International Journal of Machine Tools & Manufacture最新文献

Incremental sheet forming (ISF), a promising and flexible forming method, is generally restricted by the unsatisfied geometric deviation for industrial applications; therefore, effective control and accurate prediction of geometric deviation in ISF are essential for quality improvement. However, the geometric deviation in ISF is extremely sensitive to the geometric shape, toolpath, and process parameters, which is challenging to predict and control. In this study, the comprehensive geometric-related mechanisms in ISF were analyzed, including springback after local bending of the bent and contact zones, and the elastic deflection of the inclined wall, particularly the associated deformation in the weak-stiffness region. Through a creative equivalent mapping method for calculating the elastic deflection of complex structures and modeling the bending moment distribution in different zones, an analytical model was developed to accurately and universally predict the geometric deviations of parts by ISF. Based on the results of the experiments and comparative studies using a response surface model, the proposed model provided superior capability for predicting the geometric accuracies of parts made using ISF with different sheet materials, process parameters, and geometric shapes, even for complex parts with non-axisymmetric structures and stepped features. The geometric-related mechanisms, forming characteristics, and influences of crucial parameters in ISF are discussed by adopting an analytical model combined with numerical simulations, demonstrating that the elastic deflection on the inclined wall, particularly the associated deformation in the weak-stiffness region, plays a primary role in the geometric deviation of complex parts compared with other geometric-related mechanisms.

An increase in hydrostatic stress improves the plasticity of metallic materials. However, for some special components, such as large thin-walled components with high ribs, excessive hydrostatic stress can cause several problems that make it impossible to prepare such components using plastic forming methods. In this study, the effect of hydrostatic stress on the deformation behavior of large thin-walled components with high ribs was investigated using a combination of numerical simulations and theoretical derivations. The results indicated that excessive hydrostatic stress leads to die failure, causing metal flow difficulties, uneven deformation, inconsistent mechanical properties, and reduced forming accuracy. Therefore, a low-hydrostatic-stress extrusion method was proposed by adjusting the contact friction, metal flow direction and displacement, and force boundary conditions to reduce the hydrostatic compressive stress. These principles are mainly reflected in the following three aspects: First, the size of the difficult deformation zone was reduced by changing the friction conditions from dry friction to fluid friction or boundary friction to reduce the frictional resistance. Second, the high-stress zone was eliminated by changing the metal flow direction, adjusting the strain state from unidirectional to multi-directional flow, shortening the metal flow path, and reducing the metal flow resistance. Third, the strong compressive stress state in the three directions was weakened by regulating the force boundary conditions and changing the loading method from one-way extrusion to multi-directional loading. Based on these principles, a series of new forming technologies have been developed, such as actively counteracting frictional resistance, slotting, and ditching on dies for long-lasting lubrication, multi-directional short-range metal flow, drawing-assisted extrusion, and multi-directional active loading. The adoption of these technologies realizes the labor-efficient formation of large thin-walled components with high ribs and provides the formed members with high precision and uniform mechanical properties.

Self-pierce riveting (SPR) has been widely applied to join carbon fiber-reinforced polymer (CFRP) composites and high-strength metallic plates in the automotive and aerospace fields. However, the CFRP is often damaged by rivet piercing owing to its brittleness as well as the relatively small interlocking that forms between the rivet leg and high-strength plate owing to the hard deformation characteristics. Therefore, in this study, a novel low-frequency vibration-assisted self-pierce riveting (LV-SPR) technology is proposed, which utilizes the vibration effect in softening the metal and reducing interfacial friction at room temperature. In riveting experiments involving CFRP and 5052 aluminum alloy utilizing 37Cr4 semi-hollow rivets, LV-SPR exhibited a significant reduction of 68.2% in the riveting force compared to the traditional SPR process. The decreased riveting pressure in LV-SPR effectively mitigated the CFRP damage by 36.2%, which was caused by a reduction in the interfacial friction force between the rivet and CFRP laminate. Moreover, owing to the improved deformation capacity of the rivet and alloy plate by the vibration softening effect, the lateral expansion of the rivet leg in the aluminum alloy was enlarged by 36.4% compared to that using the traditional self-piercing riveting (T-SPR) process. Microscopic characterization revealed that vibrations notably promoted grain refinement and enlarged the subgrain structures of the rivets and alloy plates. Finally, by superposing oscillations, the shear strength of the connection joint increased by 13.5% compared to the T-SPR joint. The proposed LV-SPR was validated as an effective technique to increase the connection strength of high-performance plates, which can efficiently improve the structural safety and promote the widespread application of CFRP/alloys in automobiles and aircrafts.

A novel manufacturing process was employed to develop a single-layer diamond wheel using bulk metallic glass (BMG) as the matrix and diamond particles as abrasives. BMG effectively prevented graphitisation and damage to the diamond abrasives because of its lower manufacturing temperature and avoidance of brazing flux. The Titanium (Ti) coating on the surface of diamond abrasives facilitated the formation of an interleaved dissolution-diffusion interface between the two constituents, creating mechanical occlusion at the BMG-diamond interface. The strong and tight bonding interface afforded a diamond abrasive joint strength of up to 112.59 N, with the main shear failure mode being transgranular fracture instead of pull-off failure. Furthermore, the manufactured BMG-bonded single-layer diamond wheel predominantly exhibited attritious wear instead of the exfoliation of abrasives when grinding Al₂O₃ ceramics. Compared with contemporary electroplated grinding wheels, the developed diamond wheel demonstrated a reduction in the normal and tangential grinding forces of 32.64% and 35.86%, respectively, and a 28.22% increase in the grinding ratio, making it an excellent candidate for grinding hard and brittle materials.

Overlapping adjacent passes of abrasive slurry jets can be used to fabricate micro-pockets or blind micro-slots. This study investigates the propagation of surfaces milled using overlapping passes of a high-pressure abrasive slurry jet on a ductile 6061-T6 target over a wide range of aspect ratios. Features such as shallow pockets with low aspect ratios to deep slots with aspect ratios ∼1.5 were fabricated to investigate the correlations between the aspect ratio, degree of pass overlap, and number of repeating passes with the machined surface evolution characteristics. A comprehensive model was presented that combined computational fluid dynamics (CFD) with surface evolution to predict the evolving machined feature topography after each of the overlapping and repeating passes, and to provide insights into experimental observations. The model explicitly considered the CFD-predicted local particle impact angles and velocities as well as effects due to secondary impacts, high sidewall slopes, and stagnation effects. For larger degrees of overlap, measurements revealed a more than linear rate of increase in depth after each repeat of two adjacent overlapped passes, as opposed to a linear depth increase for smaller overlaps and blind pockets. Large overlaps were found to result in asymmetric features. Up to a critical aspect ratio of ∼0.65, the model predicted the surface evolution of the features to within <8.6% of those measured. Beyond that, randomness in the machined feature shape and size made the process challenging to control and the surface evolution difficult to predict. Nevertheless, the model was able to elucidate the reasons for the randomness and other observed phenomena such as the more than linear growth in etch rate, and the occurrence of feature asymmetry. The findings emphasize that flow confinement, increases in the jet's turbulent kinetic energy, and the formation of vortices at the bottom of the machined features are critical factors influencing the machining process, and that in these cases explicit modeling approaches like the one presented in this study must be used.

Cemented carbide inserts coated with CVD α-alumina, particularly those exhibiting a (0001) texture, have proven highly effective in steel turning. Despite the established superior performance of (0001) textured alumina coatings, the underlying reasons remain unclear. This study explores the influence of the crystallographic texture of alumina on wear mechanisms in various chip-tool contact zones on the insert rake face. The objective is to establish a fundamental understanding of the active degradation mechanisms and machining performance by relating coating texture to the orientation and deformation of individual Al₂O₃ grains. Two multilayered coatings, Al₂O₃ on Ti(C,N), featuring (0001)- and $\left(11\bar{2}0\right)$-textured CVD α-alumina, were assessed in dry turning of a bearing steel. The wear rate of the $\left(11\bar{2}0\right)$ coating was double that of the (0001) coating. Worn coatings exhibit nano-terrace formation at the insert edge, likely due to chemical etching. In the sticking zone, plastic deformation leads to larger facets for grains oriented with the chip flow direction, while rounded surfaces result if this condition is not met. In the transition zone, both (0001) and $\left(11\bar{2}0\right)$ textured coatings undergo increased plastic deformation accompanied by sub-surface dislocations. (0001) texture deforms more by basal slip creating a wavy coating pattern with steps present at larger misalignments of the lattice planes in neighboring grains while $\left(11\bar{2}0\right)$ texture deforms by several slip systems creating elongated ridges and ruptured-like areas resulting in rougher surface. This difference in surface morphology is then inherited by the abrasion of submicron coating fragments embedded in the chip (more in $\left(11\bar{2}0\right)$ texture) in the sliding zone resulting in an even rougher surface. Chemical reaction with the hot chip may also contribute to wear acting as an additional mechanism. This fundamental understanding contributes to the potential enhancement of steel machining using texture-controlled CVD alumina coatings, ultimately improving coated cutting tool performance.

Non-traditional laser and fluid jet processes exhibit time-dependent material removal characteristics. The feedrate profile must be planned carefully along the toolpath for accurate surface profile generation while ensuring that the kinematic limits of machine tools are not violated. Conventional methods iteratively solve a deconvolution/convolution problem on the dwell-time density (reciprocal of the feedrate profile) that is computationally heavy, may leave significant residual processing errors, and even generate infeasible feed profiles with the manufacturing equipment. This paper proposes a novel approach that fully addresses the shortcomings above. Dwell-time density is first expressed as a continuous B-spline profile. The associated dwell basis functions (DBF) are convolved with the process influence function (PIF) to generate new process basis functions (PBF). This approach conveniently allows the posing of the problem as a concurrent linear least-squares problem on the control points shared by the DBFs and PBFs while ensuring the numerical stability of the solution and smoothness of the feed profile. To mitigate excessive acceleration peaks and any ringing effect around the edges of the toolpath, this paper also presents methodologies for stabilizing the scheduled feedrate profile by introducing knot vector adjustments (adaptive knot dropping) and linear edge constraints. The effectiveness of the proposed method is demonstrated and validated through simulation case studies and experimentally in fluid jet processing of precision optics. Results indicate that the proposed technique overcomes the limitations of conventional strategies and allows high-frequency surface components beyond the first zero-power frequency of the process footprint to be tracked while still generating a smooth feed profile within the acceleration limits of a machine tool. This ability stems from the localization characteristics associated with the basis functions. By improving the accuracy of high-frequency components, the proposed method exhibits the potential to fabricate topographies with sharper edges, which has been a challenge for conventional techniques.

Laser-induced forward transfer (LIFT) has emerged as a versatile technique for printing high-resolution metal microstructures. However, a common drawback of this method is the inadequate coalescence of the deposited metal microdroplets, which results in inferior electrical and mechanical properties. This paper proposes a novel approach for fabricating high-performance metal micropillars using a single-pulsed laser to alternately deposit and remelt metal microdroplets. Specifically, an ultraviolet nanosecond laser was used to induce the deposition of copper microdroplets, forming a patterned powder bed with high resolution. Subsequently, a laser pulse train was applied to fuse the patterned powder bed. The results showed that voids and microdroplet delamination were eliminated in the printed copper micropillars, whose yield strength and elastic modulus increased threefold, approaching 63% of those of the bulk metal. The remelting behavior of the deposited microdroplets was elucidated by modelling and analysing the thermal accumulation effects of a laser pulse train. A remelting map was proposed, including the non-melting, remelting, and vaporizing regimes. According to the depth of melt pool, the evolutions of morphology and microstructure in the depositing and remelting process were elucidated. Hence, this study advances the LIFT process for fabricating high-performance metal microstructures.

β-Ga₂O₃, known as a next-generation wide-bandgap transparent semiconducting oxide (TSO), has considerable application potential in ultra-high-power and high-temperature devices. However, fabricating a smooth β-Ga₂O₃ substrate is challenging owing to its strong mechanical strength and chemical stability. In this study, an atomic-scale smoothing method named plasma-enabled atomic-scale reconstruction (PEAR) is proposed. We find that three reconstruction modes, namely, 2D-island, step-flow, and step-bunching, can be identified with the increase in the input power; only the step-flow mode can result in the formation of an atomically smooth β-Ga₂O₃ surface (Sa = 0.098 nm). Various surface and subsurface characterizations indicate that the smooth β-Ga₂O₃ surface shows excellent surface integrity, high crystalline quality, and remarkable photoelectric properties. The atomic-scale density functional theory-based calculations show that the diffusion energy barrier of a Ga atom is only 0.46 eV, thereby supporting the atomic mass migration induced by high-energy plasma irradiation in the experiment. Nanoscale molecular dynamics simulations reveal that O atoms firstly migrate to crystallization sites, followed by Ga atoms with a lower migration rate; reconstruction mainly proceeds along the <010> direction and then expands along the <100> and <001> directions. The millimeter-scale numerical simulations based on the finite element method demonstrate that the coupling of the thermal and flow fields of plasma is the impetus for PEAR of β-Ga₂O₃. Furthermore, the smoothing generality of PEAR is demonstrated by extending it to other common TSOs (α-Al₂O₃, ZnO, and MgO). As a typical plasma-based atomic-scale smoothing method, PEAR is expected to enrich the theoretical and technological knowledge on atomic-scale manufacturing.

Parallel manipulators are generally associated with high speed, stiffness, and repeatability. Nonetheless, after decades of development, their industrial uptake is still limited when compared to serial architectures. In this paper, we investigate the reasons behind this gap between parallel machine tool potential and real-case applications with a critical analysis of the state of the art. This paper aims to provide machine tool users with the understanding of the functional and technological characteristics of parallel manipulators, as well as to help roboticists approach machining applications with an in-depth perspective and a curated collection of references. We outline fundamental modeling tools for parallel mechanisms and then explain how they can be applied to the development, optimization, and performance evaluation of machine tools, with a focus on kinematic and dynamic metrics, error analysis, and calibration. We then discuss the evolution of parallel machine tools in industry, highlighting successful designs and commercial applications. Finally, we provide our perspective of the field, summarizing the main characteristics, advantages, and disadvantages of parallel machine tools, highlighting the barriers preventing a more widespread implementation of these systems, outlining current research trends, and identifying potential future developments.