International Journal of Food Sciences and Nutrition最新文献

Purple maize is a pigmented variety rich in antioxidants. Arabinoxylans (AX) are prebiotic compounds also found in the grain wall that can form gels. Recently, antioxidants have extensively been studied for their beneficial effects. However, these bioactive compounds do not easily reach the intestine in a stable form. These gels can protect certain compounds during in vitro digestion. This work aimed to extract the AX and simultaneously obtain the antioxidant compounds present in the external walls of the purple maize grain to produce gels with 2% and 4% AX to apply an in vitro digestion method. Popcorn maize (unpigmented) was used as a control. The amount of ferulic acid, polyphenols, and anthocyanins, and their antioxidative activity, were measured at in vitro digestion of the gels. This work highlights the ability of AX gels to enhance the potential bioavailability of antioxidant compounds including anthocyanins from purple maize after digestion.

Objective: To explore the differences in ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption across different socioeconomic status (SES) levels.

Methods: Data on UPF consumption (grams/day) were derived from the 2017-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The analysis controlled for age, marital status, race, and sex. A restricted cubic spline (RCS) model was applied to examine the nonlinear response curve.

Results: UPF consumption increased with higher poverty income ratio (PIR), the ratio of household income to the established poverty line. Compared to the low PIR group, the medium group showed a non-significant increase (β = 34.23[95%CI: -28.81, 97.28], p = 0.287), while the high group exhibited a significant increase (β = 115.15[95%CI: 43.53, 186.76], p = 0.002). A linear positive correlation was observed in RCS analysis (p-nonlinear = 0.166, p-overall < 0.001).

Conclusions: The study highlights that higher SES is associated with greater consumption of UPF in the US. The findings suggest that policy interventions should take SES into consideration.

High-fat diets contribute to various metabolic disorders. Inulin supplementation has been shown to reduce appetite, lower food intake, and promote weight loss. Although there is evidence that the endocannabinoid system has metabolic effects in the prefrontal cortex, studies investigating the effects of inulin on the endocannabinoid system are limited. This study investigated the impact of inulin on obesity through the endocannabinoid system in the prefrontal cortex. Twenty-four male Wistar rats were fed one of four diets over 12 weeks. Findings indicated that a high-fat diet led to obesity, whereas inulin reduced food intake and supported weight loss. Consequently, inulin supplementation both prevented obesity and significantly decreased the expressions of Adrb3 and Adcy1, and anandamide and 2-arachidonylglycerol levels in the prefrontal cortex. Additionally, inulin lowered leptin in circulation and stimulated Trpv1. Thus, inulin may mitigate obesity development, possibly by modulating gene expressions linked to obesity in the prefrontal cortex via endocannabinoids.

We analysed the relationships between maternal feeding styles and children's eating and nutritional factors. A cross-sectional study was developed with 416 mothers linked to 130 public higher education institutions in all Brazilian states and their children aged 18 months to six years. A semi-structured online questionnaire was applied using the Google Forms tool, with questions about sociodemographic conditions, food consumption and anthropometry of the children. The children's food consumption was assessed based on the Food Consumption Markers Form (SISVAN) for the age groups up to 24 months (n = 84) and over 24 months (n = 332), and the parental style in feeding, based on the Parental Feeding Styles Questionnaire (QEPA). The assessment of the child's nutritional status was based on the weight and height data reported by the mother. The body mass index/age (BMI/Age) was calculated and classified into age-specific WHO curves. Descriptive analysis and univariate analyses were performed, in the Statistical Package for the Social Sciences (SPSS, version 26.0) programs (SPSS Inc., Chicago, IL). To test the association between categorical variables, the Chi-square test or Fisher's exact test was used, and multiple logistic regression was used to estimate the independent association between the variables of interest, with an estimated odds ratio and 95% confidence interval. Statistical significance was adopted at 5%. Children under 24 months of age with authoritative mothers were 8.7 times more likely to consume ultra-processed foods and 5.3 times less likely to consume foods rich in vitamin A than those with indulgent mothers. Children over 24 months old with authoritative mothers were 2.5 times more likely to eat meals while watching television, 2.0 times more likely to consume sandwich cookies, candies and sweets, and 2.3 times less likely to have at least the three main meals of a day, compared to those with indulgent mothers. The chances of overweight children being born to authoritative mothers were two times greater compared to underweight children. Higher scores in the demandingness domain among responsive mothers increased the odds ratios of children eating unhealthy foods, using screens during meals, and proved to be a protective factor against low child weight.

This study aims to estimate the cost differential between current and healthy diets, overall and by household education level. Data from the 2014-2015 Belgian National Food Consumption Survey and food prices from the 2014 GfK ConsumerScan panel were linked. The DIETCOST programme was used to model healthy, isocaloric healthy and current diets. For the reference household, the average daily diet cost was 20.1€ (95%CI: 19.9-20.4) for current diets, 20.9€ (95%CI: 20.6-21.2) for healthy isocaloric diets (+3.9% vs. the current diets) and 22.5€ (95%CI: 22.3-22.8) for healthy diets (+12.0%). In low-educated households, the cost of current and of healthy isocaloric diets was similar (19.2€ (95%CI: 19.0-19.5) vs. 19.3€ (95%CI: 19.0-19.6)), whereas in high-educated households, the cost of healthy isocaloric diets (22.0€; 95%CI: 21.8-22.3) was higher than the cost of current diets (21.2€; 95%CI: 20.9-21.4)). Though needing validation, this finding is valuable for interventions aimed at improving dietary habits in disadvantaged populations.

This cross-sectional study investigated ultra-processed food (UPF) consumption and its association with overweight among Brazilian vegetarian adults (n = 925). Data were collected using a self-administered structured online questionnaire. The prevalence of overweight was 26.2% (95% confidence interval [CI] 23.3-29.1). The median UPF consumption was 1.8 times/day (1.0-3.1 interquartile range [IQR]). The multivariable generalised linear model identified an increase in overweight probability as the UPF intake - categorised into quintiles - increases (prevalence ratio [PR] 1.08 [95%CI 1.01-1.17]). Additionally, age (PR 1.03 [95%CI 1.02-1.04]), eating more than three meals/day away from home (PR 1.56 [95%CI 1.08-2.23]), duration of vegetarianism (PR 0.98 [95%CI 0.97-0.99]) and living in the wealthiest regions in the country (PR 1.35 [95%CI 1.06-1.71]) were associated with overweight. Although vegetarians have a lower average UPF intake and overweight prevalence than the general population, UPF exposure can still lead to excessive weight gain or maintenance. This study endorses generalising the Brazilian Dietary Guidelines for the vegetarian population.

In this cross-sectional study, we explored the influence of Mediterranean Diet (MD) adherence and physical activity-related energy expenditure on weight status and cardiometabolic risk in a large sample of 2.833 young, middle-aged and older adults. A food frequency questionnaire was employed, and MD Score to assess MD adherence. Physical activity-related energy expenditure was reported through the Minnesota Leisure Time Physical Activity Questionnaire. Anthropometry, blood pressure, lipid and glycaemic markers were measured. Most of the participants were overweight or obese and had a medium-high MD adherence. The obesity group showed lower energy expenditure and a greater clustered cardiometabolic risk. Overweight and obese had a greater clustered cardiometabolic risk compared to the high MD adherence and normo-weight. Obese showed the greatest clustered cardiometabolic risk with independence of MD adherence. Increasing energy expenditure through physical activity better than restrictive diets might be one of the key components for reducing cardiometabolic risk among obese people.

The objective was to examine the association between the intakes of whole grains, refined grains, and whole/refined ratio with periodontitis. Data from 7,753 adults participating in NHANES 2009-2014 were used. The intakes of whole grains, refined grains, and whole/refined ratio were collected and calculated. Periodontitis was defined according to the CDC. The relationship between periodontitis and grains intakes were evaluated by using multivariate models. Dose-response relationship was modelled by restricted cubic spline regression. In the fully adjusted model, the whole grains intake (Q4 ORs: 0.70 (0.56,0.89)) and whole/refined grain ratio (Q4 ORs: 0.75 (0.60,0.93)) were negatively associated with periodontitis. The results of restricted cubic spline regression showed an OR of 0.89 (95% CI: 0.84,0.95) for per 28.3 g/d increase in whole grain intake, and the whole/refined grain ratio had a J-shaped association with periodontitis. Increased intake of whole grains was associated with lower prevalence of periodontitis.

One hundred and eleven countries currently have national policies, strategies or plans to implement food reformulation, a mechanism to passively improve the diets of consumers. Previous research by our group conducted between 2014 and 2017, showed that salt and sugar in - cereals, breads, spreads and milk had declined by 12% and 7%, respectively. The aim of this study was to explore if there has been further progress in reformulation during the period between 2017 and 2021.We conducted an audit of food staples in the Republic of Ireland. Nutrition labels of food staples were photographed and the extracted data was compared with data previously captured in 2017. We included Supermarkets with the leading market share in the Republic of Ireland at that time including - Dunnes Stores, Supervalu, Tesco, Aldi, Lidl, Marks & Spencer (M&S) and Centra. Two hundred and seventy products were directly compared across the two-time points (2017 & 2021). Overall across all food groups combined, this study shows that salt decreased by 1.9%, sugar levels decreased by 4.9% and saturated fat decreased by 0.1%. Total fat increased by 1.2%, protein increased by 1.1%, energy levels increased by 0.6%, fibre increased by 0.2% and carbohydrates increased by 0.1%. While it is encouraging to see that sugar has declined across all food groups and that salt has declined across most food groups in this study, the magnitude in reduction is lower than during the previous reporting period (2014-2017). Food manufacturers need to double down on their reformulation efforts.