Pub Date : 2011-04-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.22724
T. Heimann, M. Trede
Most models of income dynamics are set in a discrete-time framework with an arbitrarily chosen accounting period. This article introduces a continuous-time stochastic model of income flows, without the need to define an accounting period. Our model can be estimated using unbalanced panel data with arbitrarily spaced observations. Although our model describes the stochastic properties of income flows, estimation is based on observed incomes accruing during time intervals of possibly varying length. Our model of income dynamics is close in spirit to the discrete-time two-stage models prevalent in the literature. We impose a parsimoniously parameterized continuous-time stochastic process (possibly containing a unit root) to model the deviation from a traditional earnings function. We illustrate our approach by estimating a simplified model using microeconomic data from the German social security agency from 1975 to 1995.
{"title":"A Continuous-Time Model of Income Dynamics","authors":"T. Heimann, M. Trede","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.22724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.22724","url":null,"abstract":"Most models of income dynamics are set in a discrete-time framework with an arbitrarily chosen accounting period. This article introduces a continuous-time stochastic model of income flows, without the need to define an accounting period. Our model can be estimated using unbalanced panel data with arbitrarily spaced observations. Although our model describes the stochastic properties of income flows, estimation is based on observed incomes accruing during time intervals of possibly varying length. Our model of income dynamics is close in spirit to the discrete-time two-stage models prevalent in the literature. We impose a parsimoniously parameterized continuous-time stochastic process (possibly containing a unit root) to model the deviation from a traditional earnings function. We illustrate our approach by estimating a simplified model using microeconomic data from the German social security agency from 1975 to 1995.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"210 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2011-04-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132073240","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-26DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17724
Nicholas Rohde
This article presents a simple non-polynomial spline that may be used to construct Lorenz curves from grouped data. The spline is naturally convex and works by determining a series of piecewise segments that may be joined to give a smooth and continuous Lorenz curve. The method is illustrated with an empirical example using income decile data from the Philippines from 1991-2003 where the proposed technique is used alongside other parametric and non-parametric methods. We also use the spline to approximate some known Lorenz curves and assess the technique by comparing the estimated Gini coefficient to the known Gini. Our findings suggest that the method is an attractive addition to the body of techniques used for developing Lorenz curves from grouped data.
{"title":"Lorenz Curve Interpolation and the Gini Coefficient","authors":"Nicholas Rohde","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17724","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17724","url":null,"abstract":"This article presents a simple non-polynomial spline that may be used to construct Lorenz curves from grouped data. The spline is naturally convex and works by determining a series of piecewise segments that may be joined to give a smooth and continuous Lorenz curve. The method is illustrated with an empirical example using income decile data from the Philippines from 1991-2003 where the proposed technique is used alongside other parametric and non-parametric methods. We also use the spline to approximate some known Lorenz curves and assess the technique by comparing the estimated Gini coefficient to the known Gini. Our findings suggest that the method is an attractive addition to the body of techniques used for developing Lorenz curves from grouped data.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"21 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128752741","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-09-26DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.17482
Stéphane Mussard, L. Savard
Macro/micro-economic modelling has emerged as a rigorous instrument to link policy reforms with changes in income distribution. Indeed, this approach enables one to capture directly the general equilibrium effect of policy reforms upon changes in household welfare. These endogenous distributions combined with the Gini multi-decomposition provide powerful and detailed information for policy-makers interested in the trade-off between inequality and the efficient impact of reforms. Our results show that including the general equilibrium effect can yield results that differ from those of partial equilibrium analysis.
{"title":"Macro/Micro Modelling and Gini Multi-Decomposition: An Application to the Philippines","authors":"Stéphane Mussard, L. Savard","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.17482","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.17482","url":null,"abstract":"Macro/micro-economic modelling has emerged as a rigorous instrument to link policy reforms with changes in income distribution. Indeed, this approach enables one to capture directly the general equilibrium effect of policy reforms upon changes in household welfare. These endogenous distributions combined with the Gini multi-decomposition provide powerful and detailed information for policy-makers interested in the trade-off between inequality and the efficient impact of reforms. Our results show that including the general equilibrium effect can yield results that differ from those of partial equilibrium analysis.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-09-26","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123333815","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.11362
Carmelo García, Ismael Ahamdanech, M. Prieto
The traditional analysis of economic convergence between countries or regions is usually performed by comparing distribution means, such as per-capita income. This kind of analysis, which is intimately related to the economic welfare of a society, presents, however, only a partial approach to measuring economic convergence, given that the disparities within regions or countries are not considered. The empirical methodology used in this article complements the traditional convergence approach, introducing efficiency and inequality aspects of income distribution. Using first and second stochastic dominance, the convergence among Spanish regions from 1990 to 2003 is studied by means of two new statistics developed here. Per-capita income data taken from the Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (EPF [the Spanish Household Budget Survey]) of 1990-1991 and the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) of 2003 are employed to make the comparisons. We find that a divergence process is taking place in Spain between rich and poor regions
{"title":"Convergence of Spanish Regions, 1990-2003. A New Approach Using Stochastic Dominance Techniques","authors":"Carmelo García, Ismael Ahamdanech, M. Prieto","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.11362","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.11362","url":null,"abstract":"The traditional analysis of economic convergence between countries or regions is usually performed by comparing distribution means, such as per-capita income. This kind of analysis, which is intimately related to the economic welfare of a society, presents, however, only a partial approach to measuring economic convergence, given that the disparities within regions or countries are not considered. The empirical methodology used in this article complements the traditional convergence approach, introducing efficiency and inequality aspects of income distribution. Using first and second stochastic dominance, the convergence among Spanish regions from 1990 to 2003 is studied by means of two new statistics developed here. Per-capita income data taken from the Encuesta de Presupuestos Familiares (EPF [the Spanish Household Budget Survey]) of 1990-1991 and the Spanish Survey on Income and Living Conditions (SILC) of 2003 are employed to make the comparisons. We find that a divergence process is taking place in Spain between rich and poor regions","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"32 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128118803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-19DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.15290
Philip N. Jefferson, Frederic L. Pryor
This essay examines the cyclical behavior and stability properties of four different measures of the labor share of income in the United States from 1948 through 2006. The evidence suggests that the share exhibits instability. This instability is sensitive to the measure of labor share deployed and whether that measure has been adjusted for the changing sectoral composition of production over time. We test a number of competing hypotheses about the determinants of the behavior of cyclical labor share, showing that its movements are traceable to just two indicators of the business cycle, namely lagged gross domestic product (GDP) and lagged multifactor productivity.
{"title":"Dynamics of Factor Income Shares in the United States","authors":"Philip N. Jefferson, Frederic L. Pryor","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.15290","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.15290","url":null,"abstract":"This essay examines the cyclical behavior and stability properties of four different measures of the labor share of income in the United States from 1948 through 2006. The evidence suggests that the share exhibits instability. This instability is sensitive to the measure of labor share deployed and whether that measure has been adjusted for the changing sectoral composition of production over time. We test a number of competing hypotheses about the determinants of the behavior of cyclical labor share, showing that its movements are traceable to just two indicators of the business cycle, namely lagged gross domestic product (GDP) and lagged multifactor productivity.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"255 5-6","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-19","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132880101","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2010-03-01DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.16182
A. Mishra, H. El-Osta, Saleem Shaik
In the United States the 1996 agricultural policy reform ushered in market-oriented farm policies and also gave farmers a seven-year lump-sum payment that was not tied to production. Some scholars argue that farm program payments have changed the distribution of income among farm households. Our study uses a national farmlevel survey for 1996-2001 to investigate a) the distribution of income among farm households, b) the sources that contribute to income inequality, and c) the role of farm program payments in equalizing income. Results show a high but declining income inequality between 1996 and 2001. Among the income components that contributed the most to income inequality was an income component labeled Income from farming and all other sources. Findings further show that marginal increases in both off-farm labor income and farm program payments reduce income inequality. The impact of various income components on overall reduction in income inequality therefore depends on a household’s participation in off-farm work and government farm programs.
{"title":"Agricultural Policy Reform and Its Impact on Farm Households Income Inequality","authors":"A. Mishra, H. El-Osta, Saleem Shaik","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.16182","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.16182","url":null,"abstract":"In the United States the 1996 agricultural policy reform ushered in market-oriented farm policies and also gave farmers a seven-year lump-sum payment that was not tied to production. Some scholars argue that farm program payments have changed the distribution of income among farm households. Our study uses a national farmlevel survey for 1996-2001 to investigate a) the distribution of income among farm households, b) the sources that contribute to income inequality, and c) the role of farm program payments in equalizing income. Results show a high but declining income inequality between 1996 and 2001. Among the income components that contributed the most to income inequality was an income component labeled Income from farming and all other sources. Findings further show that marginal increases in both off-farm labor income and farm program payments reduce income inequality. The impact of various income components on overall reduction in income inequality therefore depends on a household’s participation in off-farm work and government farm programs.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"39 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2010-03-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"134084112","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23689
A. Wane, I. Toure, Véronique Ancey
Based on primary data obtained through investigations in Ferlo (Senegalese Sahel) during a whole year, from the rainy season of 2005 to the rainy season of 2006, this article presents a thorough analysis of the market income distribution of several pastoral communities and sees it in its political perspectives. The global Gini index of this pastoral region, 52.8%, is explained particularly by between-sites inequality at 79%, although within-site inequality represents only 21%. Paradoxically, there is no bigger equality in areas well served by basic infrastructures. The efficiency of national livestock policies and area planning should be questioned. At the economic analysis level, these results show the need to maintain and secure herders’ movements and thus complete the current research with an ecological point of view.
{"title":"Assets of the Market, Assets of the Rural World: Pastoral Market\u0000Income Distribution in the Senegalese Sahel (Ferlo)","authors":"A. Wane, I. Toure, Véronique Ancey","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23689","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23689","url":null,"abstract":"Based on primary data obtained through investigations in Ferlo\u0000(Senegalese Sahel) during a whole year, from the rainy season of 2005\u0000to the rainy season of 2006, this article presents a thorough analysis\u0000of the market income distribution of several pastoral communities\u0000and sees it in its political perspectives. The global Gini index of this\u0000pastoral region, 52.8%, is explained particularly by between-sites inequality\u0000at 79%, although within-site inequality represents only 21%.\u0000Paradoxically, there is no bigger equality in areas well served by basic\u0000infrastructures. The efficiency of national livestock policies and area\u0000planning should be questioned. At the economic analysis level, these\u0000results show the need to maintain and secure herders’ movements and\u0000thus complete the current research with an ecological point of view.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"220 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"131574380","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23686
R. Maurizio, Bárbara Perrot, Soledad Villafañe
The article analyzes the factors associated with the reduction of poverty between 2003 and 2006 in Argentina. In particular, it examines the role of the labour market, monetary transfers, and demographic factors in poverty exits, taking into account the family composition of households. The data used comes from the Encuestas Permanentes de Hogares (EPH) [Permanent Household Survey]. Results indicate that labour market events are the most important factors associated with these transitions because they are more frequent and also because they have a more significant impact on family incomes. In addition, the results show that households with children and female household heads face greater difficulties to exit poverty than the rest of the households.
{"title":"How important were social and labour market policies in reducing\u0000poverty across different families in Argentina? A dynamic approach","authors":"R. Maurizio, Bárbara Perrot, Soledad Villafañe","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23686","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23686","url":null,"abstract":"The article analyzes the factors associated with the reduction of\u0000poverty between 2003 and 2006 in Argentina. In particular, it examines\u0000the role of the labour market, monetary transfers, and demographic\u0000factors in poverty exits, taking into account the family composition\u0000of households. The data used comes from the Encuestas Permanentes\u0000de Hogares (EPH) [Permanent Household Survey]. Results\u0000indicate that labour market events are the most important factors associated\u0000with these transitions because they are more frequent and also\u0000because they have a more significant impact on family incomes. In\u0000addition, the results show that households with children and female\u0000household heads face greater difficulties to exit poverty than the rest of\u0000the households.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130778836","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Pub Date : 2009-12-15DOI: 10.25071/1874-6322.23688
K. Roelen, F. Gassmann
Despite two decades of rapid economic growth in Vietnam, child poverty remains a sizeable problem. This article investigates the distribution of child poverty and the existence of horizontal inequalities over a variety of groups in Vietnam using a multitude of poverty measures. Findings suggest that the burden of child poverty is unequally shared by demographic and socio-economic groups. Conclusions about the degree of inequality and the groups that are disproportionately affected depend on the poverty indicator used for analysis. The set of poverty indicators provides complementary information to gain an in-depth understanding of the distribution of child poverty in Vietnam.
{"title":"Equal opportunities for all children in Vietnam? Assessing the\u0000distribution of child poverty from a monetary and multidimensional\u0000perspective","authors":"K. Roelen, F. Gassmann","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23688","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23688","url":null,"abstract":"Despite two decades of rapid economic growth in Vietnam, child\u0000poverty remains a sizeable problem. This article investigates the distribution\u0000of child poverty and the existence of horizontal inequalities over\u0000a variety of groups in Vietnam using a multitude of poverty measures.\u0000Findings suggest that the burden of child poverty is unequally shared\u0000by demographic and socio-economic groups. Conclusions about the\u0000degree of inequality and the groups that are disproportionately affected\u0000depend on the poverty indicator used for analysis. The set of poverty\u0000indicators provides complementary information to gain an in-depth understanding\u0000of the distribution of child poverty in Vietnam.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"31 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122649912","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study in order to quantify the economy-wide monetary gains achieved by Household-Size Economies, due to the within-household sharing of goods by individuals living in multi-member households. In most of the twenty countries we examine, we observe a decline in monetary gains achieved by Household-Size Economies over time. This decline is the result of a demographic trend towards smaller-sized household units, rather than a change in the shares of aggregate disposable income earned by household types of different size.
{"title":"Per-capita income versus household-need adjusted income: a\u0000cross-country comparison","authors":"Christos Koulovatianos, Polina Minkovski, Carsten Schröder","doi":"10.25071/1874-6322.23677","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.25071/1874-6322.23677","url":null,"abstract":"We use data from the Luxembourg Income Study in order to quantify\u0000the economy-wide monetary gains achieved by Household-Size\u0000Economies, due to the within-household sharing of goods by individuals\u0000living in multi-member households. In most of the twenty countries\u0000we examine, we observe a decline in monetary gains achieved\u0000by Household-Size Economies over time. This decline is the result\u0000of a demographic trend towards smaller-sized household units, rather\u0000than a change in the shares of aggregate disposable income earned by\u0000household types of different size.","PeriodicalId":142300,"journal":{"name":"Journal of Income Distribution®","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"2009-12-15","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133957802","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
京公网安备 11010802042870号
京ICP备2023020795号-1
扫码关注我们
求助内容：
应助结果提醒方式：