Pub Date : 2023-10-01DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.08.0822
Noorfadzli Abdul Razak, Nur Alya Aqilah Sabri, Juliana Johari, Fazlina Ahmat Ruslan, Mahanijah Md. Kamal, Mohd Azri Abdul Aziz
Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles requires effective detection and tracking of surrounding objects. This paper proposes the design and development of a driverless transportation system module focused on identifying obstacles around vehicles. By integrating computer vision with deep learning, the system presents a reliable and cost-effective solution for autonomous driving. Utilizing Raspberry Pi 4B and a USB webcam, a compact hardware setup is created for seamless implementation in autonomous vehicles. The algorithm presented in this study enables the detection, classification, and tracking of both moving and stationary objects, including cars, buses, trucks, people, and motorcycles. TensorFlow Lite, a deep-learning network, is employed for efficient object detection and classification. Leveraging Python as the primary programming language, known for its high-level object-oriented features and integrated semantics, the algorithm is tailored for web and application development. Experimental results demonstrate the system’s capability to concurrently detect and identify multiple local objects with an accuracy ranging from 50% to 80% in day and night conditions. These findings underscore the potential of deep learning in advancing autonomous vehicle technology.
{"title":"Investigation of Object Detection and Identification at Different Lighting Conditions for Autonomous Vehicle Application","authors":"Noorfadzli Abdul Razak, Nur Alya Aqilah Sabri, Juliana Johari, Fazlina Ahmat Ruslan, Mahanijah Md. Kamal, Mohd Azri Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.08.0822","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.08.0822","url":null,"abstract":"Ensuring the safety of autonomous vehicles requires effective detection and tracking of surrounding objects. This paper proposes the design and development of a driverless transportation system module focused on identifying obstacles around vehicles. By integrating computer vision with deep learning, the system presents a reliable and cost-effective solution for autonomous driving. Utilizing Raspberry Pi 4B and a USB webcam, a compact hardware setup is created for seamless implementation in autonomous vehicles. The algorithm presented in this study enables the detection, classification, and tracking of both moving and stationary objects, including cars, buses, trucks, people, and motorcycles. TensorFlow Lite, a deep-learning network, is employed for efficient object detection and classification. Leveraging Python as the primary programming language, known for its high-level object-oriented features and integrated semantics, the algorithm is tailored for web and application development. Experimental results demonstrate the system’s capability to concurrently detect and identify multiple local objects with an accuracy ranging from 50% to 80% in day and night conditions. These findings underscore the potential of deep learning in advancing autonomous vehicle technology.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135660783","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.07.0821
None S. Zulfikar, Abdullah Aziz Saad, None Z. Ahmad, None Z. Bachok
Stretchable electronic devices are progressively deployed in many applications of mechanical, electrical, and bio-medical engineering. These circuits are made of stretchable and flexible substrate, as well as conductive ink, and various electronic components. The choice of components and layouts for the substrate and conductive ink can regulate the stretchability of stretchable circuits. On top of that, the substance utilized to create the conductive ink must have high electrical conductivity and strong adherence to the substrate in order to produce a high-quality stretchable printed circuit. Thus, this study focused on the development of stretchable conductive ink using silver powder as a conductive filler and PDMS-OH as a binder. The mechanical properties of the synthesized ink were investigated via simple uniaxial tensile testing method and nanoindentation technique, respectively. Accordingly, the modulus of elasticity, tensile stress and yield stress of the ink were obtained as 5.72 MPa, 1.195 MPa, and 0.86 MPa, congruently at 137% strain before undergoing failure. The experimental stress-strain data was then employed on the elastic-plastic constitutive model to investigate the elastomeric properties of the ink as it is an alternative method of lengthy and expensive procedures of validating different polymers. Moreover, the hardness and reduced modulus of the ink were evaluated by nanoindentation method using 5 mN maximum load with 0.5 mN/s loading/unloading rate and 2 secs holding time. Consequently, the hardness and reduced modulus values were obtained as 1.45 MPa and 34.53 MPa, respectively. These values were further validated by Oliver-Pharr method, and were in a good agreement.
{"title":"Mechanical Analysis and Constitutive Modeling of Nonlinear Behavior of Silver-based Conductive Ink","authors":"None S. Zulfikar, Abdullah Aziz Saad, None Z. Ahmad, None Z. Bachok","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.07.0821","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.07.0821","url":null,"abstract":"Stretchable electronic devices are progressively deployed in many applications of mechanical, electrical, and bio-medical engineering. These circuits are made of stretchable and flexible substrate, as well as conductive ink, and various electronic components. The choice of components and layouts for the substrate and conductive ink can regulate the stretchability of stretchable circuits. On top of that, the substance utilized to create the conductive ink must have high electrical conductivity and strong adherence to the substrate in order to produce a high-quality stretchable printed circuit. Thus, this study focused on the development of stretchable conductive ink using silver powder as a conductive filler and PDMS-OH as a binder. The mechanical properties of the synthesized ink were investigated via simple uniaxial tensile testing method and nanoindentation technique, respectively. Accordingly, the modulus of elasticity, tensile stress and yield stress of the ink were obtained as 5.72 MPa, 1.195 MPa, and 0.86 MPa, congruently at 137% strain before undergoing failure. The experimental stress-strain data was then employed on the elastic-plastic constitutive model to investigate the elastomeric properties of the ink as it is an alternative method of lengthy and expensive procedures of validating different polymers. Moreover, the hardness and reduced modulus of the ink were evaluated by nanoindentation method using 5 mN maximum load with 0.5 mN/s loading/unloading rate and 2 secs holding time. Consequently, the hardness and reduced modulus values were obtained as 1.45 MPa and 34.53 MPa, respectively. These values were further validated by Oliver-Pharr method, and were in a good agreement.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721930","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.02.0816
Muhammad Shukri Azizi Razak, Fauzi Ahmad, Mohd Hanif Che Hasan, Hishamuddin Jamaluddin
This paper presents an investigation into the performance of in-wheel motor (IWM) based electric vehicles (IWM-EV) in the longitudinal direction. The design of IWM-EV is an innovation of the conventional go-kart vehicle with slightly modifications in steering, suspension, and braking system, which then makes use three-phase permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motor (PMSM-IWM) at both of the rear axle wheels. An extension of that is a simulation of IWM-EV vehicle using a 5-degree-of-freedom vehicle longitudinal model that has been developed by incorporating PMSM-IWM as a drive wheel located at the rear axles. Using the simulation, vehicle dynamic control in the longitudinal direction-based Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller has also been strategized. As the intention to confirm the capability of the IWM-EV, experimental studies-based real IWM-EV hardware have been conducted. Three dynamic tests that generalized from SAE standard SAE J866-199908, namely acceleration performance at the level pavement (include acceleration tests and acceleration then braking tests) and road gradient tests at constant speeds of 10, 15 and 20 km/h, were used as the testing method. The performance areas evaluated were vehicle body speed, wheel speed, distance travel experienced by the vehicle, IWMs current, drive torque as well as the battery voltage capacity used by the vehicle. The finding indicate that the simulation results and experimental data are similar with less than 5 % error. The outcomes from this study will be considered in the design optimization of a torque vectoring control in the next research study.
{"title":"Dynamic Testing of In-Wheel Motor Based Electric Vehicle in Longitudinal Direction","authors":"Muhammad Shukri Azizi Razak, Fauzi Ahmad, Mohd Hanif Che Hasan, Hishamuddin Jamaluddin","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.02.0816","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.02.0816","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an investigation into the performance of in-wheel motor (IWM) based electric vehicles (IWM-EV) in the longitudinal direction. The design of IWM-EV is an innovation of the conventional go-kart vehicle with slightly modifications in steering, suspension, and braking system, which then makes use three-phase permanent magnet synchronous in-wheel motor (PMSM-IWM) at both of the rear axle wheels. An extension of that is a simulation of IWM-EV vehicle using a 5-degree-of-freedom vehicle longitudinal model that has been developed by incorporating PMSM-IWM as a drive wheel located at the rear axles. Using the simulation, vehicle dynamic control in the longitudinal direction-based Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controller has also been strategized. As the intention to confirm the capability of the IWM-EV, experimental studies-based real IWM-EV hardware have been conducted. Three dynamic tests that generalized from SAE standard SAE J866-199908, namely acceleration performance at the level pavement (include acceleration tests and acceleration then braking tests) and road gradient tests at constant speeds of 10, 15 and 20 km/h, were used as the testing method. The performance areas evaluated were vehicle body speed, wheel speed, distance travel experienced by the vehicle, IWMs current, drive torque as well as the battery voltage capacity used by the vehicle. The finding indicate that the simulation results and experimental data are similar with less than 5 % error. The outcomes from this study will be considered in the design optimization of a torque vectoring control in the next research study.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721932","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-26DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.05.0819
M. A. Yunus, None A.R. Bahari, None M.N. Abdul Rani, None Z. Yahya, None M.A. Rahim
Nonlinear structural dynamic analysis is required for mechanical structures experiencing nonlinearity through large force-vibration response ranges. Nonlinearities can be caused by large vibration displacements, material properties, or joints. Experimental modal analysis for nonlinear detection is achieved using conventional force-controlled stepped sine testing. However, this approach often encounters premature jumps in frequency response curves before reaching actual resonance peaks. In recent years, response-controlled stepped sine testing (RCT) has been introduced to precisely quantify resonant peaks. This approach, however, has only been limitedly utilised to detect and analyse nonlinearity in jointed structures and structures experiencing large displacement. In this paper, the reliability of the RCT approach is assessed for detecting nonlinearity from different sources. The experimental setup involves placing two magnets on opposite sides of a plate's free end to induce localised nonlinearity through magnet attraction. A low force magnitude of random excitation is employed to identify the frequency range of the first vibration mode using an electromagnetic shaker. Subsequently, RCT is performed within this range to measure the nonlinear forced response. Frequency response functions are measured at ten different controlled displacement amplitudes at the driving point. The analysis observed a symmetry curve of response in the measured FRFs. The results indicate that nonlinear hardening is detected at structures with localised magnet attraction. In conclusion, the reliability of applying the RCT approach for detecting nonlinearity from magnet attraction is achieved due to the absence of a jump issue in FRFs.
{"title":"Reliability of Response-Controlled Stepped Sine Testing for Experimental Detection of Nonlinear Structure","authors":"M. A. Yunus, None A.R. Bahari, None M.N. Abdul Rani, None Z. Yahya, None M.A. Rahim","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.05.0819","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.05.0819","url":null,"abstract":"Nonlinear structural dynamic analysis is required for mechanical structures experiencing nonlinearity through large force-vibration response ranges. Nonlinearities can be caused by large vibration displacements, material properties, or joints. Experimental modal analysis for nonlinear detection is achieved using conventional force-controlled stepped sine testing. However, this approach often encounters premature jumps in frequency response curves before reaching actual resonance peaks. In recent years, response-controlled stepped sine testing (RCT) has been introduced to precisely quantify resonant peaks. This approach, however, has only been limitedly utilised to detect and analyse nonlinearity in jointed structures and structures experiencing large displacement. In this paper, the reliability of the RCT approach is assessed for detecting nonlinearity from different sources. The experimental setup involves placing two magnets on opposite sides of a plate's free end to induce localised nonlinearity through magnet attraction. A low force magnitude of random excitation is employed to identify the frequency range of the first vibration mode using an electromagnetic shaker. Subsequently, RCT is performed within this range to measure the nonlinear forced response. Frequency response functions are measured at ten different controlled displacement amplitudes at the driving point. The analysis observed a symmetry curve of response in the measured FRFs. The results indicate that nonlinear hardening is detected at structures with localised magnet attraction. In conclusion, the reliability of applying the RCT approach for detecting nonlinearity from magnet attraction is achieved due to the absence of a jump issue in FRFs.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135721931","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-21DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.06.0820
None Nurzaki Ikhsan, None A.A Saifizul, None R. Ramli
Commercial heavy vehicle is commonly used to transport goods and people efficiently and safely. A previous study has shown a number of gross vehicle weight (GVW) and speed violations recorded in selected areas in Malaysia, and two-axle single unit truck (SUT) is the most commercial heavy vehicle type that violated the weight and speed regulation. Moreover, accidents involving heavy vehicles result in severe traffic disruption and fatalities to other road users due to heavy vehicle size and capability to carry huge amounts of goods. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the correlation and effect of the vehicle and road condition on the two-axle SUT rollover during cornering on the curved road using the simulation approach. The verified two-axle SUT model is simulated using IPG-TruckMaker® with different GVW, speed, and coefficient of friction values while the cornering radius, driver behaviour and load’s center of gravity remain constant. A correlation based on performance indices is established, and it is found that the heavy vehicle speed has a strong correlation to the lateral load transfer to cause a rollover followed by GVW and coefficient of friction, respectively.
{"title":"Rollover Investigation of Two-Axle Heavy Vehicle Based on Load Transfer Ratio with Vehicle and Road Condition: A Simulation Approach","authors":"None Nurzaki Ikhsan, None A.A Saifizul, None R. Ramli","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.06.0820","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.06.0820","url":null,"abstract":"Commercial heavy vehicle is commonly used to transport goods and people efficiently and safely. A previous study has shown a number of gross vehicle weight (GVW) and speed violations recorded in selected areas in Malaysia, and two-axle single unit truck (SUT) is the most commercial heavy vehicle type that violated the weight and speed regulation. Moreover, accidents involving heavy vehicles result in severe traffic disruption and fatalities to other road users due to heavy vehicle size and capability to carry huge amounts of goods. Thus, the objective of this paper is to investigate the correlation and effect of the vehicle and road condition on the two-axle SUT rollover during cornering on the curved road using the simulation approach. The verified two-axle SUT model is simulated using IPG-TruckMaker® with different GVW, speed, and coefficient of friction values while the cornering radius, driver behaviour and load’s center of gravity remain constant. A correlation based on performance indices is established, and it is found that the heavy vehicle speed has a strong correlation to the lateral load transfer to cause a rollover followed by GVW and coefficient of friction, respectively.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-21","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136239708","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.03.0817
None Reji Kumar Rajamony, Mahendran Samykano, None A.K. Pandey, None S. Ramesh Babu, None M.M. Noor, None D. Ramasamy, None Johnny Koh Siaw Paw, None Sendhil Kumar Natarajan
Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a valuable tool for improving the energy efficiency of renewable energy conversion systems. One of the most effective methods for harnessing thermal energy from solar sources is through energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs). However, the thermal performance of PCMs is hindered by their low thermal conductivity. This research focuses on enhancing the thermal performance of salt hydrate PCM using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and surfactants. Through experimental investigations, a salt hydrate PCM with varying concentrations of MWCNTs (ranging from 0.1% to 0.9%) was prepared using a two-step technique and their thermophysical properties were thoroughly characterized. Various techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscope, thermal conductivity analyzer, ultraviolet-visible spectrum, thermogravimetric analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were utilized to study the effect of surfactant on the nanocomposites and examine their morphology, thermal conductivity, optical properties, thermal stability, and chemical stability. The results indicated that the inclusion of MWCNTs with salt hydrate significantly improved the thermal conductivity by 68.09% at a concentration of 0.7 wt %, compared to pure salt hydrate. However, this enhancement in thermal performance was accompanied by a reduction in optical transmittance in the developed nanocomposite PCM. Additionally, the formulated nanocomposite demonstrated excellent thermal and chemical stability up to temperatures as high as 468 °C. As a result, this nanocomposite shows great promise as a potential candidate for solar TES applications, offering favourable characteristics for efficient energy storage from solar sources.
{"title":"Investigation on Thermophysical Properties of Multi-Walled Carbon Nanotubes Enhanced Salt Hydrate Phase Change Material","authors":"None Reji Kumar Rajamony, Mahendran Samykano, None A.K. Pandey, None S. Ramesh Babu, None M.M. Noor, None D. Ramasamy, None Johnny Koh Siaw Paw, None Sendhil Kumar Natarajan","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.03.0817","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.03.0817","url":null,"abstract":"Thermal Energy Storage (TES) is a valuable tool for improving the energy efficiency of renewable energy conversion systems. One of the most effective methods for harnessing thermal energy from solar sources is through energy storage using phase change materials (PCMs). However, the thermal performance of PCMs is hindered by their low thermal conductivity. This research focuses on enhancing the thermal performance of salt hydrate PCM using multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) and surfactants. Through experimental investigations, a salt hydrate PCM with varying concentrations of MWCNTs (ranging from 0.1% to 0.9%) was prepared using a two-step technique and their thermophysical properties were thoroughly characterized. Various techniques such as field emission scanning electron microscope, thermal conductivity analyzer, ultraviolet-visible spectrum, thermogravimetric analyzer, and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy were utilized to study the effect of surfactant on the nanocomposites and examine their morphology, thermal conductivity, optical properties, thermal stability, and chemical stability. The results indicated that the inclusion of MWCNTs with salt hydrate significantly improved the thermal conductivity by 68.09% at a concentration of 0.7 wt %, compared to pure salt hydrate. However, this enhancement in thermal performance was accompanied by a reduction in optical transmittance in the developed nanocomposite PCM. Additionally, the formulated nanocomposite demonstrated excellent thermal and chemical stability up to temperatures as high as 468 °C. As a result, this nanocomposite shows great promise as a potential candidate for solar TES applications, offering favourable characteristics for efficient energy storage from solar sources.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136378685","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-17DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.04.0818
None Yani Kurniawan, None Dede Lia Zariatin, None Pratik Suko Pangarsono, None Bambang Cahyadi, None Bambang Sulaksono
The high cost of manufacturing microplate implants is a primary issue. This is because the production of microplate implants uses the micro-milling and wire-EDM process. Production costs can be reduced using one machining process, and die-sinking EDM is an alternative in the manufacturing of microplate implants. This paper investigates the capability of EDM die-sinking in manufacturing microplate implants. This paper also studies the reaction of electrode materials and pulse currents to the microplate’s dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and hardness. The process of EDM die-sinking uses electrodes of graphite and copper with pulse current variance of 6, 9, and 13 A. The experiment results indicate that the process of EDM die-sinking success in manufacturing microplates on commercially pure titanium sheets. Decreasing the pulse current can improve dimensional accuracy, smoothen surface roughness and minimize the hardness decrease of the microplate. These results are better using the copper electrode compare with the graphite electrode. The best quality of the microplate is at 93.3% dimensional accuracy, 5.28 µm surface roughness, and a 12% decrease in hardness. The best quality microplates was achieved by using copper electrodes with a 6 A pulse current.
{"title":"Dimensional Accuracy, Surface Roughness and Hardness Properties for Microplate Implants Manufacturing by EDM Die-Sinking Process","authors":"None Yani Kurniawan, None Dede Lia Zariatin, None Pratik Suko Pangarsono, None Bambang Cahyadi, None Bambang Sulaksono","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.04.0818","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.04.0818","url":null,"abstract":"The high cost of manufacturing microplate implants is a primary issue. This is because the production of microplate implants uses the micro-milling and wire-EDM process. Production costs can be reduced using one machining process, and die-sinking EDM is an alternative in the manufacturing of microplate implants. This paper investigates the capability of EDM die-sinking in manufacturing microplate implants. This paper also studies the reaction of electrode materials and pulse currents to the microplate’s dimensional accuracy, surface roughness and hardness. The process of EDM die-sinking uses electrodes of graphite and copper with pulse current variance of 6, 9, and 13 A. The experiment results indicate that the process of EDM die-sinking success in manufacturing microplates on commercially pure titanium sheets. Decreasing the pulse current can improve dimensional accuracy, smoothen surface roughness and minimize the hardness decrease of the microplate. These results are better using the copper electrode compare with the graphite electrode. The best quality of the microplate is at 93.3% dimensional accuracy, 5.28 µm surface roughness, and a 12% decrease in hardness. The best quality microplates was achieved by using copper electrodes with a 6 A pulse current.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-17","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135304206","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-09-09DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.01.0815
Annisa Jamali, Muhammad Hasbollah Hassan, Lidyana Roslan, Muhamad Sukri Hadi
This paper focused on modelling of a gradient flexible plate system utilizing an evolutionary algorithm, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm. A square aluminium plate experimental rig with a gradient of 30° and all edges clamped were designed and fabricated to acquire input-output vibration data experimentally. This input-output data was then applied in a system identification method, which used an evolutionary algorithm with a linear autoregressive with exogenous (ARX) model structure to generate a dynamic model of the system. The obtained results were then compared with the conventional method that is recursive least square (RLS). The developed models were evaluated based on the lowest mean square error (MSE), within the 95% confidence level of both auto and cross-correlation tests as well as high stability in the pole-zero diagram. Investigation of results indicates that both evolutionary algorithms provide lower MSE than RLS. It is demonstrated that intelligence algorithms, PSO and CS outperformed the conventional algorithm by 85% and 89%, respectively. However, in terms of the overall assessment, model order 4 by the CS algorithm was selected to be the ideal model in representing the dynamic modelling of the system since it had the lowest MSE value, which fell inside the 95% confidence threshold, indicating unbiasedness and stability.
{"title":"Implementation of Evolutionary Algorithms to Parametric Identification of Gradient Flexible Plate Structure","authors":"Annisa Jamali, Muhammad Hasbollah Hassan, Lidyana Roslan, Muhamad Sukri Hadi","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.01.0815","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.01.0815","url":null,"abstract":"This paper focused on modelling of a gradient flexible plate system utilizing an evolutionary algorithm, namely particle swarm optimization (PSO) and cuckoo search (CS) algorithm. A square aluminium plate experimental rig with a gradient of 30° and all edges clamped were designed and fabricated to acquire input-output vibration data experimentally. This input-output data was then applied in a system identification method, which used an evolutionary algorithm with a linear autoregressive with exogenous (ARX) model structure to generate a dynamic model of the system. The obtained results were then compared with the conventional method that is recursive least square (RLS). The developed models were evaluated based on the lowest mean square error (MSE), within the 95% confidence level of both auto and cross-correlation tests as well as high stability in the pole-zero diagram. Investigation of results indicates that both evolutionary algorithms provide lower MSE than RLS. It is demonstrated that intelligence algorithms, PSO and CS outperformed the conventional algorithm by 85% and 89%, respectively. However, in terms of the overall assessment, model order 4 by the CS algorithm was selected to be the ideal model in representing the dynamic modelling of the system since it had the lowest MSE value, which fell inside the 95% confidence threshold, indicating unbiasedness and stability.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-09-09","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136194195","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-10DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.2.2023.16.0814
None A. Yadav, Mahendran Samykano, A. K. Pandey, V.V. Tyagi, R. Devarajan, K. Sudhakar, M. M. Noor
Global warming and energy depletion are the main problems faced in recent years due to energy consumption by industries and the global population. Phase change materials (PCMs) with significant properties tend to store and release energy and fill the demand and supply gap. Most organic and inorganic PCMs are not considered environmentally eco-friendly when used for thermal energy storage (TES). Because they are formed from non-conventional energy resources, their carbon footmark and environmental effect are not ignored. To reduce problems, an urgent need for eco-friendly materials is required. Green substitute bio-based phase change materials (BPCMs) have gained extensive attention and are considered the best suitable replacement for organic and inorganic PCMs because BPCMs exhibit significant properties that are cost-effective, eco-friendly, renewable and convenient for thermal energy storage. However, the thermal conductivity of BPCMs is too low, which delays TES and heat transfer rates. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the reduction of low thermal conductivity problems with the help of highly conductive nanoparticles dispersed into the BPCMs and the fabrication methods of BPCMs composites. This article also provides information for futuristic researchers about the methods of fabrication and factors for enhancing the thermal conductivity of an eco-friendly BPCM composite and draws an important conclusion from the literature.
{"title":"A Systematic Review on Bio-Based Phase Change Materials","authors":"None A. Yadav, Mahendran Samykano, A. K. Pandey, V.V. Tyagi, R. Devarajan, K. Sudhakar, M. M. Noor","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.2.2023.16.0814","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.2.2023.16.0814","url":null,"abstract":"Global warming and energy depletion are the main problems faced in recent years due to energy consumption by industries and the global population. Phase change materials (PCMs) with significant properties tend to store and release energy and fill the demand and supply gap. Most organic and inorganic PCMs are not considered environmentally eco-friendly when used for thermal energy storage (TES). Because they are formed from non-conventional energy resources, their carbon footmark and environmental effect are not ignored. To reduce problems, an urgent need for eco-friendly materials is required. Green substitute bio-based phase change materials (BPCMs) have gained extensive attention and are considered the best suitable replacement for organic and inorganic PCMs because BPCMs exhibit significant properties that are cost-effective, eco-friendly, renewable and convenient for thermal energy storage. However, the thermal conductivity of BPCMs is too low, which delays TES and heat transfer rates. Furthermore, this paper summarizes the reduction of low thermal conductivity problems with the help of highly conductive nanoparticles dispersed into the BPCMs and the fabrication methods of BPCMs composites. This article also provides information for futuristic researchers about the methods of fabrication and factors for enhancing the thermal conductivity of an eco-friendly BPCM composite and draws an important conclusion from the literature.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-10","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135491746","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-08-03DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.2.2023.15.0813
None Mohd Fazli Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, S.A. Firdaus Ishak, M.K. Awang, M.F. Md Din, A. Mukhtaruddin, Muhammad Haikal Aiman Jefri, Kean Sheng Tan, Azharudin Mukhtaruddin
The significance of the electromagnetic damper in vibration systems has attracted considerable interest from researchers, making it a prominent area of research. Various papers have been consulted to explore the vibration concept associated with electromagnetic dampers and their practical applications. A vibration test rig with a simple electromagnetic damper has been designed and tested to investigate the effect of electromagnetic force. An experimental study on the response of the electromagnetic damper was conducted. A logarithmic decrement method was deployed to find the damping coefficient, c, of a one-degree freedom system (mass spring damper system). A test rig and electromagnetic damper element were introduced as a damper in the system. Design factors included the type of geometry, type of material and the current supply to the system. The testing was conducted using the in-house developed vibration test rig. The data obtained from the experiment has been analysed to determine the electromagnetic damping performance. A factorial analysis was performed to identify the significant factors influencing the damping coefficient of the system. Two empirical models obtained through regression analysis of Excel and Minitab. It was found that the influential effects for the response are the type of material (aluminum), slotted geometry and a bigger amount of current (3 A). The application of a cylindrical conductor and magnet as a damper reduced the vibration response of spring mass damper.
{"title":"Development of Empirical Model for Electromagnetic Damping Coefficient Damper","authors":"None Mohd Fazli Mohd Yusoff, Ahmad Mujahid Ahmad Zaidi, S.A. Firdaus Ishak, M.K. Awang, M.F. Md Din, A. Mukhtaruddin, Muhammad Haikal Aiman Jefri, Kean Sheng Tan, Azharudin Mukhtaruddin","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.2.2023.15.0813","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.2.2023.15.0813","url":null,"abstract":"The significance of the electromagnetic damper in vibration systems has attracted considerable interest from researchers, making it a prominent area of research. Various papers have been consulted to explore the vibration concept associated with electromagnetic dampers and their practical applications. A vibration test rig with a simple electromagnetic damper has been designed and tested to investigate the effect of electromagnetic force. An experimental study on the response of the electromagnetic damper was conducted. A logarithmic decrement method was deployed to find the damping coefficient, c, of a one-degree freedom system (mass spring damper system). A test rig and electromagnetic damper element were introduced as a damper in the system. Design factors included the type of geometry, type of material and the current supply to the system. The testing was conducted using the in-house developed vibration test rig. The data obtained from the experiment has been analysed to determine the electromagnetic damping performance. A factorial analysis was performed to identify the significant factors influencing the damping coefficient of the system. Two empirical models obtained through regression analysis of Excel and Minitab. It was found that the influential effects for the response are the type of material (aluminum), slotted geometry and a bigger amount of current (3 A). The application of a cylindrical conductor and magnet as a damper reduced the vibration response of spring mass damper.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-08-03","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"136384296","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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