The optical fabrication time associated with an optical component’s production most often dictates its final cost. Historically, art-driven conventional fabrication techniques used to produce infrared (IR) optics were labor-intensive, making the costs of such components prohibitive. Alternate, lower cost, fabrication technologies based on automated machine systems such as diamond turning, have been shown to be effective in generating high quality optical surfaces for some non-brittle materials. During the past year, fabrication techniques employing Opticam microgrinding technology have been demonstrated for glass and crystalline visible and infrared optical materials resulting in optical surfaces exhibiting superb figure, low roughness and subsurface damage.
{"title":"Subsurface Damage Measurements of Opticam-generated Infrared Materials","authors":"K. Cerqua-Richardson, S. Schmidt, J. Vakiner","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.omd5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.omd5","url":null,"abstract":"The optical fabrication time associated with an optical component’s production most often dictates its final cost. Historically, art-driven conventional fabrication techniques used to produce infrared (IR) optics were labor-intensive, making the costs of such components prohibitive. Alternate, lower cost, fabrication technologies based on automated machine systems such as diamond turning, have been shown to be effective in generating high quality optical surfaces for some non-brittle materials. During the past year, fabrication techniques employing Opticam microgrinding technology have been demonstrated for glass and crystalline visible and infrared optical materials resulting in optical surfaces exhibiting superb figure, low roughness and subsurface damage.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"35 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"121540970","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The construction of very large optical telescopes can be prohibitively costly due to the massive weight of conventional primary mirrors. The cost of such telescopes can be reduced by the use of a segmented lightweight primary mirror. An Itek process, computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS), is ideally suited for manufacturing the off-axis aspheric segments. During CCOS operations, a subaperture tool is moved across the optic surface under accurate computer control. By altering the time that the machine grinds or polishes each surface region, accurate and rapid figure progress can be achieved. This CCOS technology has fabricated seven thin, 2-meter, off-axis, aspheric optics and a lightweighted, active, off-axis mirror. Also, a large active off-axis aspheric is presently being manufactured.
{"title":"Fabrication of Large Off-axis Optics","authors":"Robert A. Jones","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tha9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tha9","url":null,"abstract":"The construction of very large optical telescopes can be prohibitively costly due to the massive weight of conventional primary mirrors. The cost of such telescopes can be reduced by the use of a segmented lightweight primary mirror. An Itek process, computer controlled optical surfacing (CCOS), is ideally suited for manufacturing the off-axis aspheric segments. During CCOS operations, a subaperture tool is moved across the optic surface under accurate computer control. By altering the time that the machine grinds or polishes each surface region, accurate and rapid figure progress can be achieved. This CCOS technology has fabricated seven thin, 2-meter, off-axis, aspheric optics and a lightweighted, active, off-axis mirror. Also, a large active off-axis aspheric is presently being manufactured.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"57 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114165692","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
This paper describes the recently written international standards on how to draw and indicate features on optical element and system layout drawings, and how to specify optical thin film coatings. Both of these standards represent significant changes from US standard practice (or, in most cases, non-practice) for making lens element drawings and specifying coatings. The drawing layout per se is not particularly new or different, but the methods of indicating features and the number of feature parameters available is totally new. The same is true for specifying coatings but here the logic is more easily understood.
{"title":"International Optical Drawing and Coating Standards","authors":"Robert E. Parks","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tua2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tua2","url":null,"abstract":"This paper describes the recently written international standards on how to draw and indicate features on optical element and system layout drawings, and how to specify optical thin film coatings. Both of these standards represent significant changes from US standard practice (or, in most cases, non-practice) for making lens element drawings and specifying coatings. The drawing layout per se is not particularly new or different, but the methods of indicating features and the number of feature parameters available is totally new. The same is true for specifying coatings but here the logic is more easily understood.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"142 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"132033100","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Curve fitting has many applications in topographic characterization including areas such as datum definition, modelling, and filtering e.g. the use of Zernike polynomials in figure metrology and the removal of tilt and curvature in finish measurement. However, topography measurement data does not represent a purely theoretical manufacturing process and contains events which are part of the "true" surface such as scratches and digs (also referred to as pits and troughs or cosmetics), and include erroneous data which are not part of the "true" surface resulting from measurement errors (e.g. signal noise). These events and measurement errors may result in outliers in the measured surface data. The general treatment of outliers is subject to functional considerations but essential to a comprehensive characterization system is the ability to identify outliers and determine their significance on subsequent characterization. Specifically, the presence of outliers within surface data limits the robustness of conventional curve fitting algorithms and thus limits subsequent characterization fidelity.
{"title":"“Improving the Robustness of Curve Fitting in Figure and Finish Metrology”","authors":"P. Sullivan, C. Evans","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wa11","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wa11","url":null,"abstract":"Curve fitting has many applications in topographic characterization including areas such as datum definition, modelling, and filtering e.g. the use of Zernike polynomials in figure metrology and the removal of tilt and curvature in finish measurement. However, topography measurement data does not represent a purely theoretical manufacturing process and contains events which are part of the \"true\" surface such as scratches and digs (also referred to as pits and troughs or cosmetics), and include erroneous data which are not part of the \"true\" surface resulting from measurement errors (e.g. signal noise). These events and measurement errors may result in outliers in the measured surface data. The general treatment of outliers is subject to functional considerations but essential to a comprehensive characterization system is the ability to identify outliers and determine their significance on subsequent characterization. Specifically, the presence of outliers within surface data limits the robustness of conventional curve fitting algorithms and thus limits subsequent characterization fidelity.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128342408","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
The Opticam SMd (derivative) is a vertical spindle, multi-axis, computer numerically controlled (CNC) optics machining center. The SMd is a first generation derivative of the Opticam SM and its design complements and advances the industry modernization thrust at the Center for Optics Manufacturing.
{"title":"Features and Operation of the OPTICAM SMd","authors":"M. Bechtold, M. Mandina","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tuc9","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tuc9","url":null,"abstract":"The Opticam SMd (derivative) is a vertical spindle, multi-axis, computer numerically controlled (CNC) optics machining center. The SMd is a first generation derivative of the Opticam SM and its design complements and advances the industry modernization thrust at the Center for Optics Manufacturing.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"5 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"128361365","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
An important step in the fabrication of an optical component involves the imparting of a precise contour on the optic, which can be expensive and time consuming. Ion beam figuring is the imparting of a contour on an optical component by removing material through the impingement of a broad beam of accelerated neutral particles, and provides a highly deterministic method for the final precision figuring (or correcting) of optical components with advantages over conventional methods. The high predictability allows the possibility of single step figuring, resulting in significant time and cost savings. And unlike grinding, polishing and lapping, ion figuring is non-contacting and so avoids several problems including: edge roll off effects, tool wear, and loading of the work piece. It has previously been demonstrated that ion figuring is effective for the correcting of large optical components [1][2]. The work discussed here is directed toward the development of the Precision Ion Milling System (PIMS) at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, designed for the processing of smaller (8 cm diameter) optical mirrors.
{"title":"Deconvolution Algorithm Applied to Ion Figuring","authors":"T. W. Drueding, T. Bifano, Steven C. Fawcett","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.othb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.othb2","url":null,"abstract":"An important step in the fabrication of an optical component involves the imparting of a precise contour on the optic, which can be expensive and time consuming. Ion beam figuring is the imparting of a contour on an optical component by removing material through the impingement of a broad beam of accelerated neutral particles, and provides a highly deterministic method for the final precision figuring (or correcting) of optical components with advantages over conventional methods. The high predictability allows the possibility of single step figuring, resulting in significant time and cost savings. And unlike grinding, polishing and lapping, ion figuring is non-contacting and so avoids several problems including: edge roll off effects, tool wear, and loading of the work piece. It has previously been demonstrated that ion figuring is effective for the correcting of large optical components [1][2]. The work discussed here is directed toward the development of the Precision Ion Milling System (PIMS) at NASA's Marshall Space Flight Center, designed for the processing of smaller (8 cm diameter) optical mirrors.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123757067","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A. Lindquist, B. Puchebner, M. J. Cumbo, T. Rich, S. Jacobs
A major impediment to deterministic finishing of optical components is uneven polishing tool wear, which results in surface figure errors. In conventional viscoelastic pitch polishing with aqueous slurries containing CeO2, tools are pressed out periodically against a master reference as they become distorted. Surface quality (figure and finish) is achieved in a lengthy, iterative, labor intensive process. Natural felt pads and synthetic pads made from polyurethane have been employed to reduce polishing time, but the figure and smoothness achieved are inferior to those of pitch polished parts.
{"title":"Bound Abrasive Polisher Concepts for the Center for Optics Manufacturing CNC Machining Centers","authors":"A. Lindquist, B. Puchebner, M. J. Cumbo, T. Rich, S. Jacobs","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wb7","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb7","url":null,"abstract":"A major impediment to deterministic finishing of optical components is uneven polishing tool wear, which results in surface figure errors. In conventional viscoelastic pitch polishing with aqueous slurries containing CeO2, tools are pressed out periodically against a master reference as they become distorted. Surface quality (figure and finish) is achieved in a lengthy, iterative, labor intensive process. Natural felt pads and synthetic pads made from polyurethane have been employed to reduce polishing time, but the figure and smoothness achieved are inferior to those of pitch polished parts.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"23 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126621803","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
With the advent of new technologies such as diamond turning, ductile grinding, and computer-controlled polishing, the fabrication of complex off-axis, aspheric optical components has become a routine method for the production of ultra-high resolution optical systems for multispectral applications. However, the field of metrology with respect to such components can not be said to have progressed as rapidly. In fact, the metrology of an aspheric mirror can oftentimes become much more of a burden than the surface fabrication itself. In most cases, the surface figure is more difficult to determine than the surface finish. This presentation concentrates on the issue of surface figure measurement.
{"title":"A Simplified Method for Measuring the Surface Figure of Off-Axis, Aspheric Mirrors","authors":"J. Hadaway, R. B. Johnson, C. Feng","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wa13","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wa13","url":null,"abstract":"With the advent of new technologies such as diamond turning, ductile grinding, and computer-controlled polishing, the fabrication of complex off-axis, aspheric optical components has become a routine method for the production of ultra-high resolution optical systems for multispectral applications. However, the field of metrology with respect to such components can not be said to have progressed as rapidly. In fact, the metrology of an aspheric mirror can oftentimes become much more of a burden than the surface fabrication itself. In most cases, the surface figure is more difficult to determine than the surface finish. This presentation concentrates on the issue of surface figure measurement.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"108 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124305294","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Yiyu Zhou, P. Funkenbusch, S. Gracewski, J. Lambropoulos
The thermomechanical properties of abrasive materials may have a significant effect on the mode of material removal during deterministic microgrinding, as well as on the amount of material removed. For example, Izumitani [1986] has shown that the polishing rate of glass has a strong dependence on the hardness of the abrasive particles via the abrasive particle sintering temperature, and that, for a given glass, there is a polishing agent that maximizes the material removal rate via the dependence of the polishing rate on the creep compliance of the optical polishing agent.
{"title":"Mechanical Properties of Bronze/Diamond Bound Abrasive Materials: Models and Experiments","authors":"Yiyu Zhou, P. Funkenbusch, S. Gracewski, J. Lambropoulos","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.omc2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.omc2","url":null,"abstract":"The thermomechanical properties of abrasive materials may have a significant effect on the mode of material removal during deterministic microgrinding, as well as on the amount of material removed. For example, Izumitani [1986] has shown that the polishing rate of glass has a strong dependence on the hardness of the abrasive particles via the abrasive particle sintering temperature, and that, for a given glass, there is a polishing agent that maximizes the material removal rate via the dependence of the polishing rate on the creep compliance of the optical polishing agent.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"7 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124981826","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
5- and 6-frame algorithms derived using an extended averaging technique have significantly less sensitivity to phase shift miscalibration and detector nonlinearities than commonly-used algorithms.
使用扩展平均技术导出的5帧和6帧算法对相移误校准和检测器非线性的灵敏度明显低于常用算法。
{"title":"Some new error-compensating algorithms for phase-shifting interferometry","authors":"J. Schmit, K. Creath","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.pd4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.pd4","url":null,"abstract":"5- and 6-frame algorithms derived using an extended averaging technique have significantly less sensitivity to phase shift miscalibration and detector nonlinearities than commonly-used algorithms.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"226 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"123712580","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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