Optical tests have been designed and analyzed for the interferometric testing of the highly aspheric 6.5-meter F/1.25 primary mirror which was recently cast at the University of Arizona to upgrade the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT.) An infrared interferometer using a CO2 laser, a null corrector, and a pyroelectric vidicon will test the surface during loose-abrasive grinding. Precision metrology for the testing of the polished surface will use a visible Shack-cube interferometer co-aligned with a BK7 null corrector, a HeNe laser source, imaging optics, and a CCD array. Both the infrared and visible systems have been carefully designed to give excellent performance in terms of wavefront correction, alignment sensitivity, imaging of the mirror to the detector, diffraction effects, ghost reflections, and ease of use.
{"title":"Interferometric metrology for a 6.5-meter F/1.25 paraboloidal mirror","authors":"J. Burge","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha6","url":null,"abstract":"Optical tests have been designed and analyzed for the interferometric testing of the highly aspheric 6.5-meter F/1.25 primary mirror which was recently cast at the University of Arizona to upgrade the Multiple Mirror Telescope (MMT.) An infrared interferometer using a CO2 laser, a null corrector, and a pyroelectric vidicon will test the surface during loose-abrasive grinding. Precision metrology for the testing of the polished surface will use a visible Shack-cube interferometer co-aligned with a BK7 null corrector, a HeNe laser source, imaging optics, and a CCD array. Both the infrared and visible systems have been carefully designed to give excellent performance in terms of wavefront correction, alignment sensitivity, imaging of the mirror to the detector, diffraction effects, ghost reflections, and ease of use.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"243 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116575249","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The proper alignment of the tool and the workpiece in a curve generator is essential for manufacturing precision optics. Misalignments result in deviation from the desired shape of the lens. We summarize the development of desktop software which predict the amount of deviation of a generated spherical surface from a perfect sphere in terms of the misalignment between the axes of the tool and the workpiece. The software can be used to create a database correlating surface errors and axes misalignments. Such a database is of use to operators of curve generating machines, such as the Opticam SM and Opticam SX, who may thus be able quantitatively to predict the amount of correction required to remove a given amount of surface error.
{"title":"Surface Errors Due to Static Tool Misalignments in Deterministic Microgrinding","authors":"D. Quesnel, T. Rich, J. Lambropoulos","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.omb6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.omb6","url":null,"abstract":"The proper alignment of the tool and the workpiece in a curve generator is essential for manufacturing precision optics. Misalignments result in deviation from the desired shape of the lens. We summarize the development of desktop software which predict the amount of deviation of a generated spherical surface from a perfect sphere in terms of the misalignment between the axes of the tool and the workpiece. The software can be used to create a database correlating surface errors and axes misalignments. Such a database is of use to operators of curve generating machines, such as the Opticam SM and Opticam SX, who may thus be able quantitatively to predict the amount of correction required to remove a given amount of surface error.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"45 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"122020885","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
{"title":"Trends and Challenges in Optical Fabrication and Testing","authors":"J. Bruning","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.oma2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.oma2","url":null,"abstract":"Summary not available.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"59 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128255283","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandates an end to the industrialized countries' production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform by January 1, 1996. This treaty effects everyone from the CEO of a top chemical producer to the next door neighbor driving to work everyday.
{"title":"Chlorofluorocarbons in the Workplace: A Summary of Guidelines and Alternatives","authors":"B. Puchebner","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owc4","url":null,"abstract":"The Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer mandates an end to the industrialized countries' production of chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs), carbon tetrachloride, and methyl chloroform by January 1, 1996. This treaty effects everyone from the CEO of a top chemical producer to the next door neighbor driving to work everyday.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124709750","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
K. Cerqua-Richardson, J. Ruckart, J. Lambropoulos, T. Fang
Hardness testing provides valuable information regarding the physical property characteristics of many materials, including infrared glasses and crystalline structures. Data on a material’s mechanical response to an applied load is important in the manufacture of high quality optics which possess low subsurface damage, and high adherence to radius specifications. Visible and infrared optics are currently being fabricated using the capabilities of Opticam, a computer automated machine tool developed at the Center for Optics Manufacture at the University of Rochester. Continuous improvements are being made in the generation of high quality planar and spherical elements, while reducing the laborious and cost-intensive aspects of their manufacture using this CAD/CAM technology.
{"title":"Low-load Hardness Behavior of Various Optical Materials","authors":"K. Cerqua-Richardson, J. Ruckart, J. Lambropoulos, T. Fang","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otuc1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otuc1","url":null,"abstract":"Hardness testing provides valuable information regarding the physical property characteristics of many materials, including infrared glasses and crystalline structures. Data on a material’s mechanical response to an applied load is important in the manufacture of high quality optics which possess low subsurface damage, and high adherence to radius specifications. Visible and infrared optics are currently being fabricated using the capabilities of Opticam, a computer automated machine tool developed at the Center for Optics Manufacture at the University of Rochester. Continuous improvements are being made in the generation of high quality planar and spherical elements, while reducing the laborious and cost-intensive aspects of their manufacture using this CAD/CAM technology.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129796954","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Seeded Gel (SG) abrasives have made a major impact on traditional abrasive applications. The structure of SG is one of 100 to 300 nm crystallites tightly sintered to a zero porosity polycrystalline α - alumina body.
{"title":"Nanometer Sized Alpha Alumina Polishing Slurry","authors":"D. Rostoker","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.pd1","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.pd1","url":null,"abstract":"Seeded Gel (SG) abrasives have made a major impact on traditional abrasive applications. The structure of SG is one of 100 to 300 nm crystallites tightly sintered to a zero porosity polycrystalline α - alumina body.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"47 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129891027","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Anderson, L. D. La Fleur, M. Kasserls, D. Zweig
A scanning Fizeau interferometer is used to measure a set of eight inch reference flats. The uncertainty in the measured figure is less that 2 Årms.
扫描菲索干涉仪用于测量一组8英寸参考平面。测量图的不确定度小于2 Årms。
{"title":"Angstrom-level Calibration of Eight Inch Flats using a Scanning Fizeau Interferometer","authors":"A. Anderson, L. D. La Fleur, M. Kasserls, D. Zweig","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.thb3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.thb3","url":null,"abstract":"A scanning Fizeau interferometer is used to measure a set of eight inch reference flats. The uncertainty in the measured figure is less that 2 Årms.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"80 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130297503","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Microindentation is a rapid, inexpensive technique to determine the surface hardness of solids. The hardness of solids, as determined by microindentation techniques, often exhibits an increasing hardness as the indentation load is decreased. The indentation size effect has been observed in metals [Pethica et al., 1983], in semiconductors [Bifano, 1988; Pethica et al., 1983], in ceramics [Bifano et al., 1988; Bull et al., 1989], and in glasses [Bifano, 1988; Mason et al., 1992; Li and Bradt, 1992].
微压痕是一种快速、廉价的测定固体表面硬度的技术。由微压痕技术测定的固体硬度，往往随着压痕载荷的减小而增加。在金属[Pethica etal .， 1983]和半导体[Bifano, 1988;Pethica et al.， 1983]， in ceramics [Bifano et al.， 1988;Bull et al.， 1989]， and in glasses [Bifano, 1988;Mason et al.， 1992;Li and Bradt, 1992]。
{"title":"Near-Surface Hardness of Optical Glasses and Crystals","authors":"T. Fang, Su Xu, J. Lambropoulos","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otuc2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otuc2","url":null,"abstract":"Microindentation is a rapid, inexpensive technique to determine the surface hardness of solids. The hardness of solids, as determined by microindentation techniques, often exhibits an increasing hardness as the indentation load is decreased. The indentation size effect has been observed in metals [Pethica et al., 1983], in semiconductors [Bifano, 1988; Pethica et al., 1983], in ceramics [Bifano et al., 1988; Bull et al., 1989], and in glasses [Bifano, 1988; Mason et al., 1992; Li and Bradt, 1992].","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127032665","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The growing volume value of trade in optical and opto-electronic components, which is influenced by localised surface quality, has highlighted the need for harmonization of the different approaches for its measurement currently in use around the world.
{"title":"Calibration of Surface Damage by the Comparator Method","authors":"T. Wojtowicz","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tua5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tua5","url":null,"abstract":"The growing volume value of trade in optical and opto-electronic components, which is influenced by localised surface quality, has highlighted the need for harmonization of the different approaches for its measurement currently in use around the world.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"1 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"130586887","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Stressed-lap polishing has been used to complete three fast borosilicate honeycomb-sandwich mirrors. The 1.8-m f/1 primary mirror for the Lennon Telescope being built by the Vatican Observatory and the University of Arizona has been figured to an accuracy of 17 nm rms surface error, the 3.5-m f/1.5 primary mirror for the Starfire Optical Range of the U. S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory to 21 nm rms, and the 3.5-m f/1.75 primary mirror for the Astrophysical Research Consortium to 19 nm rms. The 3.5-m mirrors were figured in a new polishing facility, using a computer-controlled polishing machine and vibration-isolated test tower both sized for 8-m mirrors.
{"title":"Stressed-lap Polishing of Large, Highly Aspheric Primary Mirrors","authors":"H. Martin, D. S. Anderson, J. Burge, S. West","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha5","url":null,"abstract":"Stressed-lap polishing has been used to complete three fast borosilicate honeycomb-sandwich mirrors. The 1.8-m f/1 primary mirror for the Lennon Telescope being built by the Vatican Observatory and the University of Arizona has been figured to an accuracy of 17 nm rms surface error, the 3.5-m f/1.5 primary mirror for the Starfire Optical Range of the U. S. Air Force Phillips Laboratory to 21 nm rms, and the 3.5-m f/1.75 primary mirror for the Astrophysical Research Consortium to 19 nm rms. The 3.5-m mirrors were figured in a new polishing facility, using a computer-controlled polishing machine and vibration-isolated test tower both sized for 8-m mirrors.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"12 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"125454976","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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