Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.03.0849
R. Hidayanto, D. I. Taufiq, H. Judawisastra, R. Wirawan
A 3D woven sandwich composite structure has been widely used in various fields due to its advantages in terms of its strength-to-weight ratio. The adoption of lightweight materials in the railway industry for train carriages is aligned with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11, as this fosters the development of sustainable transportation by reducing carriage weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, minimizing component wear, and mitigating air pollution. This study explores the effect of the addition of aluminum trioxide (ATH) filler on the core structure, density, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the number of added layers of 3D woven core fabric with 2D woven face sheets. Sandwich composites were produced with varying ATH loads of 30%, 40%, and 50%. We also varied the number of 3D woven core fabric layers in the composite sandwich (one, two, three, and four layers) and the 2D preform (one on the upper side, two on the upper side, and one on the upper + two on the lower sides) used as a face sheet thickener. The results showed that the addition of ATH filler increased the composite density. The addition of up to 40% ATH improved the strength and elastic modulus of the composite, while excessive loading led to a decrease in both properties. Variation of the 3D and 2D preform layers also improved the compressive strength and elastic modulus. We conclude that 3D woven sandwich composites incorporating 40% ATH, multilayered 3D woven core fabric, and 2D woven fabric face sheet thickener represent promising materials for use in the railway industry.
三维编织三明治复合材料结构因其强度重量比方面的优势，已被广泛应用于各个领域。在铁路行业的列车车厢中采用轻质材料符合联合国可持续发展目标 11，因为这可以减轻车厢重量、提高燃油效率、减少部件磨损和减轻空气污染，从而促进可持续交通的发展。本研究探讨了添加三氧化二铝（ATH）填料对带有二维编织面片的三维编织芯材结构、密度、抗压强度、弹性模量以及添加层数的影响。三明治复合材料的 ATH 负荷分别为 30%、40% 和 50%。我们还改变了复合材料夹层中三维编织芯材的层数（一层、两层、三层和四层），以及作为面片增厚剂的二维预成型（上侧一层、上侧两层、上侧一层+下侧两层）。结果表明，添加 ATH 填料可提高复合材料的密度。添加多达 40% 的 ATH 可提高复合材料的强度和弹性模量，而过量添加则会导致这两项性能下降。三维和二维预成型层的变化也提高了抗压强度和弹性模量。我们的结论是，含有 40% ATH、多层三维编织芯材和二维编织面材增稠剂的三维编织夹层复合材料是铁路工业中很有前途的材料。
{"title":"Compressive Strength and Elastic Modulus of a 3D Woven Glass/Polyester Fire-Retardant Sandwich Composite","authors":"R. Hidayanto, D. I. Taufiq, H. Judawisastra, R. Wirawan","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.03.0849","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.03.0849","url":null,"abstract":"A 3D woven sandwich composite structure has been widely used in various fields due to its advantages in terms of its strength-to-weight ratio. The adoption of lightweight materials in the railway industry for train carriages is aligned with United Nations Sustainable Development Goal 11, as this fosters the development of sustainable transportation by reducing carriage weight, enhancing fuel efficiency, minimizing component wear, and mitigating air pollution. This study explores the effect of the addition of aluminum trioxide (ATH) filler on the core structure, density, compressive strength, elastic modulus, and the number of added layers of 3D woven core fabric with 2D woven face sheets. Sandwich composites were produced with varying ATH loads of 30%, 40%, and 50%. We also varied the number of 3D woven core fabric layers in the composite sandwich (one, two, three, and four layers) and the 2D preform (one on the upper side, two on the upper side, and one on the upper + two on the lower sides) used as a face sheet thickener. The results showed that the addition of ATH filler increased the composite density. The addition of up to 40% ATH improved the strength and elastic modulus of the composite, while excessive loading led to a decrease in both properties. Variation of the 3D and 2D preform layers also improved the compressive strength and elastic modulus. We conclude that 3D woven sandwich composites incorporating 40% ATH, multilayered 3D woven core fabric, and 2D woven fabric face sheet thickener represent promising materials for use in the railway industry.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388282","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.11.0857
J.S. Yap, M. Lim, M. S. Leong
Artificial intelligence is gaining traction in bearing fault detection and diagnosis. Generally, signal processing and feature selection are carried out to facilitate the fault classification process; however, classification accuracy tends to degrade under limited training data. In this paper, various artificial intelligence (AI) classification models are studied and compared using raw vibration data without signal processing and feature engineering. A Cosine k-Nearest Neighbours (CosKNN)-based classification model is optimized by integrating a Segmentive Mechanism, resulting in an overall classification F1-score improvement to 90.8% compared to the original classifier's 76.9%. The comparative findings show that the proposed model is suitable for circumstances with limited availability of training data, signal processing tools, and feature engineering tuning.
人工智能在轴承故障检测和诊断中的应用越来越广泛。一般来说，进行信号处理和特征选择是为了促进故障分类过程；然而，在有限的训练数据下，分类精度往往会降低。本文使用原始振动数据，在不进行信号处理和特征工程的情况下，对各种人工智能（AI）分类模型进行了研究和比较。通过整合分段机制，优化了基于余弦 k 最近邻域（CosKNN）的分类模型，与原始分类器的 76.9% 相比，整体分类 F1 分数提高到 90.8%。比较结果表明，建议的模型适用于训练数据、信号处理工具和特征工程调整有限的情况。
{"title":"A Comparative Study and Improved Bearing Fault Classifier Using Raw Vibration Data Under Limited Training Samples","authors":"J.S. Yap, M. Lim, M. S. Leong","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.11.0857","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.11.0857","url":null,"abstract":"Artificial intelligence is gaining traction in bearing fault detection and diagnosis. Generally, signal processing and feature selection are carried out to facilitate the fault classification process; however, classification accuracy tends to degrade under limited training data. In this paper, various artificial intelligence (AI) classification models are studied and compared using raw vibration data without signal processing and feature engineering. A Cosine k-Nearest Neighbours (CosKNN)-based classification model is optimized by integrating a Segmentive Mechanism, resulting in an overall classification F1-score improvement to 90.8% compared to the original classifier's 76.9%. The comparative findings show that the proposed model is suitable for circumstances with limited availability of training data, signal processing tools, and feature engineering tuning.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388738","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.16.0862
Bijuan Yan, Zhiheng Zhang, HaiJing Zhang, WenJun Zhang, Zhangda Zhao, Tao Yang
As an important component of the crawler walking device, the track roller needs to withstand strong impact and is prone to failure, which can lead to serious economic losses. This paper focuses on the track roller of the spreader as the research subject and investigates the dynamic contact characteristics between the track roller and the track plate. Using RecurDyn software, a virtual prototype model of the crawler walking device is established to analyze the variation in a vertical dynamic load of the track roller under different working conditions. Simultaneously, a finite element model of the contact between the track roller and the track plate is developed using Ansys Workbench, and its accuracy is verified using Hertz contact theory. Finally, the study discusses various influencing factors on the contact characteristics, including load, curvature of the contacting bodies, and material yield strength. The results indicate that the track rollers experience the highest dynamic load when climbing a slope, reaching a maximum load of 1191.44 kN. Moreover, the maximum contact stress is 1750.4 MPa, and the maximum Mises stress is 921.34 MPa during this operation. Importantly, when the load reaches 1218 kN, the maximum Mises stress of the track roller is 930.2 MPa, which may lead to roller failure after prolonged use. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of heavy-duty track rollers and offer significant assistance for various tracked vehicles.
{"title":"Dynamic Contact Characteristics Analysis of Heavy-duty Track Rollers","authors":"Bijuan Yan, Zhiheng Zhang, HaiJing Zhang, WenJun Zhang, Zhangda Zhao, Tao Yang","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.16.0862","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.16.0862","url":null,"abstract":"As an important component of the crawler walking device, the track roller needs to withstand strong impact and is prone to failure, which can lead to serious economic losses. This paper focuses on the track roller of the spreader as the research subject and investigates the dynamic contact characteristics between the track roller and the track plate. Using RecurDyn software, a virtual prototype model of the crawler walking device is established to analyze the variation in a vertical dynamic load of the track roller under different working conditions. Simultaneously, a finite element model of the contact between the track roller and the track plate is developed using Ansys Workbench, and its accuracy is verified using Hertz contact theory. Finally, the study discusses various influencing factors on the contact characteristics, including load, curvature of the contacting bodies, and material yield strength. The results indicate that the track rollers experience the highest dynamic load when climbing a slope, reaching a maximum load of 1191.44 kN. Moreover, the maximum contact stress is 1750.4 MPa, and the maximum Mises stress is 921.34 MPa during this operation. Importantly, when the load reaches 1218 kN, the maximum Mises stress of the track roller is 930.2 MPa, which may lead to roller failure after prolonged use. These findings provide valuable insights for the design and optimization of heavy-duty track rollers and offer significant assistance for various tracked vehicles.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140389341","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.10.0856
Afeeqa Puteri Marzuki, Mohd Alfiqrie Mohd Nasir, Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh, Muhammad Hussain Ismail, B. Murat, Marzuki Ibrahim
The present fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing process has concentrated on combining metal or ceramic filled with polymer because it could provide a strong composite in layered manufacturing technology in comparison to a single polymer material. However, the ability of the composite material to flow into the extruder becomes an obstacle because of the changes in the polymer concentration and dispersion of filler particles in producing the printed part. Hence, the rheological behavior of Hydroxyapatites (HAp) / Polylactic Acid (PLA) composite with different contents of HAp was studied to assess its ability to flow through the extruder during the 3D printing process. Measurements such as pycnometer density, thermal analysis (DSC) and FT-IR were performed on the composite feedstock containing a variation of 10% to 30% HAp powder. The feedstocks behavior then were characterized by rheological tests at three different temperatures (140 oC, 150 oC, and 160 oC). The composition of PLA/20HAp has produced optimum rheological behavior with effective flow behavior index (n) and activation energy (E) of 0.396 and 89.03 kJ/mol, respectively which is suitable for extruding out the HAp/PLA composite to become a 3D printing filament material.
{"title":"Initial Study on Rheological Behaviour of Hydroxyapatites / Polylactic Acid Composite for 3D Printing Filament","authors":"Afeeqa Puteri Marzuki, Mohd Alfiqrie Mohd Nasir, Farrahshaida Mohd Salleh, Muhammad Hussain Ismail, B. Murat, Marzuki Ibrahim","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.10.0856","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.10.0856","url":null,"abstract":"The present fused deposition modeling (FDM) printing process has concentrated on combining metal or ceramic filled with polymer because it could provide a strong composite in layered manufacturing technology in comparison to a single polymer material. However, the ability of the composite material to flow into the extruder becomes an obstacle because of the changes in the polymer concentration and dispersion of filler particles in producing the printed part. Hence, the rheological behavior of Hydroxyapatites (HAp) / Polylactic Acid (PLA) composite with different contents of HAp was studied to assess its ability to flow through the extruder during the 3D printing process. Measurements such as pycnometer density, thermal analysis (DSC) and FT-IR were performed on the composite feedstock containing a variation of 10% to 30% HAp powder. The feedstocks behavior then were characterized by rheological tests at three different temperatures (140 oC, 150 oC, and 160 oC). The composition of PLA/20HAp has produced optimum rheological behavior with effective flow behavior index (n) and activation energy (E) of 0.396 and 89.03 kJ/mol, respectively which is suitable for extruding out the HAp/PLA composite to become a 3D printing filament material.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388254","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.12.0858
A. Kannan, N.M.Sivaram
Sustainable machining has gained importance in recent years due to its environmental, economic, and societal implications. Aluminium (Al) 6063 alloy involves turning operation to make it suitable for various applications. The work's novelty is assessing the machining characteristics along with sustainability indicators. This study aims to find the best-turning parameters for machining Al 6063 alloy. The turning parameters considered were cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. A cutting speed of 200 m/min, feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.25 mm were the best parameter combinations for achieving a good machining response. From the response value of mean grey relational grade (GRG) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the depth of cut ranks one with 34.38%, which is the most dominating parameter in achieving the sustainable machining of Al 6063 alloy. Through grey relational analysis, optimized machining parameters resulted in a 72.84 percent reduction in carbon emissions, 72.82 percent reduction in energy consumption, 18.58 percent reduction in cutting power, and 6.83 percent reduction in surface roughness considering the initial parameter settings and best machining parameters. The enhancement in total GRG was 0.1702, indicating improvement in the desired responses. As a result of this study, it is clear that appropriate machining parameter selection aids sustainable machining of Al 6063 alloy.
{"title":"Evaluation and Performance Improvement of Environmentally Friendly Sustainable Turning of 6063 Aluminum Alloy in Dry Conditions Using Grey Relational Analysis","authors":"A. Kannan, N.M.Sivaram","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.12.0858","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.12.0858","url":null,"abstract":"Sustainable machining has gained importance in recent years due to its environmental, economic, and societal implications. Aluminium (Al) 6063 alloy involves turning operation to make it suitable for various applications. The work's novelty is assessing the machining characteristics along with sustainability indicators. This study aims to find the best-turning parameters for machining Al 6063 alloy. The turning parameters considered were cutting speed, feed rate, and depth of cut. A cutting speed of 200 m/min, feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, and depth of cut of 0.25 mm were the best parameter combinations for achieving a good machining response. From the response value of mean grey relational grade (GRG) and analysis of variance (ANOVA), the depth of cut ranks one with 34.38%, which is the most dominating parameter in achieving the sustainable machining of Al 6063 alloy. Through grey relational analysis, optimized machining parameters resulted in a 72.84 percent reduction in carbon emissions, 72.82 percent reduction in energy consumption, 18.58 percent reduction in cutting power, and 6.83 percent reduction in surface roughness considering the initial parameter settings and best machining parameters. The enhancement in total GRG was 0.1702, indicating improvement in the desired responses. As a result of this study, it is clear that appropriate machining parameter selection aids sustainable machining of Al 6063 alloy.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140389158","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.06.0852
Norhana Mohd Aripin, G. Nawanir, Suhaidah Hussain, F. Mahmud, Khai Loon Lee
This study aims to investigate the relationship between sustaining factors and lean manufacturing implementation. This survey-based study was a cross-sectional study and the samples were drawn by using cluster sampling procedure from medium and large manufacturing companies based on the Federation of Manufacturers Malaysia (FMM) with the final number of 151 respondents. In total, four hypotheses were developed and tested statically using PLS-SEM through SmartPLS software. The result provided evidence that lean culture, lean leadership, and lean knowledge management have a positive relationship on lean manufacturing implementation. However, lean supplier management does not have a positive relationship on lean manufacturing implementation. The survey was responded by middle and top-level management from the discrete manufacturing industries. Although there is growing interest in empirical shreds of evidence in favor of sustaining lean, this study provides a comprehensive view of sustaining factors for lean manufacturing implementation. Hence, this study contributes to expanding the boundary of the existing literature and contributes to the body of knowledge while providing insights to practitioners in tailoring strategies to sustain lean manufacturing implementation and leverage their performance.
{"title":"Sustenance Strategies for Lean Manufacturing Implementation in Malaysian Manufacturing Industries","authors":"Norhana Mohd Aripin, G. Nawanir, Suhaidah Hussain, F. Mahmud, Khai Loon Lee","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.06.0852","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.06.0852","url":null,"abstract":"This study aims to investigate the relationship between sustaining factors and lean manufacturing implementation. This survey-based study was a cross-sectional study and the samples were drawn by using cluster sampling procedure from medium and large manufacturing companies based on the Federation of Manufacturers Malaysia (FMM) with the final number of 151 respondents. In total, four hypotheses were developed and tested statically using PLS-SEM through SmartPLS software. The result provided evidence that lean culture, lean leadership, and lean knowledge management have a positive relationship on lean manufacturing implementation. However, lean supplier management does not have a positive relationship on lean manufacturing implementation. The survey was responded by middle and top-level management from the discrete manufacturing industries. Although there is growing interest in empirical shreds of evidence in favor of sustaining lean, this study provides a comprehensive view of sustaining factors for lean manufacturing implementation. Hence, this study contributes to expanding the boundary of the existing literature and contributes to the body of knowledge while providing insights to practitioners in tailoring strategies to sustain lean manufacturing implementation and leverage their performance.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140389130","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.4.2024.14.0860
R. Anbalagan, S. Sendilvelan, K. Bhaskar
Diesel engines are significant contributors to air pollution, particularly through emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke, and carbon monoxide (CO). Finding sustainable fuel alternatives and additives to reduce emissions without compromising engine performance is imperative for environmental and public health concerns. This study investigates the impact of adding tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants to blends containing 20% Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oil (20MEOWCO) and 80% diesel fuel in Modified Common Rail Diesel (MCRD) engines. The experiment involves adjusting the pilot fuel injection timing to 36°CA bTDC (before Top Dead Centre) and the main injection timing to 15°CA bTDC, with a Nozzle Opening Pressure (NOP) of 500 bar. Biodiesel is produced from used cooking oil using standard procedures and then mixed with diesel fuel. Various concentrations of TBHQ are added to the 20MEOWCO fuel blend for the experiment. The findings indicate that introducing TBHQ in concentrations of 250 ppm and 500 ppm to the 20MEOWCO fuel blend results in a notable reduction of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission by 13% in MCRD engines. However, this reduction in emissions comes at the expense of increased specific fuel consumption, which is observed to rise by 2.1%. Furthermore, the study highlights a rise in smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by approximately 7–10% and 5-8%, respectively, under the experimental conditions. The results of this study suggest that the addition of TBHQ to 20MEOWCO blends holds promise for mitigating NOx emissions in MCRD engines.
{"title":"Effects of Pre-Injection and Antioxidants in a Diesel Engine Fuelled with Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oil Biodiesel","authors":"R. Anbalagan, S. Sendilvelan, K. Bhaskar","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.4.2024.14.0860","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.4.2024.14.0860","url":null,"abstract":"Diesel engines are significant contributors to air pollution, particularly through emissions of nitrogen oxides (NOx), smoke, and carbon monoxide (CO). Finding sustainable fuel alternatives and additives to reduce emissions without compromising engine performance is imperative for environmental and public health concerns. This study investigates the impact of adding tert-butylhydroquinone (TBHQ) antioxidants to blends containing 20% Methyl Esters of Waste Cooking Oil (20MEOWCO) and 80% diesel fuel in Modified Common Rail Diesel (MCRD) engines. The experiment involves adjusting the pilot fuel injection timing to 36°CA bTDC (before Top Dead Centre) and the main injection timing to 15°CA bTDC, with a Nozzle Opening Pressure (NOP) of 500 bar. Biodiesel is produced from used cooking oil using standard procedures and then mixed with diesel fuel. Various concentrations of TBHQ are added to the 20MEOWCO fuel blend for the experiment. The findings indicate that introducing TBHQ in concentrations of 250 ppm and 500 ppm to the 20MEOWCO fuel blend results in a notable reduction of Oxides of Nitrogen (NOx) emission by 13% in MCRD engines. However, this reduction in emissions comes at the expense of increased specific fuel consumption, which is observed to rise by 2.1%. Furthermore, the study highlights a rise in smoke and carbon monoxide (CO) emissions by approximately 7–10% and 5-8%, respectively, under the experimental conditions. The results of this study suggest that the addition of TBHQ to 20MEOWCO blends holds promise for mitigating NOx emissions in MCRD engines.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388825","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-01-02DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.4.2023.11.0846
Xin Yi Ang, C.S. Hassan, S.Y. Soh, E.U. Olugu, N.F. Abdullah, L.J. Yu, N. Abdul Aziz
In the automotive industry, sustainable materials, such as bio-composites, are progressively being adopted due to their lightweight feature, which reduces vehicle weight, fuel consumption and pollutants emissions. Bio-composites are renewable and biodegradable, making them more environmental-friendly. However, limited investigations into the use of bio-composites in crash box applications have indicated that they lack the impact strength to fully absorb collision energy. This study aims to compare the crashworthiness performance of crash boxes made from OPEFB fiber/epoxy and kenaf fiber/epoxy composites, with conventional steel and carbon fiber/epoxy using LS-DYNA quasi-static simulations. Six different crash box designs are proposed: square, hexagonal, decagonal, hexagonal 3-cell, hexagonal 6-cell, and decagonal 10-cell structure, to evaluate the effect of these designs on crash box performance. The results show that bio-composite crash boxes are inferior to traditional materials in terms of energy absorption and specific energy absorption, but they yield better performance in crush force efficiency. In terms of design, decagonal 10-cell structure produces the highest specific energy absorption and energy absorption for bio-composites. Hence, optimization is performed on the OPEFB fibre/epoxy decagonal 10-cell crash box, aiming to increase energy absorption capability by varying the thickness, perimeter, and length of the crash box. The design is optimized by increasing thickness and maintaining length and perimeter. Compared to the original design, the optimized design improves energy absorption by 59% and specific energy absorption by 19%. The optimized design is then subjected to both quasi-static and impact loading tests, revealing that the optimized OPEFB fibre/epoxy crash box design exhibits 44% lower energy absorption than steel under quasi-static load, but it demonstrates a 56% increase in crush force efficiency and a 6 % increase in specific energy absorption. Under impact load, it shows a 91% increase in specific energy absorption compared to the traditional square steel crash box.
{"title":"Evaluation of Automotive Bio-Composites Crash Box Performance","authors":"Xin Yi Ang, C.S. Hassan, S.Y. Soh, E.U. Olugu, N.F. Abdullah, L.J. Yu, N. Abdul Aziz","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.4.2023.11.0846","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.4.2023.11.0846","url":null,"abstract":"In the automotive industry, sustainable materials, such as bio-composites, are progressively being adopted due to their lightweight feature, which reduces vehicle weight, fuel consumption and pollutants emissions. Bio-composites are renewable and biodegradable, making them more environmental-friendly. However, limited investigations into the use of bio-composites in crash box applications have indicated that they lack the impact strength to fully absorb collision energy. This study aims to compare the crashworthiness performance of crash boxes made from OPEFB fiber/epoxy and kenaf fiber/epoxy composites, with conventional steel and carbon fiber/epoxy using LS-DYNA quasi-static simulations. Six different crash box designs are proposed: square, hexagonal, decagonal, hexagonal 3-cell, hexagonal 6-cell, and decagonal 10-cell structure, to evaluate the effect of these designs on crash box performance. The results show that bio-composite crash boxes are inferior to traditional materials in terms of energy absorption and specific energy absorption, but they yield better performance in crush force efficiency. In terms of design, decagonal 10-cell structure produces the highest specific energy absorption and energy absorption for bio-composites. Hence, optimization is performed on the OPEFB fibre/epoxy decagonal 10-cell crash box, aiming to increase energy absorption capability by varying the thickness, perimeter, and length of the crash box. The design is optimized by increasing thickness and maintaining length and perimeter. Compared to the original design, the optimized design improves energy absorption by 59% and specific energy absorption by 19%. The optimized design is then subjected to both quasi-static and impact loading tests, revealing that the optimized OPEFB fibre/epoxy crash box design exhibits 44% lower energy absorption than steel under quasi-static load, but it demonstrates a 56% increase in crush force efficiency and a 6 % increase in specific energy absorption. Under impact load, it shows a 91% increase in specific energy absorption compared to the traditional square steel crash box.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-01-02","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"139630860","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-25DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.18.0832
None D. Mohamad Ruse, Nidzamuddin Md. Yusof, None N. Sanusi, None J. Karjanto, None M.Z. Hassan, None S. Sulaiman, None Z. Mohd Jawi, None K.A. Abu Kassim
Motion sickness is a common problem when travelling in a moving vehicle, especially on land transportation. This occurrence would signify when users are exposed to unexpected movement in an obstructed view. Each user can experience a different level of motion sickness, depending on their susceptibility. This paper aims to study the motion sickness susceptibility among Malaysians using Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaires (MSSQ-Short). A total of 252 Malaysians (146 males and 106 females) completed a set of questionnaires. The questionnaire was distributed through electronic means such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and email and consisted of demographic, MSSQ-Short, travel experience as a driver and passenger, and seating position. This study provides a correlation between experiencing motion sickness between childhood and adulthood (r = 0.124, p < 0.05) for the Malaysian sample. This study concludes that Malaysian susceptibility is higher compared to other countries.
晕车是一种常见的问题，尤其是在移动的车辆上，尤其是在陆地上。这种情况意味着当用户在受阻的视图中遇到意外移动时。每个用户都可以根据他们的易感性体验到不同程度的晕动病。本文旨在利用运动病易感性问卷(MSSQ-Short)研究马来西亚人的运动病易感性。共有252名马来西亚人(146名男性和106名女性)完成了一套调查问卷。问卷通过Facebook、WhatsApp、Twitter和电子邮件等电子手段分发，包括人口统计、MSSQ-Short、作为司机和乘客的旅行体验以及座位位置。这项研究提供了儿童期和成年期晕车的相关性(r = 0.124, p <0.05)。这项研究的结论是，与其他国家相比，马来西亚的易感性更高。
{"title":"Motion Sickness Susceptibility Among Malaysians When Travelling in a Moving Vehicle","authors":"None D. Mohamad Ruse, Nidzamuddin Md. Yusof, None N. Sanusi, None J. Karjanto, None M.Z. Hassan, None S. Sulaiman, None Z. Mohd Jawi, None K.A. Abu Kassim","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.18.0832","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.18.0832","url":null,"abstract":"Motion sickness is a common problem when travelling in a moving vehicle, especially on land transportation. This occurrence would signify when users are exposed to unexpected movement in an obstructed view. Each user can experience a different level of motion sickness, depending on their susceptibility. This paper aims to study the motion sickness susceptibility among Malaysians using Motion Sickness Susceptibility Questionnaires (MSSQ-Short). A total of 252 Malaysians (146 males and 106 females) completed a set of questionnaires. The questionnaire was distributed through electronic means such as Facebook, WhatsApp, Twitter, and email and consisted of demographic, MSSQ-Short, travel experience as a driver and passenger, and seating position. This study provides a correlation between experiencing motion sickness between childhood and adulthood (r = 0.124, p < 0.05) for the Malaysian sample. This study concludes that Malaysian susceptibility is higher compared to other countries.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-25","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135215963","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2023-10-24DOI: 10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.19.0833
None Ilhamdi, None Gunawarman, None J. Affi, None O. Susanti, None D. Juliadmi, None D. Oktaviana, None M. Tauhid
Ti-6Al-4V ELI is a well-known, popular medical-grade titanium alloy due to its biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. However, like other metal implants, it is less bioactive that affects tissue regeneration around the implant, and may lead to implant failure. So, a bioactive substance such as hydroxyapatite (HA) has usually been coated on metal implants to improve its bioactive properties. However, a single layer of HA was reported to be dissolved into body fluid after a long time of exposure in the human body. In this study, bilayer HA was deposited on the surface of screw-type implants made of Ti-6Al-4V ELI through electrophoretic deposition (EPD method. The bottom layer consists of micro-size of HA, and the second layer contains nano-size HA. The suspension contains each micro and nano size of HA powder was homogenized for 1 h followed by sonication for 2 h using a magnetic stirrer. The coating layer was subsequently sintered at 700oC for 1 h. The bilayer-coated screw implant was then implanted into the proximal tibia of health rattus novergicus under proper surgical procedures. Some screws without HA deposition were also implanted into rattus novergicus for comparison. The implanted screws were then taken out via surgery after 2, 3 and 4 weeks, and they were subsequently observed by optical microscope, SEM and XRF. The results showed that organic material is found on each coated specimen, and few HA layer is disintegrated from the surface of the screw. The disintegrated HA remained in the surface of the screw, and the amount of HA increased with increasing implantation time, which indicates the increase of osseointegration between the bone and HA layer. XRF showed a significant difference in Ti and titanium oxide contents on the surface of the coated samples and the non-coted ones, where it is only 0.66%Ti (0.39% TiO2) on the surface of the screw with HA layer and 70%Ti (67% TiO2) for without HA. When TiO2 is formed as a fast self-healing reaction while the screw is exposed to body fluid, the HA acts as an interface against body fluid that may contain aggressive ions. So, HA layer is not only effective against corrosion attack but also inhibits the formation of TiO2 on the implant surface. The coated screws also revealed a strong bonding between the HA layer and the surface of the implant screw. Besides, the ratio between Ca and P elements on the screw surface is in the range of 0.58 – 2.04, which is in the range of bone characteristics.
{"title":"Effect of Bilayer Nano-Micro Hydroxyapatite on the Surface Characteristics of Implanted Ti-6Al-4V ELI","authors":"None Ilhamdi, None Gunawarman, None J. Affi, None O. Susanti, None D. Juliadmi, None D. Oktaviana, None M. Tauhid","doi":"10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.19.0833","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.20.3.2023.19.0833","url":null,"abstract":"Ti-6Al-4V ELI is a well-known, popular medical-grade titanium alloy due to its biocompatibility and excellent mechanical properties. However, like other metal implants, it is less bioactive that affects tissue regeneration around the implant, and may lead to implant failure. So, a bioactive substance such as hydroxyapatite (HA) has usually been coated on metal implants to improve its bioactive properties. However, a single layer of HA was reported to be dissolved into body fluid after a long time of exposure in the human body. In this study, bilayer HA was deposited on the surface of screw-type implants made of Ti-6Al-4V ELI through electrophoretic deposition (EPD method. The bottom layer consists of micro-size of HA, and the second layer contains nano-size HA. The suspension contains each micro and nano size of HA powder was homogenized for 1 h followed by sonication for 2 h using a magnetic stirrer. The coating layer was subsequently sintered at 700oC for 1 h. The bilayer-coated screw implant was then implanted into the proximal tibia of health rattus novergicus under proper surgical procedures. Some screws without HA deposition were also implanted into rattus novergicus for comparison. The implanted screws were then taken out via surgery after 2, 3 and 4 weeks, and they were subsequently observed by optical microscope, SEM and XRF. The results showed that organic material is found on each coated specimen, and few HA layer is disintegrated from the surface of the screw. The disintegrated HA remained in the surface of the screw, and the amount of HA increased with increasing implantation time, which indicates the increase of osseointegration between the bone and HA layer. XRF showed a significant difference in Ti and titanium oxide contents on the surface of the coated samples and the non-coted ones, where it is only 0.66%Ti (0.39% TiO2) on the surface of the screw with HA layer and 70%Ti (67% TiO2) for without HA. When TiO2 is formed as a fast self-healing reaction while the screw is exposed to body fluid, the HA acts as an interface against body fluid that may contain aggressive ions. So, HA layer is not only effective against corrosion attack but also inhibits the formation of TiO2 on the implant surface. The coated screws also revealed a strong bonding between the HA layer and the surface of the implant screw. Besides, the ratio between Ca and P elements on the screw surface is in the range of 0.58 – 2.04, which is in the range of bone characteristics.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2023-10-24","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"135322682","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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