Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212385
Sagar R. Bhimani, Sapna D. Gupta, K. Patel, S. Malhotra
SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly around the world. Researchers have been working round the clock to develop effective vaccines, which people started receiving in December 2020. Therefore, careful follow-up and surveillance studies for continued vaccine safety monitoring will be needed to ascertain the potential risks of such adverse events or disease. Here, we present two individual cases of pancreatitis and typhilitis following COVID 19 vaccination. In the first case of a 38 years old male patient developed pancreatitis after 4 days of COVID 19 vaccination and in second case, of a 60 years old female patient developing typhilitis after just one day after vaccination. All possible causes of this occurrence were ruled out. Two main factors suggest a possible link to the vaccine, the chronology of the events and the incongruent immune response to the vaccine component. It is not possible to establish a direct causal relation between vaccination and adverse event following immunization; however, this report can be used to alert practitioners to this possibility of adverse event following immunization after COVID-19 vaccine.
{"title":"Suspected immune mediated response to COVID-19 vaccine: two individual case reports","authors":"Sagar R. Bhimani, Sapna D. Gupta, K. Patel, S. Malhotra","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212385","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212385","url":null,"abstract":"SARS-CoV-2, the virus that causes coronavirus disease 19 (COVID-19), has spread rapidly around the world. Researchers have been working round the clock to develop effective vaccines, which people started receiving in December 2020. Therefore, careful follow-up and surveillance studies for continued vaccine safety monitoring will be needed to ascertain the potential risks of such adverse events or disease. Here, we present two individual cases of pancreatitis and typhilitis following COVID 19 vaccination. In the first case of a 38 years old male patient developed pancreatitis after 4 days of COVID 19 vaccination and in second case, of a 60 years old female patient developing typhilitis after just one day after vaccination. All possible causes of this occurrence were ruled out. Two main factors suggest a possible link to the vaccine, the chronology of the events and the incongruent immune response to the vaccine component. It is not possible to establish a direct causal relation between vaccination and adverse event following immunization; however, this report can be used to alert practitioners to this possibility of adverse event following immunization after COVID-19 vaccine.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"7 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"86110268","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212390
Saba Maanvizhi, Vijayakumar Arumugam Ramamurthy, A. Velan, P. Thangaraju
In globally, cancer is a second leading disease next to cardiovascular diseases in non-communicable diseases, which affect the all ages, sex, social status, ethnicity and primary cause of illness related death. Traditionally, systemic delivery drug systems like chemotherapy via oral capsule, injections of nanoparticles/micro particles, immunotherapy and others, which can inhibit or halt the progression of tumors. The short half-life of drugs which cannot achieve the targeted dose level to the tumor site and not able to target desired cell and commonly produces the organ toxicity. Recently, researchers have been attempting to direct delivery agents for cancer therapy. One of the best methods is a local therapy system, which deliver the drug directly via implantable procedure and it’s achieved the maximum concentration of the desire drug at the tumor site, non-target systemic exposure and minimize the organ toxicity to the patients. Biomaterial implants are widely used in the local concurrent delivery of chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic agents, local delivery of poly-chemotherapy, gene therapy as an alternative to drug delivery, scaffolds for cancer immunotherapy and polymer-based composites of drug molecules. There are different types of polymers like poly anhydride poly [bis (p-carboxy-phenoxy) propane-sebacic acid] copolymer [p(CPP:SA)], fatty acid dimer-sebacic acid copolymer (FAD-SA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (glycerol monostearate-co-caprolactone), alginate and silica, used in successively cancer therapy. In order to minimize the risk of unwanted side effect of different types of biomaterials implants, it’s biocompatible to reduce the ability to elicit the inflammatory effect to the implanted area or the site. Therefore, the key role of choosing the appropriate and biocompatible implants to particular therapy is an indispensable. This should be validated with respect to risk benefit ratio in case of cancers. Biomaterial based implant local delivery systems provide more versatile and tailorable approach to against treatment of different types of the cancer.
{"title":"Biomaterial implants in the treatment of oncology: a review","authors":"Saba Maanvizhi, Vijayakumar Arumugam Ramamurthy, A. Velan, P. Thangaraju","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212390","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212390","url":null,"abstract":"In globally, cancer is a second leading disease next to cardiovascular diseases in non-communicable diseases, which affect the all ages, sex, social status, ethnicity and primary cause of illness related death. Traditionally, systemic delivery drug systems like chemotherapy via oral capsule, injections of nanoparticles/micro particles, immunotherapy and others, which can inhibit or halt the progression of tumors. The short half-life of drugs which cannot achieve the targeted dose level to the tumor site and not able to target desired cell and commonly produces the organ toxicity. Recently, researchers have been attempting to direct delivery agents for cancer therapy. One of the best methods is a local therapy system, which deliver the drug directly via implantable procedure and it’s achieved the maximum concentration of the desire drug at the tumor site, non-target systemic exposure and minimize the organ toxicity to the patients. Biomaterial implants are widely used in the local concurrent delivery of chemotherapy and anti-angiogenic agents, local delivery of poly-chemotherapy, gene therapy as an alternative to drug delivery, scaffolds for cancer immunotherapy and polymer-based composites of drug molecules. There are different types of polymers like poly anhydride poly [bis (p-carboxy-phenoxy) propane-sebacic acid] copolymer [p(CPP:SA)], fatty acid dimer-sebacic acid copolymer (FAD-SA), poly (lactic-co-glycolic acid) copolymer (PLGA), poly (ε-caprolactone) (PCL), poly (glycerol monostearate-co-caprolactone), alginate and silica, used in successively cancer therapy. In order to minimize the risk of unwanted side effect of different types of biomaterials implants, it’s biocompatible to reduce the ability to elicit the inflammatory effect to the implanted area or the site. Therefore, the key role of choosing the appropriate and biocompatible implants to particular therapy is an indispensable. This should be validated with respect to risk benefit ratio in case of cancers. Biomaterial based implant local delivery systems provide more versatile and tailorable approach to against treatment of different types of the cancer.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"20 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74023116","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212381
V. Rajadnya, D. A. More
Background: The objective was to study the annual cost of each of the four important brands of insulin glargine available in India and to study the comparative annual cost of all the four brands.Methods: Four most commonly prescribed brands of insulin glargine vials were selected for cost comparisons. The daily as well as annual cost of prescription of insulin glargine vials based on once daily use was worked out directly as well as in percentages and presented in the form of table and bar diagrams.Results: After careful analysis of the data it was found that the costliest brand, brand D is more than two times costlier than the cheapest brand, brand B and thus the brand preparation selection, can lead to huge difference in annual cost burden to the patient.Conclusions: This significant cost difference between costliest and cheapest brands of insulin glargine vials assumes even further importance since majority of the diabetics need to bear the cost of multiple drugs prescribed to them, on their own. Thus it rather becomes a duty of the prescribing health care provider to prescribe those medicines which are cost effective to his/her patients.
{"title":"Cost comparisons of available brands of insulin glargine preparations","authors":"V. Rajadnya, D. A. More","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212381","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212381","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The objective was to study the annual cost of each of the four important brands of insulin glargine available in India and to study the comparative annual cost of all the four brands.Methods: Four most commonly prescribed brands of insulin glargine vials were selected for cost comparisons. The daily as well as annual cost of prescription of insulin glargine vials based on once daily use was worked out directly as well as in percentages and presented in the form of table and bar diagrams.Results: After careful analysis of the data it was found that the costliest brand, brand D is more than two times costlier than the cheapest brand, brand B and thus the brand preparation selection, can lead to huge difference in annual cost burden to the patient.Conclusions: This significant cost difference between costliest and cheapest brands of insulin glargine vials assumes even further importance since majority of the diabetics need to bear the cost of multiple drugs prescribed to them, on their own. Thus it rather becomes a duty of the prescribing health care provider to prescribe those medicines which are cost effective to his/her patients.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"19 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"87222285","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-22DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212389
R. Goel, Binny Mahendru, T. Saini
The biomedical potential of the sea has gone largely unexplored so far, despite the fact that it covers three quarters of the planet surface and the fact that life on Earth originated from the sea. However, with the arrival of the professional deep sea divers, the marine researchers have gained access to all sorts of marine creatures like sponges, corals, sea urchins, sea squirts, hydroids, sea anemones, fishes and mollusks as well as to varied types of sea plants including algae and the other micro-organisms embedded in the sea bed. The biomedical scientists are exploiting these all to extract marine natural products (MNPs) having pharmacological properties that may one day cure long list of illnesses varying from bacterial infections to cancer, Alzheimer's and AIDS and was the focus of this review article.
{"title":"Marine natural products: the new generation of pharmacotherapeutics","authors":"R. Goel, Binny Mahendru, T. Saini","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212389","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212389","url":null,"abstract":"The biomedical potential of the sea has gone largely unexplored so far, despite the fact that it covers three quarters of the planet surface and the fact that life on Earth originated from the sea. However, with the arrival of the professional deep sea divers, the marine researchers have gained access to all sorts of marine creatures like sponges, corals, sea urchins, sea squirts, hydroids, sea anemones, fishes and mollusks as well as to varied types of sea plants including algae and the other micro-organisms embedded in the sea bed. The biomedical scientists are exploiting these all to extract marine natural products (MNPs) having pharmacological properties that may one day cure long list of illnesses varying from bacterial infections to cancer, Alzheimer's and AIDS and was the focus of this review article.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-22","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"91181844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-06-08DOI: 10.21203/RS.3.RS-569062/V1
Ahmed Shabhay, P. Horumpende, Martin R Mujuni, Edna-Joy Munisi, S. Mshana, Z. Shabhay, A. Mganga, K. Chilonga, D. Msuya, J. Chilongola, J. Baal, Samwel Chugulu
Background. Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) is among major health problems which impact the socio economic burden globally. We aimed at assessing the susceptibility pattern of antimicrobials in DFU infections among patients admitted in the Surgical Department at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC). Methods. This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2018 through March 2019. Pus swabs were collected on the first day of admission by deep wound swabbing after irrigation with normal saline solution. Kirby-Bauer method was done according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines. Results. Sixty diabetic ulcer patients had 62 bacterial isolates. Majority of the isolates were gram negative 49/62(79.03%). The most common isolate was Escherichia coli 15/62(24.19%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14/62(22.58%), Proteus mirabilis 8/62(12.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus 5/62(8.06%). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Proteus Vulgaris, and Streptococcus pyogenes each contributed 4/62(6.25%) isolates. Of the 49/62(79.3%) gram negative isolates, 8/49(16.33%) were mono resistant, 30/49(61.22%) were multiresistant, and 11/49(22.45%) were susceptible. Of the multi-resistant isolates, E. coli 12/15(80.00%), and P.aeruginosa 7/14(50.00%) were predominant. A total of 39/62(62.90%) isolates in patients contributed to poorer outcomes including loss of body part. Patients with ulcers infected by P. aeruginosa 11/39 (28.21%) had the highest number of surgical removal of body parts followed by E. coli 8/39(20.51%). Gram negative bacteria were highly susceptible to amikacin 91.18%, meropenem 93.33% and imipenem 95.24%. Isolates susceptibility to ceftriaxone was 32%. Conclusions. Amikacin, meropenem and imipenem can be safely used as broad-spectrum antimicrobials in DFU. The Standard of care remains culture and sensitivity of isolated microorganisms in combating diabetic foot ulcers infections.
{"title":"Antibiotic Resistance in Aerobic Bacterial Isolates From Infected Diabetic Foot Ulcers in North Eastern Tanzania: An Urgent Call to Establish A Hospital Antimicrobial Stewardship Committee","authors":"Ahmed Shabhay, P. Horumpende, Martin R Mujuni, Edna-Joy Munisi, S. Mshana, Z. Shabhay, A. Mganga, K. Chilonga, D. Msuya, J. Chilongola, J. Baal, Samwel Chugulu","doi":"10.21203/RS.3.RS-569062/V1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.21203/RS.3.RS-569062/V1","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background.\u0000\u0000Diabetic foot ulcers (DFU) is among major health problems which impact the socio economic burden globally. We aimed at assessing the susceptibility pattern of antimicrobials in DFU infections among patients admitted in the Surgical Department at Kilimanjaro Christian Medical Centre (KCMC).\u0000Methods.\u0000\u0000This descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from September 2018 through March 2019. Pus swabs were collected on the first day of admission by deep wound swabbing after irrigation with normal saline solution. Kirby-Bauer method was done according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute (CLSI) guidelines.\u0000Results.\u0000\u0000Sixty diabetic ulcer patients had 62 bacterial isolates. Majority of the isolates were gram negative 49/62(79.03%). The most common isolate was Escherichia coli 15/62(24.19%) followed by Pseudomonas aeruginosa 14/62(22.58%), Proteus mirabilis 8/62(12.9%) and Staphylococcus aureus 5/62(8.06%). Klebsiella pneumoniae, Coagulase Negative Staphylococcus, Proteus Vulgaris, and Streptococcus pyogenes each contributed 4/62(6.25%) isolates. Of the 49/62(79.3%) gram negative isolates, 8/49(16.33%) were mono resistant, 30/49(61.22%) were multiresistant, and 11/49(22.45%) were susceptible. Of the multi-resistant isolates, E. coli 12/15(80.00%), and P.aeruginosa 7/14(50.00%) were predominant. A total of 39/62(62.90%) isolates in patients contributed to poorer outcomes including loss of body part. Patients with ulcers infected by P. aeruginosa 11/39 (28.21%) had the highest number of surgical removal of body parts followed by E. coli 8/39(20.51%). Gram negative bacteria were highly susceptible to amikacin 91.18%, meropenem 93.33% and imipenem 95.24%. Isolates susceptibility to ceftriaxone was 32%.\u0000Conclusions.\u0000\u0000Amikacin, meropenem and imipenem can be safely used as broad-spectrum antimicrobials in DFU. The Standard of care remains culture and sensitivity of isolated microorganisms in combating diabetic foot ulcers infections.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"51 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-06-08","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74101780","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212089
Vijaykumar A. R., Prabu Daniel Epison, Kabeera Begum A., Abirami V. P., Ajmal Hussain, Abdul Azeez Kader, Ansar Ali Abdunnasir
Several systemic drugs have reported ocular and visual side effects that affect patient management. It is imperative to be familiar with the associated side effects which can be mild or transient and may seriously threaten vision. This article deals briefly with the mechanisms and reasons that account for the impact that systemically administered central nervous system (CNS) drugs can exert on the visual or ocular system. The eye care practitioner can be instrumental in detecting and reporting ocular side effects, advising patients and collaborating with other members of the patient’s healthcare team. One of the difficulties include becoming familiar with the countless systemic medications prescribed to patients. Another is being able to correlate a particular side effect with a suspected drug. Several of the ocular adverse effects such as glaucoma, cataract, blurred vision, color vision, optic neuritis, maculopathy, dry eye, etc., are vision threatening and often patients fail to recognize or describe the symptoms appropriately. Therefore, physicians and paramedical members like staff nurses, clinical pharmacists and other members must make adequate observations while recommending these drugs to patients.
{"title":"Systemically administered central nervous system drugs induced ocular side effects: a review","authors":"Vijaykumar A. R., Prabu Daniel Epison, Kabeera Begum A., Abirami V. P., Ajmal Hussain, Abdul Azeez Kader, Ansar Ali Abdunnasir","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212089","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212089","url":null,"abstract":"Several systemic drugs have reported ocular and visual side effects that affect patient management. It is imperative to be familiar with the associated side effects which can be mild or transient and may seriously threaten vision. This article deals briefly with the mechanisms and reasons that account for the impact that systemically administered central nervous system (CNS) drugs can exert on the visual or ocular system. The eye care practitioner can be instrumental in detecting and reporting ocular side effects, advising patients and collaborating with other members of the patient’s healthcare team. One of the difficulties include becoming familiar with the countless systemic medications prescribed to patients. Another is being able to correlate a particular side effect with a suspected drug. Several of the ocular adverse effects such as glaucoma, cataract, blurred vision, color vision, optic neuritis, maculopathy, dry eye, etc., are vision threatening and often patients fail to recognize or describe the symptoms appropriately. Therefore, physicians and paramedical members like staff nurses, clinical pharmacists and other members must make adequate observations while recommending these drugs to patients.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":"748"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82950996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212082
P. Patel, Mustak M. Makrani, A. Gandhi, M. Desai, Chetna Desai
Background: Children are at a higher risk of therapeutic failure due to major difference in pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics of drugs, off-label use and divergence of their illness from adult. The safety of drugs used in adult patients cannot be extrapolated to a pediatric age group. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence and overall pattern of adverse drug reactions in pediatric patients hospitalized in pediatric wards at a tertiary care hospital in India.Methods: Pediatric patients up to 12 years hospitalized in two randomly selected pediatric units were enrolled and followed up daily till discharge. Detailed information of patients and ADRs (adverse drug reactions) if any were recorded from case records. ADRs were assessed for incidence, onset, duration, management, outcome, causality, severity, preventability, seriousness and risk factors. Appropriateness of drug treatment in patients with ADRs was analyzed using Phadke’s criteria. Data was analyzed using student’s t test, ANOVA and Chi square test.Results: A total of 700 patients were enrolled (mean age 3.95±0.12 years). A total of 66 ADRs observed in 58 patients. Intravenous (70.4%) being most common route for ADRs. The incidence of ADRs was 8.28%. Majority of ADRs occurred within 1 day, commonly affected skin and appendages followed by (28.78%), GI (25.75%) ADRs were frequently associated with antimicrobials (69.38%) and vaccines and sera (12.24%). Majority of reactions were mild (56%%), non-serious (77.2%), not preventable (95.4%), recovered completely at discharge (83.33%) and had possible (77.2%) causal association with suspect drug. Age group 0-3 years and prescription of ≥5 drugs were risk factors for occurrence of ADRs. Semi rational drug therapy was observed in 65.5% patients.Conclusions: Clinicians should be vigilant regarding occurrence of ADRs in pediatrics especially during the first week of hospitalization. Risk factors like 0-3 years of age and multiple drugs should be taken into consideration during treatment of these patients to help minimize adverse drug reactions.
{"title":"An intensive monitoring of adverse drug reactions in pediatric hospitalized patients of a tertiary care hospital","authors":"P. Patel, Mustak M. Makrani, A. Gandhi, M. Desai, Chetna Desai","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212082","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212082","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Children are at a higher risk of therapeutic failure due to major difference in pharmacokinetic, pharmacodynamics of drugs, off-label use and divergence of their illness from adult. The safety of drugs used in adult patients cannot be extrapolated to a pediatric age group. Hence, this study aimed to evaluate the incidence and overall pattern of adverse drug reactions in pediatric patients hospitalized in pediatric wards at a tertiary care hospital in India.Methods: Pediatric patients up to 12 years hospitalized in two randomly selected pediatric units were enrolled and followed up daily till discharge. Detailed information of patients and ADRs (adverse drug reactions) if any were recorded from case records. ADRs were assessed for incidence, onset, duration, management, outcome, causality, severity, preventability, seriousness and risk factors. Appropriateness of drug treatment in patients with ADRs was analyzed using Phadke’s criteria. Data was analyzed using student’s t test, ANOVA and Chi square test.Results: A total of 700 patients were enrolled (mean age 3.95±0.12 years). A total of 66 ADRs observed in 58 patients. Intravenous (70.4%) being most common route for ADRs. The incidence of ADRs was 8.28%. Majority of ADRs occurred within 1 day, commonly affected skin and appendages followed by (28.78%), GI (25.75%) ADRs were frequently associated with antimicrobials (69.38%) and vaccines and sera (12.24%). Majority of reactions were mild (56%%), non-serious (77.2%), not preventable (95.4%), recovered completely at discharge (83.33%) and had possible (77.2%) causal association with suspect drug. Age group 0-3 years and prescription of ≥5 drugs were risk factors for occurrence of ADRs. Semi rational drug therapy was observed in 65.5% patients.Conclusions: Clinicians should be vigilant regarding occurrence of ADRs in pediatrics especially during the first week of hospitalization. Risk factors like 0-3 years of age and multiple drugs should be taken into consideration during treatment of these patients to help minimize adverse drug reactions.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"41 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"76425763","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-25DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212066
Subarna Akuodor G. C., Ohadoma S. C., Ofor C. C., Megwas A. U., Chukwu L. C., Ramalan M. A., Okoroafor Dorcas O., Chilaka K. C.
Background: The decoction of the roots of Salacia lehmbachi is used in traditional medicine for the treatment different diseases such as malaria pains diabetes and microbial infections.Methods: Phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity tests were carried out on the ethanol root extract of the plant. Anti-nocicetive activity using acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion method in mice, anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats and xylene induced ear oedema test in mice and antipyretic activity using Brewer’s yeast and D-amphetamine induced pyrexia in rats were determined at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of the root extract.Results: The ethanol root extract contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. The oral acute toxicity tests was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The root extract and the standard drug (Aspirin) significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid. The extract and morphine significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) prolonged reaction time in tail immersion model. The extract produced significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) dose dependent inhibition of oedema which was comparable to aspirin in carrageenan induced paw oedema model. The root extract also demonstrated significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) effect in xylene induced mouse ear oedema test compared to dexamethasone. The extract significantly decreased high temperature in both Brewer’s yeast and d-amphetamine induced pyrexia.Conclusions: Findings show that S. lehmbachii may provide a good source of plant compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities.
{"title":"Anti-nociceptive, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities of the ethanol root bark extract of Salacia lehmbachii in rats and mice","authors":"Subarna Akuodor G. C., Ohadoma S. C., Ofor C. C., Megwas A. U., Chukwu L. C., Ramalan M. A., Okoroafor Dorcas O., Chilaka K. C.","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212066","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212066","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The decoction of the roots of Salacia lehmbachi is used in traditional medicine for the treatment different diseases such as malaria pains diabetes and microbial infections.Methods: Phytochemical screening and oral acute toxicity tests were carried out on the ethanol root extract of the plant. Anti-nocicetive activity using acetic acid induced writhing and tail immersion method in mice, anti-inflammatory activity using carrageenan induced paw oedema in rats and xylene induced ear oedema test in mice and antipyretic activity using Brewer’s yeast and D-amphetamine induced pyrexia in rats were determined at 50 mg/kg, 100 mg/kg and 200 mg/kg doses of the root extract.Results: The ethanol root extract contain alkaloids, saponins, tannins, flavonoids, terpenoids, steroids and cardiac glycosides. The oral acute toxicity tests was found to be greater than 5000 mg/kg. The root extract and the standard drug (Aspirin) significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) decreased the number of writhes caused by acetic acid. The extract and morphine significantly (p<0.05 and p<0.01) prolonged reaction time in tail immersion model. The extract produced significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) dose dependent inhibition of oedema which was comparable to aspirin in carrageenan induced paw oedema model. The root extract also demonstrated significant (p<0.05 and p<0.01) effect in xylene induced mouse ear oedema test compared to dexamethasone. The extract significantly decreased high temperature in both Brewer’s yeast and d-amphetamine induced pyrexia.Conclusions: Findings show that S. lehmbachii may provide a good source of plant compounds with analgesic, anti-inflammatory and antipyretic activities.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"34 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"72934715","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-05-13DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212916
M. Kampamba, Farhiyyah Abanur, C. Hikaambo, Steward Mudenda, Kennedy Saini, P. Kaonga
Background: Medication adherence is the mainstay to good treatment outcomes. Failure to adhere to medication in hypertensive patients may lead to considerable deterioration of the disease resulting in increased costs of healthcare and mortality. Knowledge about the name of the drug, indications and side effects may enhance medication adherence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess effects of medication knowledge on medication adherence among hypertensive patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 120 hypertensive patients. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics. Adherence was assessed using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale while patient’s medication knowledge was assessed using a 7-item scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with medication adherence. Results: The mean age of participants was 59 years (SD ±14.9) and 10 (8.3%), 42 (35%) and 68(56.7%) had adequate, average and poor medication knowledge respectively. The prevalence of adherence in this study was 37.5%. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) (AOR: 0.38, CI: 0.16-0.90) was associated with lower likelihood of adhering to medication.Conclusion: The adherence level to treatment was low and medication knowledge of hypertensive patients was generally poor. Uncontrolled BP was associated with non-adherence. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension should be given health education and counselling regarding their condition to improve medication adherence.
{"title":"Effects of medication knowledge on medication adherence among hypertensive patients at Matero level one hospital, Lusaka City, Zambia: A cross sectional study","authors":"M. Kampamba, Farhiyyah Abanur, C. Hikaambo, Steward Mudenda, Kennedy Saini, P. Kaonga","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212916","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212916","url":null,"abstract":"\u0000 Background: Medication adherence is the mainstay to good treatment outcomes. Failure to adhere to medication in hypertensive patients may lead to considerable deterioration of the disease resulting in increased costs of healthcare and mortality. Knowledge about the name of the drug, indications and side effects may enhance medication adherence. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess effects of medication knowledge on medication adherence among hypertensive patients. Methods: This was a cross-sectional study that involved 120 hypertensive patients. A structured questionnaire was used to collect data on demographic characteristics. Adherence was assessed using the 8-item Morisky Medication Adherence Scale while patient’s medication knowledge was assessed using a 7-item scale. Multiple logistic regression was used to assess factors associated with medication adherence. Results: The mean age of participants was 59 years (SD ±14.9) and 10 (8.3%), 42 (35%) and 68(56.7%) had adequate, average and poor medication knowledge respectively. The prevalence of adherence in this study was 37.5%. In multivariable logistic regression analysis, uncontrolled blood pressure (BP) (AOR: 0.38, CI: 0.16-0.90) was associated with lower likelihood of adhering to medication.Conclusion: The adherence level to treatment was low and medication knowledge of hypertensive patients was generally poor. Uncontrolled BP was associated with non-adherence. Patients with uncontrolled hypertension should be given health education and counselling regarding their condition to improve medication adherence.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"45 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-05-13","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74805216","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-04-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211652
Priyansh Gupta, S. Baishnab, P. Rewri
Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, seasonally exacerbated, allergic ocular inflammation. It affect children and young adults and has male predominance. The first line of treatment often used is dual acting drugs like olopatadine and bepotastine. It combine the immediate histamine receptor antagonism, coupled with mast cell stabilization with other anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of olopatadine 0.1% and bepotastine 1.5% eye drops in VKC patients.Methods: This was a prospective, open label, randomized and comparative clinical study conducted for 21 days. 65 patients of VKC of 5-15 years of either sex were randomized in two study arm. Arm A, given bepotastine 1.5% and arm B, given olopatadine 0.1% twice daily for 21 days. Symptoms and signs scoring of VKC along with safety assessment were recorded on baseline and at time of follow up on 7th day and 21st day.Results: After 3 weeks of drug therapy, patients in both arms showed improvement in the symptoms and signs scoring of VKC. There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment arms. However, improvement in clinical parameters particularly ocular itching, which is the main complaint of patients with VKC was more in bepotastine arm as compared to olopatadine treated arm. Both the drugs were well tolerated without any serious adverse effect.Conclusions: Both olopatadine and bepotastine were found to be effective in alleviating the clinical symptoms and signs of VKC. However, bepotastine performed better in reducing ocular itch than olopatadine.
{"title":"Comparative evaluation of efficacy and safety of bepotastine besilate 1.5% ophthalmic solution versus olopatadine hydrochloride 0.1% ophthalmic solution in patients with vernal keratoconjunctivitis","authors":"Priyansh Gupta, S. Baishnab, P. Rewri","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211652","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20211652","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Vernal keratoconjunctivitis (VKC) is a chronic, seasonally exacerbated, allergic ocular inflammation. It affect children and young adults and has male predominance. The first line of treatment often used is dual acting drugs like olopatadine and bepotastine. It combine the immediate histamine receptor antagonism, coupled with mast cell stabilization with other anti-inflammatory properties. The present study was conducted to compare the efficacy and safety of olopatadine 0.1% and bepotastine 1.5% eye drops in VKC patients.Methods: This was a prospective, open label, randomized and comparative clinical study conducted for 21 days. 65 patients of VKC of 5-15 years of either sex were randomized in two study arm. Arm A, given bepotastine 1.5% and arm B, given olopatadine 0.1% twice daily for 21 days. Symptoms and signs scoring of VKC along with safety assessment were recorded on baseline and at time of follow up on 7th day and 21st day.Results: After 3 weeks of drug therapy, patients in both arms showed improvement in the symptoms and signs scoring of VKC. There was no statistically significant difference between the two treatment arms. However, improvement in clinical parameters particularly ocular itching, which is the main complaint of patients with VKC was more in bepotastine arm as compared to olopatadine treated arm. Both the drugs were well tolerated without any serious adverse effect.Conclusions: Both olopatadine and bepotastine were found to be effective in alleviating the clinical symptoms and signs of VKC. However, bepotastine performed better in reducing ocular itch than olopatadine.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"21 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-04-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81043686","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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