Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212927
Pooja C. Upasani, R. Barve, R. Hiray
Background: The hypertension is the most common chronic disease, therefore treatment should be affordable. The antihypertensive drugs of same strength are available in market at different costs. This study was undertaken to create awareness among health care workers and patients, about cost difference among different brands of same antihypertensive drug. So that whenever possible, a cheaper effective brand can be prescribed to ensure better patient adherence.Methods: Maximum retail price (MRP) of various antihypertensive drugs of same strength, manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies was obtained from various offline and online sources. The minimum and maximum cost of 10 tablets/capsules noted. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation was calculated for single drug and fixed dose combinations. The ceiling price (as per DPCO) of essential antihypertensives (as per national list of essential medicines) was compared with their maximum cost.Results: The formulations of single antihypertensive drugs (41) and fixed dose combinations of two drugs (19) and three drugs (9) were included in the study. Among the single antihypertensives analyzed the highest cost difference was of eplerenone (50 mg) and high cost ratio and cost variation percentage was of amlodipine (5 mg). Among fixed dose combination of two drugs analyzed highest cost difference was found that of hydrochlorothazide (12.5 mg)+olmesartan (40 mg) combination and highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation was of amlodipine (5 mg)+telmisartan (40 mg).Conclusions: There was a huge price variation among the antihypertensive drugs manufactured by various companies. Some measures must be taken by the government to bring the uniformity in the price that will help to reduce the economic burden on the patients.
{"title":"A pharmacoeconomic study of different brands of commonly prescribed antihypertensive drugs","authors":"Pooja C. Upasani, R. Barve, R. Hiray","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212927","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212927","url":null,"abstract":"Background: The hypertension is the most common chronic disease, therefore treatment should be affordable. The antihypertensive drugs of same strength are available in market at different costs. This study was undertaken to create awareness among health care workers and patients, about cost difference among different brands of same antihypertensive drug. So that whenever possible, a cheaper effective brand can be prescribed to ensure better patient adherence.Methods: Maximum retail price (MRP) of various antihypertensive drugs of same strength, manufactured by different pharmaceutical companies was obtained from various offline and online sources. The minimum and maximum cost of 10 tablets/capsules noted. The cost ratio and percentage cost variation was calculated for single drug and fixed dose combinations. The ceiling price (as per DPCO) of essential antihypertensives (as per national list of essential medicines) was compared with their maximum cost.Results: The formulations of single antihypertensive drugs (41) and fixed dose combinations of two drugs (19) and three drugs (9) were included in the study. Among the single antihypertensives analyzed the highest cost difference was of eplerenone (50 mg) and high cost ratio and cost variation percentage was of amlodipine (5 mg). Among fixed dose combination of two drugs analyzed highest cost difference was found that of hydrochlorothazide (12.5 mg)+olmesartan (40 mg) combination and highest cost ratio and percentage cost variation was of amlodipine (5 mg)+telmisartan (40 mg).Conclusions: There was a huge price variation among the antihypertensive drugs manufactured by various companies. Some measures must be taken by the government to bring the uniformity in the price that will help to reduce the economic burden on the patients.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"53 1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"82685761","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212930
A. Choudhury, D. Jha, U. Rajashekhar
Background: Natural products are a valuable resource of novel bioactive metabolites and these products exist in which the anti-inflammatory activity. The present investigation studies the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Ficus hispida in rat’s model.Methods: Plant material was extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Indomethacin was used as a standard drug here, which is a known potent inhibitor of PG synthesis. The carrageenin and histamine induced paw oedema were selected to represent models of acute inflammations. The test compounds and standard drugs were administered orally. After 60 minutes paw oedema was induced by giving 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan and 0.1 % histamine by sub-plantar administration. Paw volume-Plethysmometer by mercury displacement method, before and after 1 hr to 4 hours of carrageenan and histamine administration. Performed MTT-based cytotoxicity assay of the Ficus hispida on the RAW264.7 cell line to determine the IC50 and calculate the pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and compared to the LPS control.Results: The result obtained from the in-vivo study shows that the Ficus hispida has significant anti- inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. This effect is similar to that produced by NSAIDS such as Indomethacin. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, secreted by the cells after challenging with bacterial LPS (2 µg/ml) and subsequent treatment with 50 µg Ficus hispida has been found to reduce the production of all the three pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α as compared to the LPS control. The activity, in fact, is comparable to the standard NSAID Indomethacin.Conclusions: All these findings and phytoconstituents present in the extract could be the possible chemicals involved in the prevention of inflammations.
{"title":"Anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Ficus hispida dried fruit","authors":"A. Choudhury, D. Jha, U. Rajashekhar","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212930","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212930","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Natural products are a valuable resource of novel bioactive metabolites and these products exist in which the anti-inflammatory activity. The present investigation studies the in vivo and in vitro anti-inflammatory activity of methanolic extract of Ficus hispida in rat’s model.Methods: Plant material was extracted with methanol in a Soxhlet extraction apparatus. Indomethacin was used as a standard drug here, which is a known potent inhibitor of PG synthesis. The carrageenin and histamine induced paw oedema were selected to represent models of acute inflammations. The test compounds and standard drugs were administered orally. After 60 minutes paw oedema was induced by giving 0.1 ml of 1% Carrageenan and 0.1 % histamine by sub-plantar administration. Paw volume-Plethysmometer by mercury displacement method, before and after 1 hr to 4 hours of carrageenan and histamine administration. Performed MTT-based cytotoxicity assay of the Ficus hispida on the RAW264.7 cell line to determine the IC50 and calculate the pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α and compared to the LPS control.Results: The result obtained from the in-vivo study shows that the Ficus hispida has significant anti- inflammatory activity in a dose dependent manner. This effect is similar to that produced by NSAIDS such as Indomethacin. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α, secreted by the cells after challenging with bacterial LPS (2 µg/ml) and subsequent treatment with 50 µg Ficus hispida has been found to reduce the production of all the three pro-inflammatory cytokines viz, IL-6, IL-1β and TNF-α as compared to the LPS control. The activity, in fact, is comparable to the standard NSAID Indomethacin.Conclusions: All these findings and phytoconstituents present in the extract could be the possible chemicals involved in the prevention of inflammations.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"5 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89284094","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212935
Abhishek Sharma, S. J. Bhyan, A. Malik
This review article overviewed briefly about the era of deadly viruses. Humans have been combating viruses since before our species had even evolved into its recent form. In some cases of viral infections, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to treat infections from spreading broadly, and have facilitated to patient recover. But it is far from over to fight the viruses. In recent decades, a number of viruses have sprung from animals to humans and have caused massive outbreaks, claiming thousands of lives such as the virus that led to the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa kills up to 90% of the population, making it the deadliest member of the Ebola family. But there are some viruses that are equally deadly, and some are even more deadly. Some viruses, including the novel coronavirus currently undergoing global outbreaks, have a low mortality rate but still pose a serious health risk as we have no means of access to the health facilities and scarcity of resources and infrastructure. Here we are reporting such type of ten deadly viruses. those have infected humans within last 50 years.
{"title":"A perspective review of deadly viral diseases: An era of viruses","authors":"Abhishek Sharma, S. J. Bhyan, A. Malik","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212935","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212935","url":null,"abstract":"This review article overviewed briefly about the era of deadly viruses. Humans have been combating viruses since before our species had even evolved into its recent form. In some cases of viral infections, vaccines and antiviral drugs have allowed us to treat infections from spreading broadly, and have facilitated to patient recover. But it is far from over to fight the viruses. In recent decades, a number of viruses have sprung from animals to humans and have caused massive outbreaks, claiming thousands of lives such as the virus that led to the 2014-2016 Ebola outbreak in West Africa kills up to 90% of the population, making it the deadliest member of the Ebola family. But there are some viruses that are equally deadly, and some are even more deadly. Some viruses, including the novel coronavirus currently undergoing global outbreaks, have a low mortality rate but still pose a serious health risk as we have no means of access to the health facilities and scarcity of resources and infrastructure. Here we are reporting such type of ten deadly viruses. those have infected humans within last 50 years.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"83 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88603784","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212922
S. Nipanikar, S. Chitlange
Background: Adverse effects of available medications for osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) necessitate development of safer and effective alternative medicinal substitutes. The present study was conducted to evaluate analgesic activity of Ariflex liniment (conceptualized and developed by Ari Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.) in comparison with diclofenac gel by using acetic acid induced writhing model.Methods: Albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were taken and divided into 3 groups with 5 animals in each group, i.e., group 1 (control group), group 2 (diclofenac gel) and group 3 (Ariflex liniment). After 1 hour of topical application of study drugs writhing was induced in mice using intra-peritonial injection of 1% acetic acid in volume of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight. Then the writhing episodes were recorded for 30 minutes and results were noted.Results: In the control group, the total number of writhes were 260±29.73 (mean±S. E. M.). The total number of writhes was 12.17±11.81 (mean ± S. E. M.) in diclofenac group. In Ariflex liniment group, not a single animal felt pain, hence there were no writhes recorded. When compared to control group, the difference in number of writhes was statistically significant. The analgesic activity of Ariflex liniment was found to be superior to that of diclofenac gel used as standard drug.Conclusions: It can be concluded that Ariflex liniment possesses analgesic activity.
{"title":"Evaluation of analgesic (in vivo) activity of Ariflex liniment in comparison with diclofenac gel by acetic acid induced writhing model","authors":"S. Nipanikar, S. Chitlange","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212922","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.IJBCP20212922","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Adverse effects of available medications for osteoarthritis (OA) and rheumatoid arthritis (RA) necessitate development of safer and effective alternative medicinal substitutes. The present study was conducted to evaluate analgesic activity of Ariflex liniment (conceptualized and developed by Ari Healthcare Pvt. Ltd.) in comparison with diclofenac gel by using acetic acid induced writhing model.Methods: Albino mice of either sex weighing 20-25 g were taken and divided into 3 groups with 5 animals in each group, i.e., group 1 (control group), group 2 (diclofenac gel) and group 3 (Ariflex liniment). After 1 hour of topical application of study drugs writhing was induced in mice using intra-peritonial injection of 1% acetic acid in volume of 0.1 ml/10 g body weight. Then the writhing episodes were recorded for 30 minutes and results were noted.Results: In the control group, the total number of writhes were 260±29.73 (mean±S. E. M.). The total number of writhes was 12.17±11.81 (mean ± S. E. M.) in diclofenac group. In Ariflex liniment group, not a single animal felt pain, hence there were no writhes recorded. When compared to control group, the difference in number of writhes was statistically significant. The analgesic activity of Ariflex liniment was found to be superior to that of diclofenac gel used as standard drug.Conclusions: It can be concluded that Ariflex liniment possesses analgesic activity.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"1 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89218333","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212923
N. Kandra, B. Rajesh
Background: Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders, characterized by seizures, loss of consciousness, muscular contraction. Prevalence of epilepsy in India is about 1%. High medical care cost should be cause of concern for policy makers and service providers. Hence, a study was planned to analyse cost ratio and percentage cost variations of oral antiepileptic drugs available in India.Methods: An analytical study with maximum and minimum price of 10 tablets/capsules and syrup of one bottle of available strength of each drug was noted in Indian Rupee, using “Current Index of Medical Specialties” July to October 2020; “Drug Today” July To October 2020 volume-1 and “Indian Drug Review” 2020 volume-26 issue 6. Percentage cost variation and cost ratio for individual drugs was compared.Results: Significant cost variations were found in different brands of same drug. Among established oral antiepileptic drugs, Divalproex sodium 250 mg has highest cost ratio 16.071 and 1507.14% price variation and Clonazepam 0.25 mg with cost ratio 16.005 and 1500.55% price variation. Diazepam 2 mg has lowest cost ratio 1.024 and 2.43% price variation. Among newer oral antiepileptic drugs, Levetiracetam 500 mg has highest cost ratio 66.389 and 6538.93% price variation; least is Oxcarbazepine 450 mg with cost ratio 1.317 and 31.75% price variation.Conclusions: Epilepsy has long course of treatment. Increased adherence to treatment is achieved by switching to cost-effective therapy and by making Pharmacoeconomics an integral part of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Curriculum.
{"title":"Cost variation analysis of different brands of oral anti-epileptic drugs available in India","authors":"N. Kandra, B. Rajesh","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212923","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212923","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Epilepsy is a group of neurological disorders, characterized by seizures, loss of consciousness, muscular contraction. Prevalence of epilepsy in India is about 1%. High medical care cost should be cause of concern for policy makers and service providers. Hence, a study was planned to analyse cost ratio and percentage cost variations of oral antiepileptic drugs available in India.Methods: An analytical study with maximum and minimum price of 10 tablets/capsules and syrup of one bottle of available strength of each drug was noted in Indian Rupee, using “Current Index of Medical Specialties” July to October 2020; “Drug Today” July To October 2020 volume-1 and “Indian Drug Review” 2020 volume-26 issue 6. Percentage cost variation and cost ratio for individual drugs was compared.Results: Significant cost variations were found in different brands of same drug. Among established oral antiepileptic drugs, Divalproex sodium 250 mg has highest cost ratio 16.071 and 1507.14% price variation and Clonazepam 0.25 mg with cost ratio 16.005 and 1500.55% price variation. Diazepam 2 mg has lowest cost ratio 1.024 and 2.43% price variation. Among newer oral antiepileptic drugs, Levetiracetam 500 mg has highest cost ratio 66.389 and 6538.93% price variation; least is Oxcarbazepine 450 mg with cost ratio 1.317 and 31.75% price variation.Conclusions: Epilepsy has long course of treatment. Increased adherence to treatment is achieved by switching to cost-effective therapy and by making Pharmacoeconomics an integral part of Undergraduate and Postgraduate Curriculum.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"8 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"74019012","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212929
D. Domadia, Jigisha Patadiya, P. Bhabhor
Background: India, having diverse demographic profile, any single measure to curtain COVID-19 spread will become ineffective by default. Hence, determining knowledge and behaviours of population regarding COVID-19 is must to extract and decide on an effective approach to reduce the spread of COVID-19. For the same, we conducted KAP study.Methods: It was a KAP study of adult residents of various districts of Gujarat, India; consisting questions with multiple responses pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practices towards COVID-19. Responses were analysed and represented by their percentage. Knowledge related questions’ responses were statistically analysed based upon responder’s age, gender, education level.Results: Knowledge scores of male and female participants were 7.03 and 6.96. Mean knowledge score of age group of 18-30 years, differed significantly to that of age group of >60 years. Study participants’ scores didn’t differ statistically according their education levels. 91.3% participants felt that COVID-19 can be more effectively managed if person has been diagnosed or tested earlier in the disease. 69.8% participants felt that patients of COVID-19 infection can be safely treated at home. 74.4% of participant were in favour of lockdown if need arises. 77% participants were willing to take COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: Knowledge level didn’t differ for any gender or education level. Knowledge scores of populations above age of 60 years were statistically less as compared to the scores of participants aged between 18 to 30 years. TV news channels and newspapers were most sought way of getting information for current study population.
{"title":"Knowledge, attitudes, and practices towards COVID-19 among residents of Gujarat, India","authors":"D. Domadia, Jigisha Patadiya, P. Bhabhor","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212929","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212929","url":null,"abstract":"Background: India, having diverse demographic profile, any single measure to curtain COVID-19 spread will become ineffective by default. Hence, determining knowledge and behaviours of population regarding COVID-19 is must to extract and decide on an effective approach to reduce the spread of COVID-19. For the same, we conducted KAP study.Methods: It was a KAP study of adult residents of various districts of Gujarat, India; consisting questions with multiple responses pertaining to knowledge, attitude, and practices towards COVID-19. Responses were analysed and represented by their percentage. Knowledge related questions’ responses were statistically analysed based upon responder’s age, gender, education level.Results: Knowledge scores of male and female participants were 7.03 and 6.96. Mean knowledge score of age group of 18-30 years, differed significantly to that of age group of >60 years. Study participants’ scores didn’t differ statistically according their education levels. 91.3% participants felt that COVID-19 can be more effectively managed if person has been diagnosed or tested earlier in the disease. 69.8% participants felt that patients of COVID-19 infection can be safely treated at home. 74.4% of participant were in favour of lockdown if need arises. 77% participants were willing to take COVID-19 vaccine.Conclusions: Knowledge level didn’t differ for any gender or education level. Knowledge scores of populations above age of 60 years were statistically less as compared to the scores of participants aged between 18 to 30 years. TV news channels and newspapers were most sought way of getting information for current study population.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"10 3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"90730547","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212934
B. Kwatra, Rajani Raghavendra, Rutuja Sandip Patre, Dhvani H. Kuntawala
This article was an examination of the therapeutic enhancement of antibiotics using probiotics. The scientific development and subsequent enhancement of antibiotics continued to influence the researchers all over the globe today. This article examined the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrated further aspects of probiotics and antibiotics. Additionally, this article explored options for therapeutic enhancement of ofloxacin, amoxicillin and cefuroxime.
{"title":"Therapeutic enhancement of antibiotics using probiotics: a review","authors":"B. Kwatra, Rajani Raghavendra, Rutuja Sandip Patre, Dhvani H. Kuntawala","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212934","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212934","url":null,"abstract":"This article was an examination of the therapeutic enhancement of antibiotics using probiotics. The scientific development and subsequent enhancement of antibiotics continued to influence the researchers all over the globe today. This article examined the research done and published by researchers and scientists. Consideration of current trends and data in scientific queries and demonstrated further aspects of probiotics and antibiotics. Additionally, this article explored options for therapeutic enhancement of ofloxacin, amoxicillin and cefuroxime.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"89370040","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212920
Dandyala Pavan Kalyan, G. Teja, K. Reddy, Marina D’souza
Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder, which affects the major organs in the human body. Pathophysiology of SLE is unknown. It mainly affects the joints, and restricts their movement. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) an anti-malarial drug is used as the first line of drugs used to treat SLE. The major adverse effect of this drug is irreversible retinopathy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of retinopathy in patients with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine (for more than 1 year).Methods: In patients with SLE, we recorded a review on HCQ induced toxicity among those taking it for longer period (>1 year). All the patients were above 18 years of age. A total data of 210 patients suffering from SLE and taking HCQ for more than one year was collected. Patients were categorized according to gender and dose pattern. Out of 210 patients, 0 patients were found to be retinal toxic induced by HCQ.Results: Suitable statistical tools were used and data was analysed which showed the incidence and prevalence of HCQ induced toxicity. With the results of our study we can understand that incidence and prevalence rates were very low among the subjects.Conclusions: HCQ is said to reduce the risk of disease remission, improves survival, minimizes the risks of vital organ damage, reduces the frequency of flares and has a protective effect on cardiovascular health. HCQ medication is usually well tolerated. But irreversible retinopathy is the major effect on long term use of HCQ. The present study concludes that in the nominal daily dose of 200mg did not reveal any signs of retinal toxicity in 100% of the population tested within 5 years of HCQ treatment suggesting that the toxicity is rare and can be prevented by reducing the dose of the drug.
{"title":"Evaluation of hydroxychloroquine induced retinal toxicity in systemic lupus erythematosus patients","authors":"Dandyala Pavan Kalyan, G. Teja, K. Reddy, Marina D’souza","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212920","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212920","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic autoimmune disorder, which affects the major organs in the human body. Pathophysiology of SLE is unknown. It mainly affects the joints, and restricts their movement. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) an anti-malarial drug is used as the first line of drugs used to treat SLE. The major adverse effect of this drug is irreversible retinopathy. The aim of the study was to evaluate the incidence and prevalence of retinopathy in patients with long-term usage of hydroxychloroquine (for more than 1 year).Methods: In patients with SLE, we recorded a review on HCQ induced toxicity among those taking it for longer period (>1 year). All the patients were above 18 years of age. A total data of 210 patients suffering from SLE and taking HCQ for more than one year was collected. Patients were categorized according to gender and dose pattern. Out of 210 patients, 0 patients were found to be retinal toxic induced by HCQ.Results: Suitable statistical tools were used and data was analysed which showed the incidence and prevalence of HCQ induced toxicity. With the results of our study we can understand that incidence and prevalence rates were very low among the subjects.Conclusions: HCQ is said to reduce the risk of disease remission, improves survival, minimizes the risks of vital organ damage, reduces the frequency of flares and has a protective effect on cardiovascular health. HCQ medication is usually well tolerated. But irreversible retinopathy is the major effect on long term use of HCQ. The present study concludes that in the nominal daily dose of 200mg did not reveal any signs of retinal toxicity in 100% of the population tested within 5 years of HCQ treatment suggesting that the toxicity is rare and can be prevented by reducing the dose of the drug.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"3 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"88102658","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212918
M. Ahmed, Amreen Saba
Background: Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. Post graduate residents are one of the key stakeholders in clinical research. Therefore, the present study is designed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about bio-ethics in clinical research among post-graduate residents.Methods: A self-administered pretested questionnaire was given to 40 students selected on the basis of convenience sampling. The questionnaire consists of questions related to knowledge and attitude toward principles and practice of bioethics in clinical research, informed consent, and role of the ethics committee in the institution. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the results.Results: 70% of the students have formally taken Hippocratic Oath. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Institutional Ethics Committee, and informed consent were more among final year students when compared to their juniors. Source of knowledge of bioethics were multiple. Department lectures were not a preferred mode of learning.Conclusions: There is an urgent need to include practical education of ethics to bridge the gap in the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding ethics in clinical practice and research.
{"title":"A questionnaire based institutional assessment of ‘knowledge’, ‘attitude’ and ‘practice’ about bio-ethics in clinical research among postgraduate residents","authors":"M. Ahmed, Amreen Saba","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212918","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212918","url":null,"abstract":"Background: Research ethics govern the standards of conduct for scientific researchers. Post graduate residents are one of the key stakeholders in clinical research. Therefore, the present study is designed to assess the Knowledge, Attitude and Practice about bio-ethics in clinical research among post-graduate residents.Methods: A self-administered pretested questionnaire was given to 40 students selected on the basis of convenience sampling. The questionnaire consists of questions related to knowledge and attitude toward principles and practice of bioethics in clinical research, informed consent, and role of the ethics committee in the institution. Descriptive statistics was used to analyse the results.Results: 70% of the students have formally taken Hippocratic Oath. Knowledge, attitude, and practice regarding Institutional Ethics Committee, and informed consent were more among final year students when compared to their juniors. Source of knowledge of bioethics were multiple. Department lectures were not a preferred mode of learning.Conclusions: There is an urgent need to include practical education of ethics to bridge the gap in the knowledge, attitude, and practices regarding ethics in clinical practice and research.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"140 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"81825293","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2021-07-26DOI: 10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212921
Sanath Kumar Krishnamurthy, Basavaraj Poojar, S. Nagaraja
Background: the nation-wide lockdown due global pandemic has disrupted a vital strategic intervention resulting in overall 60% decrease in presumptive and diagnostic TB cases during the lockdown period.Methods: A discrete choice experimental (DCE) exploratory operational research conducted during March to May 2020.Results: Health care services were affected 25% reduction in the outpatient department (OPD) in comparison to the previous year the same period. A gradual reduction in negative sputum cases undergoing chest radiography from 54% to 14%. Due to restricted movement LPA tests have been reduced 25% among the diagnosed TB cases, and private referrals to cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) services were reduced to 20%.Conclusions: Health services, including national programmes to combat TB, need to be actively engaged in ensuring an effective and rapid response to COVID-19 while ensuring that TB services are maintained. While experience on COVID-19 infection in TB patients remains limited, it is anticipated that people ill with both TB and COVID-19 may have poorer treatment outcomes, especially if TB treatment is interrupted. TB patients should take precautions as advised by health authorities to be protected from COVID-19 and continue their TB treatment as prescribed.
{"title":"Effects of COVID-19 on national tuberculosis elimination programme strategies during March to May 2020 on Tumkur district, India","authors":"Sanath Kumar Krishnamurthy, Basavaraj Poojar, S. Nagaraja","doi":"10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212921","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.18203/2319-2003.ijbcp20212921","url":null,"abstract":"Background: the nation-wide lockdown due global pandemic has disrupted a vital strategic intervention resulting in overall 60% decrease in presumptive and diagnostic TB cases during the lockdown period.Methods: A discrete choice experimental (DCE) exploratory operational research conducted during March to May 2020.Results: Health care services were affected 25% reduction in the outpatient department (OPD) in comparison to the previous year the same period. A gradual reduction in negative sputum cases undergoing chest radiography from 54% to 14%. Due to restricted movement LPA tests have been reduced 25% among the diagnosed TB cases, and private referrals to cartridge based nucleic acid amplification test (CBNAAT) services were reduced to 20%.Conclusions: Health services, including national programmes to combat TB, need to be actively engaged in ensuring an effective and rapid response to COVID-19 while ensuring that TB services are maintained. While experience on COVID-19 infection in TB patients remains limited, it is anticipated that people ill with both TB and COVID-19 may have poorer treatment outcomes, especially if TB treatment is interrupted. TB patients should take precautions as advised by health authorities to be protected from COVID-19 and continue their TB treatment as prescribed.","PeriodicalId":13901,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Basic & Clinical Pharmacology","volume":"54 1","pages":""},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2021-07-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"80162277","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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