for treatment of infections caused by them. One of the major treatment options is linezolid. The drug is the first member of oxazolidinones that received Food and Drug Administration (FDA) approval in 2000 as the last-resort drug for treatment of serious Gram-positive bacterial infections, including vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE), methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and multi-drug resistant Streptococcus pneumoniae infections. This bacteriostatic drug binds to rRNAs of both the 30S and 50S ribosomal subunits, inhibits formation of initiation complex and prevents the synthesis of bacterial protein. Though this drug has been very useful to treat serious infections caused by VRE, some strains of enterococci have already been found to exhibit resistance to this drug.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":"464"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88332870","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211016
Neeraj Sadiq, Ghulam Subhani, S. Fatima, M. Nadeem, S. Zafer, M. Mohsin
Background: Antidiabetic drugs are many but all of them have adverse effects ranging from simple side effects to serious side effects like hypoglycemic coma. We need alternative drugs which will not only lower blood sugar level but have fewer side effects. One such daily use ingredient in our food is Nigella sativa (kalonji) which has many properties. Methods: This was an objective study in an experimental animal. We divided albino wistar rats into six groups each group with six rats. Diabetes was induced using drug streptozotocin. Three doses of Nigella sativa 0.5 ml, 1 ml, 1.5 ml orally per rat were used. Metformin (100 mg/kg body weight) was used as standard drug. Blood sugar was estimated using glucometer on day 0 (starting day of treatment), day 5, day 10, day 20, day 40. The effect of Nigella sativa was compared with metformin group using the Anova test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Results: Nigella sativa (NS) produced significant hypoglycemic effect. NS in the dose of 0.5 ml, 1 ml and 1.5 ml produced significant reduction in blood glucose in comparison to day 0. Metformin also (100 mg/kg body weight) produced significant reduction in blood glucose on day 20 and day 40. Comparison of hypoglycemic effect of Nigella sativa is not significantly different on day 10 (1 ml) and day 20 (1.5 ml) in comparison to Metformin (100 mg/kg body weight). Histopathological examination showed that there was partial regeneration of beta islet cells of pancreas by 1.5 ml of Nigella sativa which were damaged due to streptozotocin treatment. Conclusions: Alternative method of treatment for diabetes is very much needed and the study shows the use of the spice (Nigella sativa) daily can lower the blood sugar levels and can serve as an alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus.
{"title":"Antidiabetic effect of Nigella sativa compared with metformin on blood glucose levels in streptozotocin induced diabetic albino wistar rats","authors":"Neeraj Sadiq, Ghulam Subhani, S. Fatima, M. Nadeem, S. Zafer, M. Mohsin","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211016","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211016","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Antidiabetic drugs are many but all of them have adverse effects ranging from simple side effects to serious side effects like hypoglycemic coma. We need alternative drugs which will not only lower blood sugar level but have fewer side effects. One such daily use ingredient in our food is Nigella sativa (kalonji) which has many properties. Methods: This was an objective study in an experimental animal. We divided albino wistar rats into six groups each group with six rats. Diabetes was induced using drug streptozotocin. Three doses of Nigella sativa 0.5 ml, 1 ml, 1.5 ml orally per rat were used. Metformin (100 mg/kg body weight) was used as standard drug. Blood sugar was estimated using glucometer on day 0 (starting day of treatment), day 5, day 10, day 20, day 40. The effect of Nigella sativa was compared with metformin group using the Anova test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS software version 20. Results: Nigella sativa (NS) produced significant hypoglycemic effect. NS in the dose of 0.5 ml, 1 ml and 1.5 ml produced significant reduction in blood glucose in comparison to day 0. Metformin also (100 mg/kg body weight) produced significant reduction in blood glucose on day 20 and day 40. Comparison of hypoglycemic effect of Nigella sativa is not significantly different on day 10 (1 ml) and day 20 (1.5 ml) in comparison to Metformin (100 mg/kg body weight). Histopathological examination showed that there was partial regeneration of beta islet cells of pancreas by 1.5 ml of Nigella sativa which were damaged due to streptozotocin treatment. Conclusions: Alternative method of treatment for diabetes is very much needed and the study shows the use of the spice (Nigella sativa) daily can lower the blood sugar levels and can serve as an alternative treatment of diabetes mellitus.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"10 1","pages":"361"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72900380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211032
A. Noor, Ruqaya Aziz
The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by an RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging global health pandemic. With currently no approved treatment or prophylaxis, the SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly transmitted via touch, droplets, and fomites. In most affected patients, the disease will have mild flu-like symptoms (fever, dry cough, and difficulty in breathing) and in selected patients may cause severe complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure due to hyper-inflammation and cytokine storm syndrome. Understanding the pathogenesis of the disease is essential for identification and rational design of effective drug targets. The plant metabolites can provide as a prospective approach for SARS-CoV-2, due to lowest possible side effect and antiviral properties. In this report, we provide an overview of the disease pathogenesis and highlight the potential therapeutic interventions.
{"title":"Plants metabolites as a prospective approach against the COVID-19","authors":"A. Noor, Ruqaya Aziz","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211032","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211032","url":null,"abstract":"The Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) caused by an RNA virus SARS-CoV-2 is an emerging global health pandemic. With currently no approved treatment or prophylaxis, the SARS-CoV-2 is rapidly transmitted via touch, droplets, and fomites. In most affected patients, the disease will have mild flu-like symptoms (fever, dry cough, and difficulty in breathing) and in selected patients may cause severe complications such as progressive pneumonia, acute respiratory distress syndrome, and organ failure due to hyper-inflammation and cytokine storm syndrome. Understanding the pathogenesis of the disease is essential for identification and rational design of effective drug targets. The plant metabolites can provide as a prospective approach for SARS-CoV-2, due to lowest possible side effect and antiviral properties. In this report, we provide an overview of the disease pathogenesis and highlight the potential therapeutic interventions.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"22 1","pages":"453"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89628053","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211031
Shreya Gupta, N. Mittal, M. Gupta
Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, characterized by mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to abnormality in the chloride channels of the mucus and sweat producing glands. Multiple organs systems are affected in this disorder, like respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract, severely impacting the patient’s quality of life, eventually leading on to several complications and death. Since the uncovering of the underlying genetic defect in cystic fibrosis (CF), our knowledge of the disease process has increased substantially, but we still lack a holistic approach to its management, which comprises of multiple facades, requiring both pharmacological and non-pharmacological or rehabilitatory approaches. So far, the therapeutic options were limited to targeting the consequences and complications of the disease, such as respiratory infection, mucus retention, pancreatic insufficiency, etc., but now several promising therapies may be able to address the underlying pathology rather than its long-term effects. This review summarizes the current and upcoming pharmacological options for CF, such as those targeting the CFTR gene defect directly, including gene editing, CFTR correctors and potentiators; drugs targeting the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC inhibitors); repositioning of some existing drugs and evaluating their role in CF; and understanding the disease better by transcriptomic approaches and the role of gut microbiota in the disease process and severity.
{"title":"Cystic fibrosis: current treatment and future direction","authors":"Shreya Gupta, N. Mittal, M. Gupta","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211031","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211031","url":null,"abstract":"Cystic fibrosis is an autosomal recessive genetic disorder, characterized by mutation in the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene, leading to abnormality in the chloride channels of the mucus and sweat producing glands. Multiple organs systems are affected in this disorder, like respiratory system and gastrointestinal tract, severely impacting the patient’s quality of life, eventually leading on to several complications and death. Since the uncovering of the underlying genetic defect in cystic fibrosis (CF), our knowledge of the disease process has increased substantially, but we still lack a holistic approach to its management, which comprises of multiple facades, requiring both pharmacological and non-pharmacological or rehabilitatory approaches. So far, the therapeutic options were limited to targeting the consequences and complications of the disease, such as respiratory infection, mucus retention, pancreatic insufficiency, etc., but now several promising therapies may be able to address the underlying pathology rather than its long-term effects. This review summarizes the current and upcoming pharmacological options for CF, such as those targeting the CFTR gene defect directly, including gene editing, CFTR correctors and potentiators; drugs targeting the epithelial sodium channels (ENaC inhibitors); repositioning of some existing drugs and evaluating their role in CF; and understanding the disease better by transcriptomic approaches and the role of gut microbiota in the disease process and severity.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"13 1","pages":"444"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"79899100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-03-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211026
R. Suman, H. K. Singh, V. G. Patil
Background: Prescribing patterns provides prescribing behaviors of prescriber. Hypertension is most common cardiac complication among middle and old age population. Thus, study about prescribing trends helps to select appropriate drug for treatment of hypertension. The study aim was to analyze the patterns of antihypertensive drug prescribed in patients diagnosed with hypertension. Methods: The study was cross sectional and observational study. A questionnaire was specifically designed factoring patients’ demographical profile, diagnosis of disease, drug regimen. Results: The totals of 100 patients were analyzed for the prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drug maximum patients belonged to the age group of 61-80. The proportion of male (62%) patients was more as compared to female patients (38%). Total drug prescribed was 246 in 100 prescriptions. Average drug per prescription was 2.46. Among 246 drugs, 97% were antihypertensive prescribed and 3% were other concomitant drugs. 65% single drug prescribed, 25% two drug prescribed and 10% three drug prescribed. Most commonly single antihypertensive drug prescribed was telmisartan. Most commonly two antihypertensive drug prescribed was telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide. Most commonly three antihypertensive drug prescribed was telmisartan + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide. Among total 246 drug prescribed, angiotensin receptor blocker was prescribed (ARB) 28%, calcium channel blocker (CCB) 17%, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) 12%, beta blocker 5% followed by ARB + diuretics 13%, ACEI + diuretics 8%, beta blocker + CCB 4%, ARB + CCB + diuretics 7%, ARB + beta blocker + diuretics 3% and 3% other drug prescribed. There was no fixed dose combination prescribed and no injectable prescribed in present study. Conclusions: The most common drug prescribed was ARB as single drug therapy. The most common drug which was used for combination therapy was diuretics.
{"title":"Prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drugs in tertiary care teaching hospital","authors":"R. Suman, H. K. Singh, V. G. Patil","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211026","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211026","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Prescribing patterns provides prescribing behaviors of prescriber. Hypertension is most common cardiac complication among middle and old age population. Thus, study about prescribing trends helps to select appropriate drug for treatment of hypertension. The study aim was to analyze the patterns of antihypertensive drug prescribed in patients diagnosed with hypertension. Methods: The study was cross sectional and observational study. A questionnaire was specifically designed factoring patients’ demographical profile, diagnosis of disease, drug regimen. Results: The totals of 100 patients were analyzed for the prescribing patterns of antihypertensive drug maximum patients belonged to the age group of 61-80. The proportion of male (62%) patients was more as compared to female patients (38%). Total drug prescribed was 246 in 100 prescriptions. Average drug per prescription was 2.46. Among 246 drugs, 97% were antihypertensive prescribed and 3% were other concomitant drugs. 65% single drug prescribed, 25% two drug prescribed and 10% three drug prescribed. Most commonly single antihypertensive drug prescribed was telmisartan. Most commonly two antihypertensive drug prescribed was telmisartan + hydrochlorothiazide. Most commonly three antihypertensive drug prescribed was telmisartan + amlodipine + hydrochlorothiazide. Among total 246 drug prescribed, angiotensin receptor blocker was prescribed (ARB) 28%, calcium channel blocker (CCB) 17%, angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor (ACEI) 12%, beta blocker 5% followed by ARB + diuretics 13%, ACEI + diuretics 8%, beta blocker + CCB 4%, ARB + CCB + diuretics 7%, ARB + beta blocker + diuretics 3% and 3% other drug prescribed. There was no fixed dose combination prescribed and no injectable prescribed in present study. Conclusions: The most common drug prescribed was ARB as single drug therapy. The most common drug which was used for combination therapy was diuretics.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"9 1","pages":"420"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-03-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84222901","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210563
O. Ogundipe
Student selected components (SSCs) are increasingly described elements of medical undergraduate education, training and curricula. SSCs offer the potential for integration into both traditional (‘pre-clinical’ versus ‘clinical’) medical curricula, as well as into other innovative or evolving medical training curricula. This article employs a structured and descriptive approach to exemplify the process by which year 1 medical students were supported in a practical manner to undertake a distinct small group SSC project. In this illustration, the SSC was focused on a quality improvement (QI) topic of relevance to clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT), and involved a review of the anticholinergic burden of inpatient prescriptions for a defined cohort. The SSC was completed in the context of a teaching hospital’s medicine of the elderly (MoE) clinical service. In a sequential manner, the paper describes experiential learning points from the perspective of a supervisor of an SSC project. The paper offers educational value with a potential for generalisable application to non-clinical and clinical educationalists. Furthermore, the paper offers guidance to supervisors, teachers, tutors and facilitators, with encouragement to consider how they may design similar projects for the training of undergraduate medical students in centres that they are affiliated with. The paper also highlights another key driver for productive SSCs i.e. the central principle of striving to promote projects and activities that support active student engagement, rather than merely passive inclusion.
{"title":"Student selected components as an educational platform for teaching medical students about clinical pharmacology and quality improvement activities","authors":"O. Ogundipe","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210563","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210563","url":null,"abstract":"Student selected components (SSCs) are increasingly described elements of medical undergraduate education, training and curricula. SSCs offer the potential for integration into both traditional (‘pre-clinical’ versus ‘clinical’) medical curricula, as well as into other innovative or evolving medical training curricula. This article employs a structured and descriptive approach to exemplify the process by which year 1 medical students were supported in a practical manner to undertake a distinct small group SSC project. In this illustration, the SSC was focused on a quality improvement (QI) topic of relevance to clinical pharmacology and therapeutics (CPT), and involved a review of the anticholinergic burden of inpatient prescriptions for a defined cohort. The SSC was completed in the context of a teaching hospital’s medicine of the elderly (MoE) clinical service. In a sequential manner, the paper describes experiential learning points from the perspective of a supervisor of an SSC project. The paper offers educational value with a potential for generalisable application to non-clinical and clinical educationalists. Furthermore, the paper offers guidance to supervisors, teachers, tutors and facilitators, with encouragement to consider how they may design similar projects for the training of undergraduate medical students in centres that they are affiliated with. The paper also highlights another key driver for productive SSCs i.e. the central principle of striving to promote projects and activities that support active student engagement, rather than merely passive inclusion.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"9 1","pages":"309"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75016625","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210561
F. Gberindyer, F. Shima, J. A. Bosha, V. M. Ahur, Festus T. Swem, M. Abatan
The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted adversely on the global health and socio-economic activities. There is currently no evidence-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug for COVID-19 therapy. This review highlights some pharmacological properties of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine and prospects of repurposing them for the treatment of COVID-19. Google scholar was employed in searching relevant published journal articles (n=118) in English. The search was later narrowed down to SARS-CoV-2, pathophysiology of COVID-19, available drugs for the management of COVID-19, clinical trials on repurposing drugs for COVID-19 therapy, and the role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. Documented evidence revealed that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have antiviral and immune-modulatory properties. Their antiviral effect is due to inhibition of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 from binding to the cellular transmembrane receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme2 thereby preventing viral infections. Also, sequestration of these drugs into the lysosomes elevates lysosomal pH thus inhibiting lysosomal enzymatic functions vital for viral replication in those cells. Whereas, their immune-modulatory activity averts the inflammatory complications of COVID-19, particularly acute respiratory syndrome, by preventing cytokine storm through suppression of the production and putative release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The adverse effects from these drugs, notably irreversible retinopathy and cardiac arrhythmia are rare but become life-threatening when they occur. These are minimal with hydroxychloroquine compared to chloroquine. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could be repurposed for managing COVID-19 cases because they are already extensively used for treating acute nonresistant malaria and auto-immune diseases. Also, a viable vaccine cannot be available in the near future while there is a pressing need for treatments to lower the daily rise in morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Nevertheless, we suggest that emphasis should be on hydroxychloroquine because of its superior antiviral effect and clinical safety.
{"title":"Repurposing of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine for the management of COVID-19","authors":"F. Gberindyer, F. Shima, J. A. Bosha, V. M. Ahur, Festus T. Swem, M. Abatan","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210561","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210561","url":null,"abstract":"The Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) pandemic has impacted adversely on the global health and socio-economic activities. There is currently no evidence-based anti-SARS-CoV-2 drug for COVID-19 therapy. This review highlights some pharmacological properties of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine and prospects of repurposing them for the treatment of COVID-19. Google scholar was employed in searching relevant published journal articles (n=118) in English. The search was later narrowed down to SARS-CoV-2, pathophysiology of COVID-19, available drugs for the management of COVID-19, clinical trials on repurposing drugs for COVID-19 therapy, and the role of chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine in the treatment of COVID-19. Documented evidence revealed that chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have antiviral and immune-modulatory properties. Their antiviral effect is due to inhibition of the spike proteins of SARS-CoV-2 from binding to the cellular transmembrane receptors, angiotensin converting enzyme2 thereby preventing viral infections. Also, sequestration of these drugs into the lysosomes elevates lysosomal pH thus inhibiting lysosomal enzymatic functions vital for viral replication in those cells. Whereas, their immune-modulatory activity averts the inflammatory complications of COVID-19, particularly acute respiratory syndrome, by preventing cytokine storm through suppression of the production and putative release of pro-inflammatory cytokines. The adverse effects from these drugs, notably irreversible retinopathy and cardiac arrhythmia are rare but become life-threatening when they occur. These are minimal with hydroxychloroquine compared to chloroquine. Chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine could be repurposed for managing COVID-19 cases because they are already extensively used for treating acute nonresistant malaria and auto-immune diseases. Also, a viable vaccine cannot be available in the near future while there is a pressing need for treatments to lower the daily rise in morbidity and mortality associated with the disease. Nevertheless, we suggest that emphasis should be on hydroxychloroquine because of its superior antiviral effect and clinical safety.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"57 1","pages":"300"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84516037","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210555
Anil Kumar P., Raj Kumar K.
Background: The aim of the current study was to investigate the prescribing pattern of anti-diabetic drugs in diabetic patients attending tertiary care teaching hospital in Kurnool. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational survey was carried out in 100 patients of diabetes mellitus attending diabetes outpatient/medicine outpatient departments, to assess their prescribing pattern of anti-diabetic drugs. Results: Average number of anti-diabetic drugs per prescription was 1.4. Metformin (biguanide) was the commonest prescribed individual drug among oral hypoglycemic agents. Fixed dose combination of biguanide and sulfonylurea was prescribed commonly. Monotherapy dominated over polytherapy and there was a higher percentage of use of insulin in type 2 diabetics. Conclusions: OHAs still dominate the prescribing pattern, but there was a shifting trend toward the use of insulin preparations in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intensification of current drug treatment as well as planning multiple drug interventions with lifestyle modification is necessary.
{"title":"Prescribing pattern of antidiabetic drugs in tertiary care hospital","authors":"Anil Kumar P., Raj Kumar K.","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210555","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210555","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The aim of the current study was to investigate the prescribing pattern of anti-diabetic drugs in diabetic patients attending tertiary care teaching hospital in Kurnool. Methods: A prospective, cross-sectional, observational survey was carried out in 100 patients of diabetes mellitus attending diabetes outpatient/medicine outpatient departments, to assess their prescribing pattern of anti-diabetic drugs. Results: Average number of anti-diabetic drugs per prescription was 1.4. Metformin (biguanide) was the commonest prescribed individual drug among oral hypoglycemic agents. Fixed dose combination of biguanide and sulfonylurea was prescribed commonly. Monotherapy dominated over polytherapy and there was a higher percentage of use of insulin in type 2 diabetics. Conclusions: OHAs still dominate the prescribing pattern, but there was a shifting trend toward the use of insulin preparations in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus. Intensification of current drug treatment as well as planning multiple drug interventions with lifestyle modification is necessary.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"21 1","pages":"251"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82587067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-02-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210559
B. Mohan, S. Jayaram
Background: India stands at 3 position with large elderly population in the world. Elderly population has special problems related to health, social support, and economic security. Comorbidities in elderly people are frequent, which require use of multiple medications which increases the number of inappropriate medications noncompliance, economic burden, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and drug interactions. The overall incidence of ADR is two to three times higher due to physiological and pharmacological variations. Currently used screening tools for inappropriate prescription in old age are: Beers criteria and inappropriate prescribing in the elderly tool (IPET). Methods: A prospective observational study of elderly patients of either sex admitted in the medicine ward, conducted from May 2019-November 2019. A total of 102 prescriptions were collected and analysed. Data was analysed using Microsoft excel. Results: In this study most of the patients (67 out of 102) were in the age group 65-70 years with male population (73%) dominance. Most of the patient were admitted due to cardiovascular (35.84%) and respiratory system (14.15%) disorder. Anti-diabetics (17.64%) followed by anti-microbials (14.24%) were the most commonly prescribed medicines in this study. Our study revealed poly pharmacy in geriatric patients with an average number of drugs per prescription being 6.07. According to BEER’s criteria 3.47% of total drugs prescribed were inappropriate Conclusions: In this study most of the patients had co morbid conditions, cardiovascular disease and diabetes being the common cause led to polypharmacy. A high number of potential prescription errors were found.
{"title":"A prospective study on prescribing pattern of drugs in geriatric patients in the department of medicine in a tertiary care center","authors":"B. Mohan, S. Jayaram","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210559","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20210559","url":null,"abstract":"Background: India stands at 3 position with large elderly population in the world. Elderly population has special problems related to health, social support, and economic security. Comorbidities in elderly people are frequent, which require use of multiple medications which increases the number of inappropriate medications noncompliance, economic burden, adverse drug reactions (ADRs), and drug interactions. The overall incidence of ADR is two to three times higher due to physiological and pharmacological variations. Currently used screening tools for inappropriate prescription in old age are: Beers criteria and inappropriate prescribing in the elderly tool (IPET). Methods: A prospective observational study of elderly patients of either sex admitted in the medicine ward, conducted from May 2019-November 2019. A total of 102 prescriptions were collected and analysed. Data was analysed using Microsoft excel. Results: In this study most of the patients (67 out of 102) were in the age group 65-70 years with male population (73%) dominance. Most of the patient were admitted due to cardiovascular (35.84%) and respiratory system (14.15%) disorder. Anti-diabetics (17.64%) followed by anti-microbials (14.24%) were the most commonly prescribed medicines in this study. Our study revealed poly pharmacy in geriatric patients with an average number of drugs per prescription being 6.07. According to BEER’s criteria 3.47% of total drugs prescribed were inappropriate Conclusions: In this study most of the patients had co morbid conditions, cardiovascular disease and diabetes being the common cause led to polypharmacy. A high number of potential prescription errors were found.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"17 1","pages":"293"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-02-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91144908","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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