Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.17.0863
Dwi Handoko Arthanto, B. Nuryadin, Fitrianto, K. P. Sumarah, Muhammad Penta Helios, H. Sutriyanto, A. Maswan
This paper presents an experimental study of the depth of discharge (DOD) and temperature distribution characteristics at different locations of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack in the closed circuit system. Three different discharge power setups i.e., 600 W, 800 W, and 1000 W are prepared for investigating the depth of discharge and temperature characteristics of commercial LIB. Voltage measurement was implemented to achieve the DOD curve, while thermocouple measurement was used to identify real-time temperature at four different locations of the LIB. As a result, internal resistance and discharging time tend to be increased, while the voltage and current decline linearly from 0% to 80% of LIB capacity. Discharge power greatly affected the four variables when the process continued to the 10% cut-off voltage. Furthermore, the heat generation of the LIB caused a rise in temperature on its surface. The highest temperature was identified on the LIB cell surface followed by an air gap, internal surface casing, and external surface casing temperature. Among all locations, the real-time temperature on the LIB surface operated close to the upper limit of optimum temperature. Due to that reason, increasing of discharge power should be maintained to extend battery cycle life as well as to prevent battery failure. The high-temperature difference between the LIB surface and air gap during the discharging process indicated that there is required heat transfer enhancement.
本文对闭路系统中锂离子电池组不同位置的放电深度（DOD）和温度分布特性进行了实验研究。为研究商用锂离子电池的放电深度和温度特性，准备了三种不同的放电功率设置，即 600 W、800 W 和 1000 W。电压测量用于绘制 DOD 曲线，热电偶测量用于识别锂电池四个不同位置的实时温度。结果显示，内阻和放电时间趋于增加，而电压和电流则从 LIB 容量的 0% 到 80% 线性下降。当放电过程持续到 10%的截止电压时，放电功率会对四个变量产生很大影响。此外，锂电池的发热导致其表面温度升高。锂电池表面温度最高，其次是气隙、内部表面外壳和外部表面外壳温度。在所有位置中，锂电池表面的实时温度接近最佳温度的上限。因此，应保持放电功率的增加，以延长电池的循环寿命并防止电池失效。放电过程中锂电池表面与气隙之间的高温差表明需要加强热传导。
{"title":"Discharge and Thermal Distribution Characteristics of Electric Vehicle Battery Pack in Closed Circuit System","authors":"Dwi Handoko Arthanto, B. Nuryadin, Fitrianto, K. P. Sumarah, Muhammad Penta Helios, H. Sutriyanto, A. Maswan","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.17.0863","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.17.0863","url":null,"abstract":"This paper presents an experimental study of the depth of discharge (DOD) and temperature distribution characteristics at different locations of the lithium-ion battery (LIB) pack in the closed circuit system. Three different discharge power setups i.e., 600 W, 800 W, and 1000 W are prepared for investigating the depth of discharge and temperature characteristics of commercial LIB. Voltage measurement was implemented to achieve the DOD curve, while thermocouple measurement was used to identify real-time temperature at four different locations of the LIB. As a result, internal resistance and discharging time tend to be increased, while the voltage and current decline linearly from 0% to 80% of LIB capacity. Discharge power greatly affected the four variables when the process continued to the 10% cut-off voltage. Furthermore, the heat generation of the LIB caused a rise in temperature on its surface. The highest temperature was identified on the LIB cell surface followed by an air gap, internal surface casing, and external surface casing temperature. Among all locations, the real-time temperature on the LIB surface operated close to the upper limit of optimum temperature. Due to that reason, increasing of discharge power should be maintained to extend battery cycle life as well as to prevent battery failure. The high-temperature difference between the LIB surface and air gap during the discharging process indicated that there is required heat transfer enhancement.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388951","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.15.0861
Kamalleswaran Subramaniam, Wan Saiful-Islam Wan Salim
The study aimed to estimate the energy recovery potential of a decoupled electric turbocharger and its boosting ability in a spark-ignition engine using simulation-based work. Passenger vehicle engines operate at low loads and speeds, requiring characterization and estimation of energy available for recovery under normal driving conditions. A 1-D numerical model of the engine and boosting system was developed to predict energy recovery over steady-state full-load operating conditions, part-load conditions, and actual, transient Klang Valley and Kuala Lumpur drive cycle conditions. The electric turbocharged engine consists of two motors and a battery pack, which were modeled and utilized using GT-Power engine simulation software. The study found that the electrical turbocharger system could recover 0.57 kW and 0.50 kW at 2500 rpm and 3000 rpm, respectively. Part-load studies showed that the maximum amount of electrical energy recovered at 6500 rpm was 5.25 kW. Drive cycle analysis revealed that fuel consumption was the same for both engine models due to the similar turbocharger output performance and lower back pressure caused by the recalibrated wastegate controller. This was partially mitigated by the inclusion of two electric motors. Drive cycle analysis revealed that the electric turbocharger can perform better than a conventional turbocharger when optimized.
{"title":"Simulation of the Performance of an Electrically Turbocharged Engine Over an Urban Driving Cycle","authors":"Kamalleswaran Subramaniam, Wan Saiful-Islam Wan Salim","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.15.0861","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.15.0861","url":null,"abstract":"The study aimed to estimate the energy recovery potential of a decoupled electric turbocharger and its boosting ability in a spark-ignition engine using simulation-based work. Passenger vehicle engines operate at low loads and speeds, requiring characterization and estimation of energy available for recovery under normal driving conditions. A 1-D numerical model of the engine and boosting system was developed to predict energy recovery over steady-state full-load operating conditions, part-load conditions, and actual, transient Klang Valley and Kuala Lumpur drive cycle conditions. The electric turbocharged engine consists of two motors and a battery pack, which were modeled and utilized using GT-Power engine simulation software. The study found that the electrical turbocharger system could recover 0.57 kW and 0.50 kW at 2500 rpm and 3000 rpm, respectively. Part-load studies showed that the maximum amount of electrical energy recovered at 6500 rpm was 5.25 kW. Drive cycle analysis revealed that fuel consumption was the same for both engine models due to the similar turbocharger output performance and lower back pressure caused by the recalibrated wastegate controller. This was partially mitigated by the inclusion of two electric motors. Drive cycle analysis revealed that the electric turbocharger can perform better than a conventional turbocharger when optimized.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388452","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.09.0855
Safril, W.H. Azmi, M. Z. Sharif, N. Zawawi
Nanolubricants can improve the tribological properties for application in automotive systems. By reducing the friction rate of the internal components with nanolubricants, the service life of a compressor used in automotive air conditioning (AAC) can be extended. The investigation aims to determine the optimal volume concentration of nanolubricants for achieving the highest performance in tribological properties. Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in a polyalkylene glycol (PAG ND12) base at volume concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% were investigated to improve the lubrication system in the AAC compressor. The stability investigations were carried out by comparing absorbance conditions using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at each volume concentration for 210 days. Koehler's four-ball tribometer was used to measure coefficient of friction (COF) and friction torque at a load of 40.0 kg and a speed of 1200 rpm. The stability study of nanolubricant yielded average absorbance values of 0.752, 0.755, and 0.684, respectively. The average COF values of the nanolubricants of 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% were 0.104, 0.078, and 0.117, while the pure lubricant was 0.095. Further investigation on friction torque resulted in a decrease in the pure lubricant of 0.064%, and for nanolubricant Al2O3/PAG ND12, a decrease of 0.087%, 0.057%, and 0.092%, respectively. The results indicated that a concentration of 0.03% produced the greatest reduction in COF and torque, namely 0.0078% and 0.0578%, correspondingly. Therefore, it is recommended to use Al2O3/PAG ND12 nanolubricant at a volume concentration of 0.03% because it is the most optimal in terms of stability and has the highest COF and frictional torque reduction.
{"title":"Tribology Evaluation on a Four-Ball Tribometer Lubricated by Al2O3/PAG Nanolubricants","authors":"Safril, W.H. Azmi, M. Z. Sharif, N. Zawawi","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.09.0855","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.09.0855","url":null,"abstract":"Nanolubricants can improve the tribological properties for application in automotive systems. By reducing the friction rate of the internal components with nanolubricants, the service life of a compressor used in automotive air conditioning (AAC) can be extended. The investigation aims to determine the optimal volume concentration of nanolubricants for achieving the highest performance in tribological properties. Al2O3 nanoparticles dispersed in a polyalkylene glycol (PAG ND12) base at volume concentrations of 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% were investigated to improve the lubrication system in the AAC compressor. The stability investigations were carried out by comparing absorbance conditions using a UV-Vis Spectrophotometer at each volume concentration for 210 days. Koehler's four-ball tribometer was used to measure coefficient of friction (COF) and friction torque at a load of 40.0 kg and a speed of 1200 rpm. The stability study of nanolubricant yielded average absorbance values of 0.752, 0.755, and 0.684, respectively. The average COF values of the nanolubricants of 0.01%, 0.03%, and 0.05% were 0.104, 0.078, and 0.117, while the pure lubricant was 0.095. Further investigation on friction torque resulted in a decrease in the pure lubricant of 0.064%, and for nanolubricant Al2O3/PAG ND12, a decrease of 0.087%, 0.057%, and 0.092%, respectively. The results indicated that a concentration of 0.03% produced the greatest reduction in COF and torque, namely 0.0078% and 0.0578%, correspondingly. Therefore, it is recommended to use Al2O3/PAG ND12 nanolubricant at a volume concentration of 0.03% because it is the most optimal in terms of stability and has the highest COF and frictional torque reduction.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388185","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.13.0859
Muhammad Zaidan Abdul Manaf, Saiful Anuar Abu Bakar, K. Hudha, Pakharuddin Mohd Samin
This study presents a novel hybrid control strategy for the active hitch system, named the Dynamic Hitch Lift (DHIL), comprising a hybrid controller and a force actuator. The controller was designed to mitigate longitudinal load transfer in heavy combination vehicles by reducing the semitrailer pitch rate and rejecting the pitch moment, assisted by the virtual Skyhook moment. The new controller can calculate the desired force of the DHIL actuator to counter incoming load transfer during harsh braking exceeding 0.5 g braking deceleration. The proposed controller was assessed using a verified 12-degrees-of-freedom tractor-semitrailer model in harsh braking tests across different vehicle configurations. The first evaluation involved a stability test to demonstrate the stability of the controller in reducing load transfer across different vehicle configurations. The second evaluation was on controller performance, which revealed that the dynamic vehicle response has efficiently reduced load transfer by up to 9.14%. The third evaluation has focused on the DHIL actuator performance, which indicated that the actuator generated a force of 159,197 N, which translated into a stepper motor torque of 1,695 Nm at a speed of 1,000 rpm. Simulation results affirmed that the proposed DHIL controller was stable and could effectively reduce longitudinal load transfer in heavy combination vehicles during harsh braking.
{"title":"Development of a Dynamic Hitch Lift Controller using a Hybrid Control Strategy in A Heavy Combination Vehicle","authors":"Muhammad Zaidan Abdul Manaf, Saiful Anuar Abu Bakar, K. Hudha, Pakharuddin Mohd Samin","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.13.0859","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.13.0859","url":null,"abstract":"This study presents a novel hybrid control strategy for the active hitch system, named the Dynamic Hitch Lift (DHIL), comprising a hybrid controller and a force actuator. The controller was designed to mitigate longitudinal load transfer in heavy combination vehicles by reducing the semitrailer pitch rate and rejecting the pitch moment, assisted by the virtual Skyhook moment. The new controller can calculate the desired force of the DHIL actuator to counter incoming load transfer during harsh braking exceeding 0.5 g braking deceleration. The proposed controller was assessed using a verified 12-degrees-of-freedom tractor-semitrailer model in harsh braking tests across different vehicle configurations. The first evaluation involved a stability test to demonstrate the stability of the controller in reducing load transfer across different vehicle configurations. The second evaluation was on controller performance, which revealed that the dynamic vehicle response has efficiently reduced load transfer by up to 9.14%. The third evaluation has focused on the DHIL actuator performance, which indicated that the actuator generated a force of 159,197 N, which translated into a stepper motor torque of 1,695 Nm at a speed of 1,000 rpm. Simulation results affirmed that the proposed DHIL controller was stable and could effectively reduce longitudinal load transfer in heavy combination vehicles during harsh braking.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388187","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.02.0848
K. A. Nur Najwa, Z. Najihah, S. Aqida, I. Ismail, M.S. Salwani
Glass surfaces tend to be hydrophilic when exposed to water resulting in a low water contact angle and high adhesion. Fabrication on a glass surface with low water adhesion can minimize the droplet’s adhesion conduct self-cleaning, and improve the cleanliness of the glass surface. This paper presents surface texturing of the soda-lime glass surface by laser processing three different patterns to improve water contact angle with low water adhesion on the modified glass surface. A design experiment method was developed to determine the effects of laser parameters on the glass surfaces. The laser parameters used are laser power between 0.45 and 1.05W and scanning speeds of 210, 420, and 600 mm/min. The effects of laser parameters on surface morphology, water contact angle measurement, and average surface roughness, Ra were investigated. The characterization was conducted for surface morphology, two-dimensional surface roughness profile, and water contact angle. The results show that the highest water contact angle obtained after laser texturing is up to 125.29° compared to the as-received surface with a contact angle of 32.35°. The highest water contact angle resulted from 420 mm/min scanning speed and 0.45 W of laser power, responding to the surface with a minimum range of Rax and Ray of 0.96 and 1.5 μm. These findings are significant for designing surface modification of self-cleaning glass surface applications like the automotive windscreens, and window panels for high-rise buildings.
玻璃表面与水接触时往往具有亲水性，从而导致低水接触角和高附着力。在具有低水附着力的玻璃表面上进行制作，可以最大限度地减少水滴的附着力，进行自清洁，提高玻璃表面的清洁度。本文介绍了通过激光加工三种不同图案对钠钙玻璃表面进行纹理处理，以改善改性玻璃表面的水接触角和低水附着力。本文采用设计实验法来确定激光参数对玻璃表面的影响。使用的激光参数为 0.45 至 1.05W 的激光功率和 210、420 和 600 mm/min 的扫描速度。研究了激光参数对表面形态、水接触角测量和平均表面粗糙度 Ra 的影响。对表面形貌、二维表面粗糙度轮廓和水接触角进行了表征。结果表明，与接触角为 32.35°的原表面相比，激光纹理加工后的最高水接触角可达 125.29°。扫描速度为 420 mm/min、激光功率为 0.45 W 时，表面的 Rax 和 Ray 的最小范围分别为 0.96 和 1.5 μm，因此水接触角最高。这些发现对于设计自清洁玻璃表面改性应用（如汽车挡风玻璃和高层建筑窗户面板）具有重要意义。
{"title":"Laser Texturing of Soda Lime Glass Surface for Hydrophobic Surface in Wenzel State","authors":"K. A. Nur Najwa, Z. Najihah, S. Aqida, I. Ismail, M.S. Salwani","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.02.0848","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.02.0848","url":null,"abstract":"Glass surfaces tend to be hydrophilic when exposed to water resulting in a low water contact angle and high adhesion. Fabrication on a glass surface with low water adhesion can minimize the droplet’s adhesion conduct self-cleaning, and improve the cleanliness of the glass surface. This paper presents surface texturing of the soda-lime glass surface by laser processing three different patterns to improve water contact angle with low water adhesion on the modified glass surface. A design experiment method was developed to determine the effects of laser parameters on the glass surfaces. The laser parameters used are laser power between 0.45 and 1.05W and scanning speeds of 210, 420, and 600 mm/min. The effects of laser parameters on surface morphology, water contact angle measurement, and average surface roughness, Ra were investigated. The characterization was conducted for surface morphology, two-dimensional surface roughness profile, and water contact angle. The results show that the highest water contact angle obtained after laser texturing is up to 125.29° compared to the as-received surface with a contact angle of 32.35°. The highest water contact angle resulted from 420 mm/min scanning speed and 0.45 W of laser power, responding to the surface with a minimum range of Rax and Ray of 0.96 and 1.5 μm. These findings are significant for designing surface modification of self-cleaning glass surface applications like the automotive windscreens, and window panels for high-rise buildings.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140389133","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.04.0850
M. Eaki, K. Kadirgama, D. Ramasamy, W. S. Wan harun, Khaled Abou El Hossein, L. Samylingam, C.K. Kok
Metal cutting, a complex process in manufacturing, involves various factors that significantly affect the quality of the final product. Notably, the turning process is crucial, with outcomes that heavily depend on multiple machining parameters. These parameters encompass speed, depth of cut, feed rate, the type of coolant used (specifically, high heat transfer MXene coolant), and insert types, among others. The material of the workpiece is also a critical factor in the metal-cutting operation. This study focuses on achieving optimal surface quality and minimizing cutting forces in the turning process. It recognizes the substantial impact of numerous process parameters, directly or indirectly affecting the product's surface roughness and cutting forces. Understanding these optimal parameters can lower machining costs and improve product quality. Our research concentrates on turning a stainless-steel alloy workpiece using a carbide insert tool. We employ the Response Surface Method (RSM) to optimize cutting parameters within a set range of cutting speed (100, 125, 150 m/min), feed rate (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 mm). Additionally, we use various tool geometries and the RSM design of experiments to enhance and analyze the multi-response parameters of surface roughness and tool life. Optimal machining parameters for MXene-NFC involve a cutting speed of 140 m/min, a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 0.5 mm. These settings ensure minimal surface roughness, maximum tool life, and the greatest total length of cut, achieving a composite desirability of 0.695.
{"title":"Enhancing Machining performance in Stainless Steel Machining using MXene Coolant: A Detailed Examination","authors":"M. Eaki, K. Kadirgama, D. Ramasamy, W. S. Wan harun, Khaled Abou El Hossein, L. Samylingam, C.K. Kok","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.04.0850","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.04.0850","url":null,"abstract":"Metal cutting, a complex process in manufacturing, involves various factors that significantly affect the quality of the final product. Notably, the turning process is crucial, with outcomes that heavily depend on multiple machining parameters. These parameters encompass speed, depth of cut, feed rate, the type of coolant used (specifically, high heat transfer MXene coolant), and insert types, among others. The material of the workpiece is also a critical factor in the metal-cutting operation. This study focuses on achieving optimal surface quality and minimizing cutting forces in the turning process. It recognizes the substantial impact of numerous process parameters, directly or indirectly affecting the product's surface roughness and cutting forces. Understanding these optimal parameters can lower machining costs and improve product quality. Our research concentrates on turning a stainless-steel alloy workpiece using a carbide insert tool. We employ the Response Surface Method (RSM) to optimize cutting parameters within a set range of cutting speed (100, 125, 150 m/min), feed rate (0.1, 0.2, 0.3 mm/rev), and depth of cut (0.4, 0.8, 1.2 mm). Additionally, we use various tool geometries and the RSM design of experiments to enhance and analyze the multi-response parameters of surface roughness and tool life. Optimal machining parameters for MXene-NFC involve a cutting speed of 140 m/min, a feed rate of 0.05 mm/rev, and a depth of cut of 0.5 mm. These settings ensure minimal surface roughness, maximum tool life, and the greatest total length of cut, achieving a composite desirability of 0.695.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388322","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.01.0847
T. Nowakowski, G. Szymański, M. Jósko, R. Mańczak, D. Mokrzan
The article addresses the issue of increasing the diagnostic capabilities of the car's suspension in the EUSAMA test. A new, quantitative approach was proposed to enable the assessment of the degree of wear and clearance of the lower suspension mount. An active diagnostic experiment was performed to model the clearance in the lower suspension mounting. During the research, bolts with different diameters were used. In the signal analysis, wavelet decomposition into 12 levels was performed using the Db4 wavelet. The resonance area of the system was extracted from an approximate signal, which contained 43.5% of the relative energy. From these signals, a number of point vibration measures were calculated. Finally, the maximum value was selected due to its sensitivity to the condition, which was 48% more than the original EUSAMA results. Based on the selected diagnostic parameter, a clearance model allowing for an assessment of the clearance with statistically significant coefficients was developed.
{"title":"Application of Multiresolution Analysis Wavelet Decomposition of Vibration Signals in the Condition Monitoring of Car Suspension","authors":"T. Nowakowski, G. Szymański, M. Jósko, R. Mańczak, D. Mokrzan","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.01.0847","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.01.0847","url":null,"abstract":"The article addresses the issue of increasing the diagnostic capabilities of the car's suspension in the EUSAMA test. A new, quantitative approach was proposed to enable the assessment of the degree of wear and clearance of the lower suspension mount. An active diagnostic experiment was performed to model the clearance in the lower suspension mounting. During the research, bolts with different diameters were used. In the signal analysis, wavelet decomposition into 12 levels was performed using the Db4 wavelet. The resonance area of the system was extracted from an approximate signal, which contained 43.5% of the relative energy. From these signals, a number of point vibration measures were calculated. Finally, the maximum value was selected due to its sensitivity to the condition, which was 48% more than the original EUSAMA results. Based on the selected diagnostic parameter, a clearance model allowing for an assessment of the clearance with statistically significant coefficients was developed.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388969","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.08.0854
Zheng Bin Pang, S. Mazlan, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari, Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi
Magnetorheological grease (MRG) with dilution oils may suffer from reduced storage stability caused by oil separation. This phenomenon potentially causes a performance reduction of the material due to possible accelerated degradation of the grease medium. The long-term rheological behavior of MRG with kerosene (MRGK) was investigated in this study. MRGK was prepared with 10 wt% kerosene as the dilution oil, together with a sample of MRG without any kerosene as the control. A modular compact rheometer (MCR) was used to obtain rheological data from the MRG samples in an oscillatory strain sweep mode under the influence of magnetic fields, which ranged from 0A to 3A. After one year, the measurement was repeated to observe any changes to the rheology of MRG samples. Results showed a significant hardening of the sample diluted with kerosene, which mainly showed a drastic increase in off-state storage modulus at low strain. This was shown by the off-state storage modulus of MRGK, which after one year showed an increase of 15% in the initial storage modulus, and an increase of 2438% in the storage modulus at 10% strain. The MRG sample showed an increase of 50% and 47%, respectively. The on-state storage modulus did not appear to experience such a drastic change after one year. The study concluded that while dilution oil may be a promising candidate to reduce the initial viscosity of MRG, the resulting performance difference may compromise the long-term performance, and may even cause accelerated degradation when in use.
{"title":"Rheological Analysis on Hardening of Magnetorheological Grease with Kerosene","authors":"Zheng Bin Pang, S. Mazlan, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari, Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.08.0854","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.08.0854","url":null,"abstract":"Magnetorheological grease (MRG) with dilution oils may suffer from reduced storage stability caused by oil separation. This phenomenon potentially causes a performance reduction of the material due to possible accelerated degradation of the grease medium. The long-term rheological behavior of MRG with kerosene (MRGK) was investigated in this study. MRGK was prepared with 10 wt% kerosene as the dilution oil, together with a sample of MRG without any kerosene as the control. A modular compact rheometer (MCR) was used to obtain rheological data from the MRG samples in an oscillatory strain sweep mode under the influence of magnetic fields, which ranged from 0A to 3A. After one year, the measurement was repeated to observe any changes to the rheology of MRG samples. Results showed a significant hardening of the sample diluted with kerosene, which mainly showed a drastic increase in off-state storage modulus at low strain. This was shown by the off-state storage modulus of MRGK, which after one year showed an increase of 15% in the initial storage modulus, and an increase of 2438% in the storage modulus at 10% strain. The MRG sample showed an increase of 50% and 47%, respectively. The on-state storage modulus did not appear to experience such a drastic change after one year. The study concluded that while dilution oil may be a promising candidate to reduce the initial viscosity of MRG, the resulting performance difference may compromise the long-term performance, and may even cause accelerated degradation when in use.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388461","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.05.0851
Maroua Chettah, I. Hamdi, Z. Boumerzoug, W. Bedjaoui, F. Delaunois
The objective of this work is to study the effect of time during the bonding process of alumina with an industrial aluminum 6060 alloy by the technique of solid-state welding at 600°C. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, corrosion tests, and microhardness measurements were used as characterization techniques. The extended time during the bonding process had an effect on the microstructure of the interface and its mechanical properties. Oxygen diffusion was detected across the aluminum alloy/alumina interface. A recrystallization reaction developed on the aluminum side during the bonding process, which affected the aluminum alloy hardness values. By bonding metal to ceramic, it allows the use of ceramics in automotive engines to reduce weight, increase thrust-to-weight ratio and operating temperature, and improve working efficiency.
{"title":"Solid State Diffusion Bonding of Alumina with Aluminum Alloy","authors":"Maroua Chettah, I. Hamdi, Z. Boumerzoug, W. Bedjaoui, F. Delaunois","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.05.0851","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.05.0851","url":null,"abstract":"The objective of this work is to study the effect of time during the bonding process of alumina with an industrial aluminum 6060 alloy by the technique of solid-state welding at 600°C. Optical microscopy, scanning electron microscopy with energy dispersive spectroscopy, corrosion tests, and microhardness measurements were used as characterization techniques. The extended time during the bonding process had an effect on the microstructure of the interface and its mechanical properties. Oxygen diffusion was detected across the aluminum alloy/alumina interface. A recrystallization reaction developed on the aluminum side during the bonding process, which affected the aluminum alloy hardness values. By bonding metal to ceramic, it allows the use of ceramics in automotive engines to reduce weight, increase thrust-to-weight ratio and operating temperature, and improve working efficiency.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388880","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2024-03-20DOI: 10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.07.0853
Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi, Leo Jusius Garik, S. Mazlan, Shahir Yasin Mohd Yusuf, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari, N. Nordin, F. Imaduddin
In this study, two variations of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) tensile specimens were fabricated, differing in their isotropic and anisotropic configurations. The isotropic MRE exhibited randomly dispersed carbonyl iron particle (CIP), whereas the anisotropic featured longitudinally aligned CIP particles along the gauge length of the tensile sample. The formation of the anisotropic MRE involved utilizing an electromagnetic curing chamber, which facilitated the alignment of CIP particles during the elastomer curing process. A mold was specifically designed to produce samples conforming to the dimensions outlined in ASTMD412-F. Subsequently, a Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) analysis was conducted to examine the magnetic flux within the curing device for the anisotropic MRE. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on both MRE types, both in the absence and presence of a 30 mT magnetic field applied transversely to the direction of CIP alignment. Results indicated that without a magnetic field, the anisotropic sample exhibited a slightly higher tensile strength, lower elongation, and higher modulus at 100% strain. However, when a magnetic field was introduced, the isotropic sample demonstrated a more pronounced increase in tensile strength, showing an 18.4% improvement compared to the 5.6% increase observed in the anisotropic sample. Similar trends were observed in the reduction of elongation, with a 14% decrease for isotropic and a 7% decrease for anisotropic samples. Additionally, the data on modulus at a 100% strain revealed a 22.3% increase in stiffness for the isotropic sample, while the anisotropic sample showed a 10.6% increase.
{"title":"Tensile Properties of Isotropic and Anisotropic Magnetorheological Elastomer With and Without Magnetic Field Application","authors":"Muntaz Hana Ahmad Khairi, Leo Jusius Garik, S. Mazlan, Shahir Yasin Mohd Yusuf, Mohd Aidy Faizal Johari, N. Nordin, F. Imaduddin","doi":"10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.07.0853","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.15282/ijame.21.1.2024.07.0853","url":null,"abstract":"In this study, two variations of magnetorheological elastomer (MRE) tensile specimens were fabricated, differing in their isotropic and anisotropic configurations. The isotropic MRE exhibited randomly dispersed carbonyl iron particle (CIP), whereas the anisotropic featured longitudinally aligned CIP particles along the gauge length of the tensile sample. The formation of the anisotropic MRE involved utilizing an electromagnetic curing chamber, which facilitated the alignment of CIP particles during the elastomer curing process. A mold was specifically designed to produce samples conforming to the dimensions outlined in ASTMD412-F. Subsequently, a Finite Element Method Magnetics (FEMM) analysis was conducted to examine the magnetic flux within the curing device for the anisotropic MRE. Uniaxial tensile tests were conducted on both MRE types, both in the absence and presence of a 30 mT magnetic field applied transversely to the direction of CIP alignment. Results indicated that without a magnetic field, the anisotropic sample exhibited a slightly higher tensile strength, lower elongation, and higher modulus at 100% strain. However, when a magnetic field was introduced, the isotropic sample demonstrated a more pronounced increase in tensile strength, showing an 18.4% improvement compared to the 5.6% increase observed in the anisotropic sample. Similar trends were observed in the reduction of elongation, with a 14% decrease for isotropic and a 7% decrease for anisotropic samples. Additionally, the data on modulus at a 100% strain revealed a 22.3% increase in stiffness for the isotropic sample, while the anisotropic sample showed a 10.6% increase.","PeriodicalId":13935,"journal":{"name":"International Journal of Automotive and Mechanical Engineering","volume":null,"pages":null},"PeriodicalIF":1.0,"publicationDate":"2024-03-20","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"140388996","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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