Optical shops are increasingly called upon to characterize not only the optical figure and macrodefects (scratch/dig) of their work but the microroughness as well. Whether the optical surface is for imaging or non-imaging applications (e.g., calendering rolls), performance depends upon meeting the specified surface microroughness. The challenge of measuring roughness of 100Å RMS co less than 10Å RMS has been met by a myriad of surface interogation techniques employing most known surface interaction phenomena, including light scattering.
{"title":"T.I.S. Microroughness Measurement in the Optical Shop","authors":"J. Guerra","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.thaa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.thaa2","url":null,"abstract":"Optical shops are increasingly called upon to characterize not only the optical figure and macrodefects (scratch/dig) of their work but the microroughness as well. Whether the optical surface is for imaging or non-imaging applications (e.g., calendering rolls), performance depends upon meeting the specified surface microroughness. The challenge of measuring roughness of 100Å RMS co less than 10Å RMS has been met by a myriad of surface interogation techniques employing most known surface interaction phenomena, including light scattering.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"30 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"133038844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The manufacturing and testing of the segments for the W.M. Keck Observatory Primary Mirror is a coordinated effort in balancing production manufacturing with state of the art large mirror fabrication. The basic concept of production manufacturing is to reduce the manufacturing steps to their fundamentals by putting the quality into the machinery and fixturing allowing as little recurring manhour input as possible. The state of the art large mirror fabrication, on the other hand, usually involves the minimum in machinery and tooling as possible and using as much human skill input as necessary. The manufacturing and testing conducted at Itek is the result of the compromises that ensues when drawing that fine line between two very broad concepts.
{"title":"The Manufacturing and Testing of the W.M. Keck Observatory Primary Mirror Segments at Itek Optical Systems","authors":"Kris W. Johnson, T. G. Pitts","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha1","url":null,"abstract":"The manufacturing and testing of the segments for the W.M. Keck Observatory Primary Mirror is a coordinated effort in balancing production manufacturing with state of the art large mirror fabrication. The basic concept of production manufacturing is to reduce the manufacturing steps to their fundamentals by putting the quality into the machinery and fixturing allowing as little recurring manhour input as possible. The state of the art large mirror fabrication, on the other hand, usually involves the minimum in machinery and tooling as possible and using as much human skill input as necessary. The manufacturing and testing conducted at Itek is the result of the compromises that ensues when drawing that fine line between two very broad concepts.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"86 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114812163","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Baffles in optical systems are internal surfaces that control or suppress stray radiation, typically using geometrically designed vanes and surface morphology. Baffles perform a major role in determining the signal-to-noise level of many optical systems. While a few commercially available baffle materials meet optical requirments, current industrial baffle materials do not meet survivability and endurability needs; i.e, thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability requirements. The major problem is the generation of particles from the baffle surfaces during transport and operation which degrade the image quality.
{"title":"Advanced Optically Black Baffles","authors":"R. D. Seals","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thc6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thc6","url":null,"abstract":"Baffles in optical systems are internal surfaces that control or suppress stray radiation, typically using geometrically designed vanes and surface morphology. Baffles perform a major role in determining the signal-to-noise level of many optical systems. While a few commercially available baffle materials meet optical requirments, current industrial baffle materials do not meet survivability and endurability needs; i.e, thermal, mechanical, and chemical stability requirements. The major problem is the generation of particles from the baffle surfaces during transport and operation which degrade the image quality.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"79 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114635061","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The results of phase restoration from interferograms by testing of the optical surfaces are presented and demonstrated on computer.
通过对光学表面的测试，给出了干涉图相位恢复的结果，并在计算机上进行了演示。
{"title":"The Analytical Signal for Interferograms Evaluation","authors":"V. A. Tartakowski","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owa5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owa5","url":null,"abstract":"The results of phase restoration from interferograms by testing of the optical surfaces are presented and demonstrated on computer.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"22 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121172445","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
When a glass surface is abraded there is produced a surface damage layer consisting of two somewhat independent components: a relatively rough and pitted surface structure and an underlying system of fractures. To reveal the subsurface system of fractures acid etching has been used to open up the fractures for measurement.1,2 This method, however, is unreliable to varying degrees due to non-uniform etching rates at the top and bottom of the fracture. Moreover, most information on the structure of the fractures themselves is lost in the process. We have developed a method which also uses acid etching but uses specially prepared substrates that reveal very clearly the structure and depth of the fractures. Figure 1 depicts how the substrates are prepared.
{"title":"A Method for the Evaluation of Subsurface Damage","authors":"D. S. Anderson, Michael E. Frogner","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.thbb7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.thbb7","url":null,"abstract":"When a glass surface is abraded there is produced a surface damage layer consisting of two somewhat independent components: a relatively rough and pitted surface structure and an underlying system of fractures. To reveal the subsurface system of fractures acid etching has been used to open up the fractures for measurement.1,2 This method, however, is unreliable to varying degrees due to non-uniform etching rates at the top and bottom of the fracture. Moreover, most information on the structure of the fractures themselves is lost in the process. We have developed a method which also uses acid etching but uses specially prepared substrates that reveal very clearly the structure and depth of the fractures. Figure 1 depicts how the substrates are prepared.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"3 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121198063","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Opticam SX grinding machine manufactures optical components quickly and accurately using a computer controlled grinding process. However, characteristic surface errors, referred to as "cutter marks," have been observed on lenses produced by the SX machine. These cutter marks averaged 440 angstroms peak-to-valley in a previous study involving over 100 lenses. In an effort to expand the usefulness of the Opticam microgrinding technique to applications requiring a smoother surface finish, the source of the surface errors and the application of an active control technique to reduce them are being investigated.
{"title":"Enhanced Deterministic Microgrinding on the Opticam SX Using Active Vibration Cancellation Techniques","authors":"R. Stevens, Ann Reimers","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.omb4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.omb4","url":null,"abstract":"The Opticam SX grinding machine manufactures optical components quickly and accurately using a computer controlled grinding process. However, characteristic surface errors, referred to as \"cutter marks,\" have been observed on lenses produced by the SX machine. These cutter marks averaged 440 angstroms peak-to-valley in a previous study involving over 100 lenses. In an effort to expand the usefulness of the Opticam microgrinding technique to applications requiring a smoother surface finish, the source of the surface errors and the application of an active control technique to reduce them are being investigated.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"46 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123374788","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new ultraviolet immobilized material has been formulated as a temporary holding adhesive to mount or block glass lenses during the generating and polishing operation. This recently developed "blocking" material possesses unique properties in both the liquid and solid state. The product transforms from a liquid to a solid through a controlled exposure of low intensity ultraviolet light.
{"title":"Ultraviolet Light Immobilized Lens Blocking Adhesive Performance Quantified Using Polymer Analysis Techniques","authors":"Alfred Caputo, Glenn LeBlanc","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tuc11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tuc11","url":null,"abstract":"A new ultraviolet immobilized material has been formulated as a temporary holding adhesive to mount or block glass lenses during the generating and polishing operation. This recently developed \"blocking\" material possesses unique properties in both the liquid and solid state. The product transforms from a liquid to a solid through a controlled exposure of low intensity ultraviolet light.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121226393","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
V. V. Rusan, L. Arhipova, S. N. Ivashevskii, G. Karapetyan
It is well known, that employment of mechanical treatment to manufacture the micro optical elements (diameter ≤2mm) with spherical surfaces of small radius or aspherical surfaces is connected with considerable difficulties and is very expensive. One of the effective methods of solving this problem is precise pressing (or molding) of glass blanks, Blanks placed between the male and female molds were heated and pressed 1,2. Molded micro elements do not demand mechanical treatment. But in this case, practically, a very complicated problem is substituted for only slightly complicated one. It means that considerable efforts are made to prepare male and female mold surfaces. They are precise mechanical treatment, the coating of surfaces by high temperature resistant multi layer coats and so on. At the beginning of our study the main question under investigation was: "Can we develop the technique that allows to produce micro optical elements with spherical and aspherical surfaces without or with simplest mechanical treatment of both the glass blanks and the molds?” In this talk two techniques of fabrication curvilinear surfaces of micro optical elements without mechanical treatment have been considered.
{"title":"Fabrication Of Micro Optical Elements With Spherical And Aspherical Surfaces","authors":"V. V. Rusan, L. Arhipova, S. N. Ivashevskii, G. Karapetyan","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otud4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otud4","url":null,"abstract":"It is well known, that employment of mechanical treatment to manufacture the micro optical elements (diameter ≤2mm) with spherical surfaces of small radius or aspherical surfaces is connected with considerable difficulties and is very expensive. One of the effective methods of solving this problem is precise pressing (or molding) of glass blanks, Blanks placed between the male and female molds were heated and pressed 1,2. Molded micro elements do not demand mechanical treatment. But in this case, practically, a very complicated problem is substituted for only slightly complicated one. It means that considerable efforts are made to prepare male and female mold surfaces. They are precise mechanical treatment, the coating of surfaces by high temperature resistant multi layer coats and so on. At the beginning of our study the main question under investigation was: \"Can we develop the technique that allows to produce micro optical elements with spherical and aspherical surfaces without or with simplest mechanical treatment of both the glass blanks and the molds?” In this talk two techniques of fabrication curvilinear surfaces of micro optical elements without mechanical treatment have been considered.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"11 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128234793","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In a Fizeau interferometer, two flats face each other and form a cavity. The interference fringes detected reveal the flatness of the cavity. In the traditional three-flat method,1,2 the flats are compared in pairs. By rotating the flats with respect to each other, the exact profiles along several diameters of each flat are obtained. A method with more flats and more combinations has been proposed.3 However, with both methods, only the profiles along some straight lines can be solved. Several methods4-8 have been proposed to measure the flatness of the entire surface. These methods involve tremendous least squares calculations. Thus, the fine structure of the surface tends to disappear.
{"title":"Modified three-flat method using even and odd functions","authors":"C. Ai, J. Wyant","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wa2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wa2","url":null,"abstract":"In a Fizeau interferometer, two flats face each other and form a cavity. The interference fringes detected reveal the flatness of the cavity. In the traditional three-flat method,1,2 the flats are compared in pairs. By rotating the flats with respect to each other, the exact profiles along several diameters of each flat are obtained. A method with more flats and more combinations has been proposed.3 However, with both methods, only the profiles along some straight lines can be solved. Several methods4-8 have been proposed to measure the flatness of the entire surface. These methods involve tremendous least squares calculations. Thus, the fine structure of the surface tends to disappear.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129402212","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Wm. I. Kordonsky, I. Prokhorov, B. Kashevsky, S. Jacobs, B. Puchebner, Y. Hsu, D. Pietrowski, D. Strafford
A pre-prototype magnetorheological (MR) finishing machine has been constructed at the Center for Optics Manufacturing. It consists of an electromagnet, a trough for MR fluid containment and a work spindle (see Figures 1 and 2). A glass part is mounted on the spindle, positioned within the trough and above the magnet pole pieces. Polishing occurs on the surface of the glass as a function of the movement of polishing abrasives through a zone of high pressure, created by the action of the magnetic field on the MR suspension[1]. Polishing slurry in the zone of high pressure is continually refreshed by the rotation of the trough. By rotating the work spindle, an annular ring is polished out on the part (see Figure 3). The entire lens surface is polished out by adjusting spindle tilt (theta, in Figure 2) and dwell time.
{"title":"Glass Polishing Experiments Using Magnetorheological Fluids","authors":"Wm. I. Kordonsky, I. Prokhorov, B. Kashevsky, S. Jacobs, B. Puchebner, Y. Hsu, D. Pietrowski, D. Strafford","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otub2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otub2","url":null,"abstract":"A pre-prototype magnetorheological (MR) finishing machine has been constructed at the Center for Optics Manufacturing. It consists of an electromagnet, a trough for MR fluid containment and a work spindle (see Figures 1 and 2). A glass part is mounted on the spindle, positioned within the trough and above the magnet pole pieces. Polishing occurs on the surface of the glass as a function of the movement of polishing abrasives through a zone of high pressure, created by the action of the magnetic field on the MR suspension[1]. Polishing slurry in the zone of high pressure is continually refreshed by the rotation of the trough. By rotating the work spindle, an annular ring is polished out on the part (see Figure 3). The entire lens surface is polished out by adjusting spindle tilt (theta, in Figure 2) and dwell time.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"13 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130496046","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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