Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211661
Rashmi Purushottam Surti
Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of mortality among women globally. Approximately 20% to 25% of BC patients have amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) genes, a marker of poor prognosis. However, the introduction of anti-HER2therapies (trastuzumab, followed closely by lapatinib, pertuzumab, and T-DM 1) has changed the natural history of HER2-positive BC and improved the prognosis and survival in HER2-positive BC patients. The approval of trastuzumab and pertuzumab linked with a taxane as a first-line treatment and follow-up treatment with the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 has undeniably contributed to attaining these outcomes. The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor lapatinib is another commonly used treatment in combination with capecitabine, approved on the basis of an improvement in progression-free survival. The superiority of combination anti-HER2 therapy to achieve more complete inhibition of the various HER receptor dimers has been demonstrated in clinical studies. Nonetheless, studies have also suggested that some HER2-amplified tumors may benefit from anti-HER2 therapy combined with only a single chemotherapy agent or in the absence of any chemotherapy. However, despite therapeutic advances, tumors expressing estrogen receptor (ER) have poorer responses to targeted therapy and are more likely to relapse. A better understanding of resistance to existing anti-HER2 agents, along with the role played by the microenvironment and of interconnected signaling pathways, can permit tailor-made therapeutic options for each patient. The aim of this review is to evaluate treatment approaches for BC patients with HER2-positive disease in the adjuvant, and neoadjuvant setting.
{"title":"Current treatment approaches for breast cancer patients with HER2-positive disease in the adjuvant, and neo-adjuvant setting","authors":"Rashmi Purushottam Surti","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211661","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211661","url":null,"abstract":"Breast cancer (BC) is the second most common cancer and the leading cause of mortality among women globally. Approximately 20% to 25% of BC patients have amplification of the human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) genes, a marker of poor prognosis. However, the introduction of anti-HER2therapies (trastuzumab, followed closely by lapatinib, pertuzumab, and T-DM 1) has changed the natural history of HER2-positive BC and improved the prognosis and survival in HER2-positive BC patients. The approval of trastuzumab and pertuzumab linked with a taxane as a first-line treatment and follow-up treatment with the antibody-drug conjugate T-DM1 has undeniably contributed to attaining these outcomes. The Tyrosine Kinase Inhibitor lapatinib is another commonly used treatment in combination with capecitabine, approved on the basis of an improvement in progression-free survival. The superiority of combination anti-HER2 therapy to achieve more complete inhibition of the various HER receptor dimers has been demonstrated in clinical studies. Nonetheless, studies have also suggested that some HER2-amplified tumors may benefit from anti-HER2 therapy combined with only a single chemotherapy agent or in the absence of any chemotherapy. However, despite therapeutic advances, tumors expressing estrogen receptor (ER) have poorer responses to targeted therapy and are more likely to relapse. A better understanding of resistance to existing anti-HER2 agents, along with the role played by the microenvironment and of interconnected signaling pathways, can permit tailor-made therapeutic options for each patient. The aim of this review is to evaluate treatment approaches for BC patients with HER2-positive disease in the adjuvant, and neoadjuvant setting.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"50 1","pages":"596"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85038128","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211640
F. Ahmed, Ravi H. Kudthni
Background: All subjects of MBBS do not have same examination pattern especially concerning to question paper pattern and distribution of marks. As a result, students are experiencing variety of examination patterns during their study. Neither is their uniformity of examination pattern throughout the country nor there is uniformity within a university. In such situation, it would be wise to take feedback from students which could help in redesigning the examination pattern. This study was done to collect students’ opinion regarding current examination methods and possible changes that might be required in existing assessment methods. Methods: Questionnaire based study was done on MBBS second year students of Viswabharathi medical college. Questionnaire consisted of 10 questions about examinations faced by the students. Each question had five options arranged according to 5-point Likert scale. Results: 99 students participated in this study. 51.52% students preferred having two essay questions and 42.42% preferred having one essay question in final theory exam. 52.53% preferred to have 40 marks as weightage of one paper. 50.51% supported having illustration-based questions in their final theory examinations. 79.80% stated that at least 30 days of preparation holidays are required for them before their final exams. 48.48% preferred having five very short answer questions. 48.48% stated that weekend tests conducted by their institute were helpful to them. 66.66% disagreed upon increasing number of questions in final examination. 63.63% agreed on having MCQ’s. 48.48% agreed on having viva voce during every internal examination. Consensus could not be reached upon frequency of institutional tests. Conclusions: This study highlighted certain shortcomings in medical education with respect to examinations. Weightage and number of questions might be increased marginally to have a uniform pattern. Question paper should have more very short answer questions and less essay questions. Illustration based questions should also be introduced. 30 days of preparation holidays must be given before final exams for self-study.
{"title":"Questionnaire feedback from MBBS second year students about current examination trends and their opinion for perspective changes","authors":"F. Ahmed, Ravi H. Kudthni","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211640","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211640","url":null,"abstract":"Background: All subjects of MBBS do not have same examination pattern especially concerning to question paper pattern and distribution of marks. As a result, students are experiencing variety of examination patterns during their study. Neither is their uniformity of examination pattern throughout the country nor there is uniformity within a university. In such situation, it would be wise to take feedback from students which could help in redesigning the examination pattern. This study was done to collect students’ opinion regarding current examination methods and possible changes that might be required in existing assessment methods. Methods: Questionnaire based study was done on MBBS second year students of Viswabharathi medical college. Questionnaire consisted of 10 questions about examinations faced by the students. Each question had five options arranged according to 5-point Likert scale. Results: 99 students participated in this study. 51.52% students preferred having two essay questions and 42.42% preferred having one essay question in final theory exam. 52.53% preferred to have 40 marks as weightage of one paper. 50.51% supported having illustration-based questions in their final theory examinations. 79.80% stated that at least 30 days of preparation holidays are required for them before their final exams. 48.48% preferred having five very short answer questions. 48.48% stated that weekend tests conducted by their institute were helpful to them. 66.66% disagreed upon increasing number of questions in final examination. 63.63% agreed on having MCQ’s. 48.48% agreed on having viva voce during every internal examination. Consensus could not be reached upon frequency of institutional tests. Conclusions: This study highlighted certain shortcomings in medical education with respect to examinations. Weightage and number of questions might be increased marginally to have a uniform pattern. Question paper should have more very short answer questions and less essay questions. Illustration based questions should also be introduced. 30 days of preparation holidays must be given before final exams for self-study.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"34 1","pages":"483"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"85848370","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211658
A. Priya, Mohammed Fardan, Aswathy M. Shaji, R. Kannan, K. Yadav
Respiratory distress syndrome, although it is common in extreme preterm infants, early and effective management will aid in better outcome. Preterm also comes with multiple comorbidities which has to be considered and stepwise treatment is utmost important in tackling them. Here, we report a case of an extreme preterm baby who experienced respiratory distress syndrome with early onset sepsis along with necrotizing enterocolitis. Early diagnosis and management helped in the discharge of the infant in stable condition.
{"title":"Clinical management and outcome of extreme preterm infant with respiratory distress syndrome, early onset sepsis and necrotizing enterocolitis stage 1: a case report","authors":"A. Priya, Mohammed Fardan, Aswathy M. Shaji, R. Kannan, K. Yadav","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211658","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211658","url":null,"abstract":"Respiratory distress syndrome, although it is common in extreme preterm infants, early and effective management will aid in better outcome. Preterm also comes with multiple comorbidities which has to be considered and stepwise treatment is utmost important in tackling them. Here, we report a case of an extreme preterm baby who experienced respiratory distress syndrome with early onset sepsis along with necrotizing enterocolitis. Early diagnosis and management helped in the discharge of the infant in stable condition.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"32 1","pages":"580"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88053362","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211645
V. Hanumaiah, S. Revankar, C. Abhishek
Background: Rational use of medicines requires that the patients receive medication appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements for an adequate period of lime, and at the lowest cost to them and to their community. Objective of the study were like descriptive crosssectional study was conducted to determine and identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding rational use of medicines among the interns. Methods: A validated structured questionnaire containing 19 questions regarding rational use of medicines in knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) format was distributed in hand among 109 interns affiliated to this institution. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate the results in the form of number and percentage. Results: Out of 109 interns, 102 completed the questionnaire and were included in the final analysis. Majority of interns who participated in study were aware of the concept of rational use of medicine but the knowledge related to EML (essential medicines list), P drugs, schedule H drugs and number of FDCs (fixed dose combination) in EML was limited. Conclusions: As interns are future prescribers, they need to be aware of all the aspects of rational use of medicine and there is need to emphasise on learning module and training programs to ensure the interns have knowledge of rational use of medicines.
{"title":"Study of knowledge, attitude, practice of rational use of medicines among interns at Mc Gann teaching district hospital, Shivamogga- a descriptive cross-sectional study","authors":"V. Hanumaiah, S. Revankar, C. Abhishek","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211645","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211645","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Rational use of medicines requires that the patients receive medication appropriate to their clinical needs, in doses that meet their own individual requirements for an adequate period of lime, and at the lowest cost to them and to their community. Objective of the study were like descriptive crosssectional study was conducted to determine and identify the level of knowledge, attitude and practice regarding rational use of medicines among the interns. Methods: A validated structured questionnaire containing 19 questions regarding rational use of medicines in knowledge, attitude and practice (KAP) format was distributed in hand among 109 interns affiliated to this institution. Descriptive statistics were used to illustrate the results in the form of number and percentage. Results: Out of 109 interns, 102 completed the questionnaire and were included in the final analysis. Majority of interns who participated in study were aware of the concept of rational use of medicine but the knowledge related to EML (essential medicines list), P drugs, schedule H drugs and number of FDCs (fixed dose combination) in EML was limited. Conclusions: As interns are future prescribers, they need to be aware of all the aspects of rational use of medicine and there is need to emphasise on learning module and training programs to ensure the interns have knowledge of rational use of medicines.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"37 1","pages":"512"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91092157","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211646
N. Solanki, Nisha R Patel, S. Desai, V. Patel
Background: Coronary artery disease is caused by an obstruction in vascular supply to the heart. Angioplasty is a frequently used intervention for the management of CAD patients. Supportive and preventive therapies are additionally provided to these patients. Objective of current study was to assess the associated risk factors as well as prescribing trends in CAD patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 88 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Patients were assessed for risk factors of CAD. Medication history of patients was recorded in case record form for analysis of prescribing trend and its rationality. Data were statistically analyzed using prism software. Results: In present study most of the CAD patients were male (80.68%) and mean age of patient was 59.19 years. Majority of patients (39.77%) were in age range of 61-70 years. Most common associated conditions at admission were hypertension and diabetes. In this study, BMI, stress, lack of exercise, hypertension, diabetes, family history of CVD were risk factors of CAD and significant correlation observed with risk factors and coronary artery disease. (p<0.05) Frequently prescribed drugs were antiplatelet, antibiotics, antihypertensive, antiulcer, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic agents. In 19.31% cases, drug interaction was detected out of which two cases recorded severe. Medical stents coated with everolimus, sirolimus were also prescribed. Conclusions: It was concluded that history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes are major risk factors of CAD. Certain level of irrationality in the prescribing trend was observed. Proper patient counselling and care can help in preventing CAD and reduces health burden.
{"title":"Coronary artery disease prescribing pattern and risk factor assessment in the patients undergoing angioplasty","authors":"N. Solanki, Nisha R Patel, S. Desai, V. Patel","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211646","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211646","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Coronary artery disease is caused by an obstruction in vascular supply to the heart. Angioplasty is a frequently used intervention for the management of CAD patients. Supportive and preventive therapies are additionally provided to these patients. Objective of current study was to assess the associated risk factors as well as prescribing trends in CAD patients. Methods: A prospective study was conducted in 88 patients undergoing coronary angioplasty. Patients were assessed for risk factors of CAD. Medication history of patients was recorded in case record form for analysis of prescribing trend and its rationality. Data were statistically analyzed using prism software. Results: In present study most of the CAD patients were male (80.68%) and mean age of patient was 59.19 years. Majority of patients (39.77%) were in age range of 61-70 years. Most common associated conditions at admission were hypertension and diabetes. In this study, BMI, stress, lack of exercise, hypertension, diabetes, family history of CVD were risk factors of CAD and significant correlation observed with risk factors and coronary artery disease. (p<0.05) Frequently prescribed drugs were antiplatelet, antibiotics, antihypertensive, antiulcer, antihyperlipidemic, antidiabetic agents. In 19.31% cases, drug interaction was detected out of which two cases recorded severe. Medical stents coated with everolimus, sirolimus were also prescribed. Conclusions: It was concluded that history of cardiovascular disease, hypertension, diabetes are major risk factors of CAD. Certain level of irrationality in the prescribing trend was observed. Proper patient counselling and care can help in preventing CAD and reduces health burden.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"78 1","pages":"517"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86663440","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211644
P. Naik, Arvind Panwar, Swati Patel
Background: Tuberculosis is a serious public health issue in India. The treatment regimen followed is Directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) and Programmatic Management of Drug resistant Tuberculosis (PMDT) approach. In a long period of treatment adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can be an important programmatic issue. Thus, study was undertaken to assess the ADRs caused by antitubercular therapy in indoor patients in a tertiary care hospital at Surat. Methods: The Observational, prospective study was carried out for one year period. The causality was determined by WHO UMC scale and severity was determined by Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: Among 255 tuberculosis patients, 85 (33.3%) patients developed ADRs. Occurrence of ADRs was more among females (46.6%). The commonly involved systems are gastrointestinal (40.6%) followed by haematological (17.9%). The most common ADRs observed were nausea and vomiting (21.7%). High percentage of ADRs causing drugs were isoniazid (30.6%) followed by rifampicin (26.1%). Causality assessment showed 60.4% ADRs were possible, 37.7% ADRs were probable and 1.9% ADRs was certain. Severity assessment scale showed 81.1% of moderate, 12.3% of mild and 6.6% of severe grading. Occurrence of ADRs was more among PMDT (60%) in comparison to DOTS therapy (31.06%) [p value = 0.0084 (significant p value < 0.05)]. Conclusions: Antitubercular treatment is safer but early detection, management and reporting of ADRs is required to prevent it at initial stage and helps to decrease default rate.
{"title":"The study of adverse drug reactions in indoor patients of tuberculosis taking standardized antitubercular therapy (directly observed treatment short-course and programmatic management of drug resistant tuberculosis) in a tertiary care hospital at Surat","authors":"P. Naik, Arvind Panwar, Swati Patel","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211644","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211644","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Tuberculosis is a serious public health issue in India. The treatment regimen followed is Directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) and Programmatic Management of Drug resistant Tuberculosis (PMDT) approach. In a long period of treatment adverse drug reactions (ADRs) can be an important programmatic issue. Thus, study was undertaken to assess the ADRs caused by antitubercular therapy in indoor patients in a tertiary care hospital at Surat. Methods: The Observational, prospective study was carried out for one year period. The causality was determined by WHO UMC scale and severity was determined by Modified Hartwig and Siegel scale. Chi square test was applied for statistical analysis. Results: Among 255 tuberculosis patients, 85 (33.3%) patients developed ADRs. Occurrence of ADRs was more among females (46.6%). The commonly involved systems are gastrointestinal (40.6%) followed by haematological (17.9%). The most common ADRs observed were nausea and vomiting (21.7%). High percentage of ADRs causing drugs were isoniazid (30.6%) followed by rifampicin (26.1%). Causality assessment showed 60.4% ADRs were possible, 37.7% ADRs were probable and 1.9% ADRs was certain. Severity assessment scale showed 81.1% of moderate, 12.3% of mild and 6.6% of severe grading. Occurrence of ADRs was more among PMDT (60%) in comparison to DOTS therapy (31.06%) [p value = 0.0084 (significant p value < 0.05)]. Conclusions: Antitubercular treatment is safer but early detection, management and reporting of ADRs is required to prevent it at initial stage and helps to decrease default rate.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"73 1","pages":"507"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86249579","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211659
R. Rahman, F. Islam, M. Rahman, Shammi Binte Bashar, R. Rifat, B. C. Saha, M. Paran
Antibiotic resistance is global trouble and in the megacities, it is causing more rapidly due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This systematic evaluation used to be carried out to summarize the contemporary day kingdom of affairs of antibiotic resistance in Dhaka, to emerge as aware of gaps in close observation, and to prink tips primarily based on honesty and surely on the findings. Google scholar, PubMed, and Bangladeshi journals online have been searched for the use of applicable key phrases to select articles connected to antibiotic resistance in Dhaka, Bangladesh published between 2004 to 2020. The resistance of a bacterium to a given drug was once added as the median resistance and interquartile fluctuate. Forty-one articles have been blanketed in this systematic review. Antimicrobial susceptibility trying out used to be once as quickly as carried out via disk diffusion approach in 97.56% of studies, at the equal time as the clinical and laboratory standards institute suggestions had been accompanied in 92.68%. Data concerning the susceptibility attempting out method and furnish of sickness (hospital/community) had been absent in 12.19%, 10.52%, and 90.24% of the research, respectively. An excessive prevalence of resistance used to be detected in most examined pathogens, and many of the normal first-line pills have been the most importantly ineffective. Resistance to carbapenems was once low in most cases. An excessive incidence of resistance to most antibiotics used to be detected, alongside necessary gaps in surveillance and facts gaps in the methodological data of the show up to be up.
{"title":"Antibiotic resistance situation in Dhaka, Bangladesh: a review","authors":"R. Rahman, F. Islam, M. Rahman, Shammi Binte Bashar, R. Rifat, B. C. Saha, M. Paran","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211659","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211659","url":null,"abstract":"Antibiotic resistance is global trouble and in the megacities, it is causing more rapidly due to the misuse and overuse of antibiotics. This systematic evaluation used to be carried out to summarize the contemporary day kingdom of affairs of antibiotic resistance in Dhaka, to emerge as aware of gaps in close observation, and to prink tips primarily based on honesty and surely on the findings. Google scholar, PubMed, and Bangladeshi journals online have been searched for the use of applicable key phrases to select articles connected to antibiotic resistance in Dhaka, Bangladesh published between 2004 to 2020. The resistance of a bacterium to a given drug was once added as the median resistance and interquartile fluctuate. Forty-one articles have been blanketed in this systematic review. Antimicrobial susceptibility trying out used to be once as quickly as carried out via disk diffusion approach in 97.56% of studies, at the equal time as the clinical and laboratory standards institute suggestions had been accompanied in 92.68%. Data concerning the susceptibility attempting out method and furnish of sickness (hospital/community) had been absent in 12.19%, 10.52%, and 90.24% of the research, respectively. An excessive prevalence of resistance used to be detected in most examined pathogens, and many of the normal first-line pills have been the most importantly ineffective. Resistance to carbapenems was once low in most cases. An excessive incidence of resistance to most antibiotics used to be detected, alongside necessary gaps in surveillance and facts gaps in the methodological data of the show up to be up.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"PP 1","pages":"584"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"84540932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211664
N. Saravanabavan, R. S. Codi, K. Manimekalai
New medical undergraduates should be well trained regarding rational prescribing, proper diagnosis and adequate dosing, frequency etc in their course as per MCI Pharmacology curriculum. So when they start their own clinic, he/she prescribes only an antihistamine for the patient with common cold for two days at bed time and asks the patient to come after two days but on other side the mind-set of the patient will be such that there exists a pill for every illness which makes them to think that particular doctor has not prescribed more drugs which may be due to lack of knowledge and so immediately the patient will go to another doctor who will prescribe at least 3 drugs one antihistamine, one antibiotic and analgesic for the common cold because of which the mind-set of people gets corrupted. Thus, the undue pressure by the patients on the health care providers/practioners to prescribe a greater number of drugs is one of the most troublesome factors which contributes for irrational use of medicines. Macfarlane et al had also proved that in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections the inclusion of antibiotic in the prescription was around 74%, of which patient pressure was the main reason in more than half.
{"title":"Irrational prescribing: myths and facts","authors":"N. Saravanabavan, R. S. Codi, K. Manimekalai","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211664","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211664","url":null,"abstract":"New medical undergraduates should be well trained regarding rational prescribing, proper diagnosis and adequate dosing, frequency etc in their course as per MCI Pharmacology curriculum. So when they start their own clinic, he/she prescribes only an antihistamine for the patient with common cold for two days at bed time and asks the patient to come after two days but on other side the mind-set of the patient will be such that there exists a pill for every illness which makes them to think that particular doctor has not prescribed more drugs which may be due to lack of knowledge and so immediately the patient will go to another doctor who will prescribe at least 3 drugs one antihistamine, one antibiotic and analgesic for the common cold because of which the mind-set of people gets corrupted. Thus, the undue pressure by the patients on the health care providers/practioners to prescribe a greater number of drugs is one of the most troublesome factors which contributes for irrational use of medicines. Macfarlane et al had also proved that in the treatment of acute lower respiratory tract infections the inclusion of antibiotic in the prescription was around 74%, of which patient pressure was the main reason in more than half.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"160 1","pages":"612"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74843229","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211638
Abeer A. Eldeeb, Amira E. Fathy, Salwa A. Elgendy
Background: Alzheimer disease is the cause of 60% to 70% of cases of dementia in elderly people, it is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. AD is characterized by the presence of senile plaques enriched with insoluble aggregate of beta-amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles and cholinergic neuronal degeneration in the brain tissue, leading to neural dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and critical pathological perturbations. Methods: Thirty-six males were classified into control group, Alzheimer-induced model (scopolamine 2.5 mg/kg IP once daily for 21 days). Folic acid-treated group (4 mg/kg, IP) once daily for 21 days with scopolamine. Vitamin D3treated group (42 IU/kg, SC) once daily for 21 days with scopolamine. Vitamin D3 and folic acid-treated group (vitamin D3; 42 IU/kg, SC and folic acid; 4 mg/kg, IP) once daily with scopolamine for 21 days. Memantine-treated group (20 mg/kg IP) once daily with scopolamine for 21 days. Results: Induction of Alzheimer’s showed significant decrease in brain tissue levels of BDNF, Ach, glutathione reductase and significant increase in amyloid peptide 1-42 level with significant memory impairment, significant increase of initial acquisition latency, first retention latency and second retention latency. While administration of folic acid, vitamin D3, memantine separately or in combination resulted insignificant increase of brain tissue levels of BDNF, Ach, glutathione reductase with significant reduction of amyloid peptide 1-42 level with significant memory improvement (significant decrease IAL, first RL and second RL). Also showed improvement of histopathological changes occurred in the brain. Conclusions: Data obtained in the present study revealed that treatment of experimentally induced alzheimer rats with folic acid or vitamin D3 or memantine separately or combined group (folic acid+vitamin D3) resulted in significant increase of brain tissue levels of BDNF, acetyl choline, glutathione reductase with significant reduction of amyloid peptide 1-42 level with significant decrease of IAL, first RL and second RL to reach the platform with improvement of histopathological changes occurred in the brain. But combined and memantine-treated groups resulted in more significant improvement than other treated groups.
{"title":"Differential potency of vitamin D3, folic acid and memantine in protecting against neurobehavioral alterations of scopolamine induced Alzheimer’s model in rats","authors":"Abeer A. Eldeeb, Amira E. Fathy, Salwa A. Elgendy","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211638","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211638","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Alzheimer disease is the cause of 60% to 70% of cases of dementia in elderly people, it is a chronic neurodegenerative disease that usually starts slowly and worsens over time. AD is characterized by the presence of senile plaques enriched with insoluble aggregate of beta-amyloid, neurofibrillary tangles and cholinergic neuronal degeneration in the brain tissue, leading to neural dysfunction, neuroinflammation, and critical pathological perturbations. Methods: Thirty-six males were classified into control group, Alzheimer-induced model (scopolamine 2.5 mg/kg IP once daily for 21 days). Folic acid-treated group (4 mg/kg, IP) once daily for 21 days with scopolamine. Vitamin D3treated group (42 IU/kg, SC) once daily for 21 days with scopolamine. Vitamin D3 and folic acid-treated group (vitamin D3; 42 IU/kg, SC and folic acid; 4 mg/kg, IP) once daily with scopolamine for 21 days. Memantine-treated group (20 mg/kg IP) once daily with scopolamine for 21 days. Results: Induction of Alzheimer’s showed significant decrease in brain tissue levels of BDNF, Ach, glutathione reductase and significant increase in amyloid peptide 1-42 level with significant memory impairment, significant increase of initial acquisition latency, first retention latency and second retention latency. While administration of folic acid, vitamin D3, memantine separately or in combination resulted insignificant increase of brain tissue levels of BDNF, Ach, glutathione reductase with significant reduction of amyloid peptide 1-42 level with significant memory improvement (significant decrease IAL, first RL and second RL). Also showed improvement of histopathological changes occurred in the brain. Conclusions: Data obtained in the present study revealed that treatment of experimentally induced alzheimer rats with folic acid or vitamin D3 or memantine separately or combined group (folic acid+vitamin D3) resulted in significant increase of brain tissue levels of BDNF, acetyl choline, glutathione reductase with significant reduction of amyloid peptide 1-42 level with significant decrease of IAL, first RL and second RL to reach the platform with improvement of histopathological changes occurred in the brain. But combined and memantine-treated groups resulted in more significant improvement than other treated groups.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"15 1","pages":"471"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87046049","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211637
Abdulrahman Al-Mirza, Hamad R. Al-Subhi, A. Abdelrahman
Background: Objective of the current investigation was to identify the utilization patterns of antihypertensive drugs among hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease at Sultan Qaboos university hospital. Methods: This is a retrospective study of the utilization patterns of antihypertensive drugs that were prescribed to 181 hypertensive patients with CKD. Patients’ data and drugs’ data were collected from the hospital track care system and analysed. Results: The results show that diuretics were prescribed for 63.53% of the patients followed by β-blockers (61.3%). Drugs were prescribed orally to 90% of the patients. Furosemide was prescribed to 55.8% of patients followed by amlodipine (55.2%). The majority of the patients were on multiple antihypertensive medications (84%). There was no significant difference between drug utilization in patients with albuminuria and those without albuminuria. Among patients with CKD stages two and three, β-blockers were the most common antihypertensive drugs being utilized. Among patients with stage 4 and stage 5, calcium channel blockers and diuretics were the most common antihypertensive drugs being utilized. The prescription of angiotensin II receptor blockers and direct vasodilators showed a significant difference among different stages of CKD. Conclusions: This study showed that diuretics were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs among the study cohort. The majority of the patients were on multiple antihypertensive medications.
{"title":"Utilization patterns of antihypertensive drugs in the management of hypertension among patients with chronic kidney disease at a tertiary hospital","authors":"Abdulrahman Al-Mirza, Hamad R. Al-Subhi, A. Abdelrahman","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211637","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211637","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Objective of the current investigation was to identify the utilization patterns of antihypertensive drugs among hypertensive patients with chronic kidney disease at Sultan Qaboos university hospital. Methods: This is a retrospective study of the utilization patterns of antihypertensive drugs that were prescribed to 181 hypertensive patients with CKD. Patients’ data and drugs’ data were collected from the hospital track care system and analysed. Results: The results show that diuretics were prescribed for 63.53% of the patients followed by β-blockers (61.3%). Drugs were prescribed orally to 90% of the patients. Furosemide was prescribed to 55.8% of patients followed by amlodipine (55.2%). The majority of the patients were on multiple antihypertensive medications (84%). There was no significant difference between drug utilization in patients with albuminuria and those without albuminuria. Among patients with CKD stages two and three, β-blockers were the most common antihypertensive drugs being utilized. Among patients with stage 4 and stage 5, calcium channel blockers and diuretics were the most common antihypertensive drugs being utilized. The prescription of angiotensin II receptor blockers and direct vasodilators showed a significant difference among different stages of CKD. Conclusions: This study showed that diuretics were the most commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs among the study cohort. The majority of the patients were on multiple antihypertensive medications.","PeriodicalId":13898,"journal":{"name":"International journal of basic and clinical pharmacology","volume":"44 1","pages":"466"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"75848160","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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