As the optical industry is changing, based on the demands of our ever moving technology and responding to these new requirements, innovation and the development of greater control and entirely new fabrication and test techniques are necessary for any successful organization. Optical fabrication techniques formerly left entirely to the skill and personal innovation of the optical craftsman are now moving away from traditional practices and are getting more engineering attention than ever before. The emergence of readily available electronic technology in convenient numerical control devices and the use of the laser as a light-source in test applications, have brought about an, as yet slow, but definite revolution. This does not by any means curtail the role of the optical craftsman, quite to the contrary, he now has at his disposal more control and more metrology to better apply his masterly skills to achieve the sophisticated accuracy demands imposed so routinely on our industry today. Aspheric surfaces, only a few years ago, applied refractively only in illumination systems, are now moving rapidly into universal optical applications. Designers are enjoying more freedom in being able to utilize this tool with the confidence that the more sophisticated optic they design can indeed be manufactured. The application presented here is an attempt to show current manufacturing approaches for a high accuracy single element aspheric focus lens for the LLNL laser fusion program.
{"title":"Fabrication and Testing of the Nova 77 cm F/4 Focus Lens","authors":"Julius Meckel","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.wbb2","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.wbb2","url":null,"abstract":"As the optical industry is changing, based on the demands of our ever moving technology and responding to these new requirements, innovation and the development of greater control and entirely new fabrication and test techniques are necessary for any successful organization. Optical fabrication techniques formerly left entirely to the skill and personal innovation of the optical craftsman are now moving away from traditional practices and are getting more engineering attention than ever before. The emergence of readily available electronic technology in convenient numerical control devices and the use of the laser as a light-source in test applications, have brought about an, as yet slow, but definite revolution. This does not by any means curtail the role of the optical craftsman, quite to the contrary, he now has at his disposal more control and more metrology to better apply his masterly skills to achieve the sophisticated accuracy demands imposed so routinely on our industry today. Aspheric surfaces, only a few years ago, applied refractively only in illumination systems, are now moving rapidly into universal optical applications. Designers are enjoying more freedom in being able to utilize this tool with the confidence that the more sophisticated optic they design can indeed be manufactured. The application presented here is an attempt to show current manufacturing approaches for a high accuracy single element aspheric focus lens for the LLNL laser fusion program.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"123 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"115614032","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Many of today's optical manufacturing processes and technologies remain isolated islands, insulated from many of the concepts of computer integrated manufacturing. The benefits derived from applying the principles of concurrent engineering and CIM into the optical design and manufacturing communities will be explored.
{"title":"\"Removing the 'Islands of Technology' in Optical Manufacturing\"","authors":"W. Czajkowski","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tuc5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tuc5","url":null,"abstract":"Many of today's optical manufacturing processes and technologies remain isolated islands, insulated from many of the concepts of computer integrated manufacturing. The benefits derived from applying the principles of concurrent engineering and CIM into the optical design and manufacturing communities will be explored.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"9 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114594204","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
A new method of measuring large, highly aspheric convex secondary mirrors is being pursued at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab. This new interferometric test uses a full-aperture test plate with a computer-generated hologram (CGH) fabricated onto a concave spherical reference surface (See Fig. 1). Fringes of interference are viewed through the test plate, which is supported several millimeters from the secondary. The hologram consists of annular rings of metal spaced at intervals as small as 80 μm and as large as 500 μm. The accuracy of the surface measurement using this technique is expected to be better than 50 nm P-V and 8 nm rms for mirrors with up to 331 μm departure from the best-fit sphere. Considerably higher accuracy can be attained for less aspheric surfaces.
{"title":"Interferometric measurement of convex aspheres using holographic test plates","authors":"J. Burge, D. Anderson","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owb2a","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owb2a","url":null,"abstract":"A new method of measuring large, highly aspheric convex secondary mirrors is being pursued at the Steward Observatory Mirror Lab. This new interferometric test uses a full-aperture test plate with a computer-generated hologram (CGH) fabricated onto a concave spherical reference surface (See Fig. 1). Fringes of interference are viewed through the test plate, which is supported several millimeters from the secondary. The hologram consists of annular rings of metal spaced at intervals as small as 80 μm and as large as 500 μm. The accuracy of the surface measurement using this technique is expected to be better than 50 nm P-V and 8 nm rms for mirrors with up to 331 μm departure from the best-fit sphere. Considerably higher accuracy can be attained for less aspheric surfaces.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"44 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"114696758","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
We report a single-mode micro-optic technology which has proved to be an indispensible foundation for single-mode optical network components. The starting point for a generic micro-optic approach has been single-mode connector fabrication technology. In this, a single-mode fibre is mounted in a ferrule and the outer diameter machined concentric with the fibre core1. Shape Memory Effect (SME) metal2 sleeves are used to automatically and rigidly align the axes of two fibre cores. An hermetically sealed, ruggedized connector, with losses of around 0.5 dB, results3. Machined ferrules containing plano-convex micro-lenses may be introduced into common SME sleeves to provide collimated beams from the fibres. Total insertion losses as low as 1.4 dB have been achieved, with improvements to 0.8 dB likely. Single-mode collimated beam devices, such as in-line filters, polarizers, modulators etc, can be demonstrated (Fig 1).
{"title":"A Component Technology for Single-Mode Optical Networks","authors":"C. A. Millar, S. Mallinson","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.waa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.waa3","url":null,"abstract":"We report a single-mode micro-optic technology which has proved to be an indispensible foundation for single-mode optical network components. The starting point for a generic micro-optic approach has been single-mode connector fabrication technology. In this, a single-mode fibre is mounted in a ferrule and the outer diameter machined concentric with the fibre core1. Shape Memory Effect (SME) metal2 sleeves are used to automatically and rigidly align the axes of two fibre cores. An hermetically sealed, ruggedized connector, with losses of around 0.5 dB, results3. Machined ferrules containing plano-convex micro-lenses may be introduced into common SME sleeves to provide collimated beams from the fibres. Total insertion losses as low as 1.4 dB have been achieved, with improvements to 0.8 dB likely. Single-mode collimated beam devices, such as in-line filters, polarizers, modulators etc, can be demonstrated (Fig 1).","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"20 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"116933844","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
In 1991 an existing 2.5 meter gantry polishing machine was modified to provide the necessary motions and control for Computer Controlled Small Tool Polishing (CCSTP). Five axes of Computer Numerical Control motion are used to correctly position the polishing tool on the optical surface with a maximum slope of 30 degrees. Combined with a 2-axis polishing spindle, Eastman Kodak has integrated 7-axis of motion to increase the flexibility of its polishing process. The 2-axis polishing spindle provides controlled pad pointing and a high speed orbital motion. The capabilities of the machine and some actual optical figuring results from the CCSTP process will be discussed.
{"title":"Computer Controlled Small Tool Polishing","authors":"M. Baumler","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.wb6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.wb6","url":null,"abstract":"In 1991 an existing 2.5 meter gantry polishing machine was modified to provide the necessary motions and control for Computer Controlled Small Tool Polishing (CCSTP). Five axes of Computer Numerical Control motion are used to correctly position the polishing tool on the optical surface with a maximum slope of 30 degrees. Combined with a 2-axis polishing spindle, Eastman Kodak has integrated 7-axis of motion to increase the flexibility of its polishing process. The 2-axis polishing spindle provides controlled pad pointing and a high speed orbital motion. The capabilities of the machine and some actual optical figuring results from the CCSTP process will be discussed.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"4 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"124477467","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Students in the BS and MS programs at The Institute of Optics may elect to take a one-semester laboratory course, taught by a master optician, which introduces them to optical glasses and the classical techniques for fabricating optical components. Over the past few years, several projects and new pieces of testing equipment have been added to the laboratory in order to expose optical engineering students to modern fabrication issues not previously covered. Students now investigate subjects such as glass melting and forming, the evolution of stress-birefringence during annealing, the relationship between a glass type's optical properties and its ease of fabrication, the estimation and measurement of subsurface damage, and new instruments for determining the figure and smoothness of finished parts. This paper describes some of the projects in the laboratory and gives examples of results generated by the students during the 12 three-hour laboratory sessions held weekly throughout the semester.
{"title":"Optical Fabrication Laboratory: Introductory Training for Optical Engineering Students","authors":"S. Jacobs, K. Kubath, A. Maltsev","doi":"10.1364/oft.1992.tua6","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1992.tua6","url":null,"abstract":"Students in the BS and MS programs at The Institute of Optics may elect to take a one-semester laboratory course, taught by a master optician, which introduces them to optical glasses and the classical techniques for fabricating optical components. Over the past few years, several projects and new pieces of testing equipment have been added to the laboratory in order to expose optical engineering students to modern fabrication issues not previously covered. Students now investigate subjects such as glass melting and forming, the evolution of stress-birefringence during annealing, the relationship between a glass type's optical properties and its ease of fabrication, the estimation and measurement of subsurface damage, and new instruments for determining the figure and smoothness of finished parts. This paper describes some of the projects in the laboratory and gives examples of results generated by the students during the 12 three-hour laboratory sessions held weekly throughout the semester.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"25 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"126001637","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
D. Golini, J. Lambropoulos, T. Fang, Maynard B. Smith
A new high precision optical manufacturing process for nearly hemispherical sapphire missile domes has been established at the Center for Optics Manufacturing. During development of this process, an interesting lobing phenomenon was observed, and is the subject of this paper. The substrate material used for the guided missile domes was Crystal System’s highest quality HEMEX grade sapphire. The dome was cut normal to the c (0001) orientation. When cutting a steep spherical surface in sapphire, normal to the c plane, the machining process is influenced by the change in material properties as other crystal orientations are intersected (Figure 1). The work described here is intended to explain the reason for the lobing effect through a combination of activities including: machining of sapphire domes; loose abrasive lapping of various crystal orientations of sapphire; and microhardness testing of various crystal orientations of sapphire.
{"title":"Effects of Crystal Orientation in Deterministic Microgrinding of Sapphire","authors":"D. Golini, J. Lambropoulos, T. Fang, Maynard B. Smith","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.otuc4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.otuc4","url":null,"abstract":"A new high precision optical manufacturing process for nearly hemispherical sapphire missile domes has been established at the Center for Optics Manufacturing. During development of this process, an interesting lobing phenomenon was observed, and is the subject of this paper. The substrate material used for the guided missile domes was Crystal System’s highest quality HEMEX grade sapphire. The dome was cut normal to the c (0001) orientation. When cutting a steep spherical surface in sapphire, normal to the c plane, the machining process is influenced by the change in material properties as other crystal orientations are intersected (Figure 1). The work described here is intended to explain the reason for the lobing effect through a combination of activities including: machining of sapphire domes; loose abrasive lapping of various crystal orientations of sapphire; and microhardness testing of various crystal orientations of sapphire.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"6 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129677642","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Material manufacturers and fabricators are becoming increasingly aware of environmentally-friendly growth, melting and finishing procedures being implemented throughout the domestic and international optics market. The "green" policy which is emerging requires material handlers to stringently adhere to numerous procedures and regulations in the hope of reducing the use of ozone-depleting coolants and solvents, the amount of heavy metals entering waste water systems, and controlling the disposal of residue and waste slurry from toxic materials.
{"title":"Fabrication of \"Green\" IR Optics","authors":"K. Cerqua-Richardson, J. Vakiner","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owc5","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owc5","url":null,"abstract":"Material manufacturers and fabricators are becoming increasingly aware of environmentally-friendly growth, melting and finishing procedures being implemented throughout the domestic and international optics market. The \"green\" policy which is emerging requires material handlers to stringently adhere to numerous procedures and regulations in the hope of reducing the use of ozone-depleting coolants and solvents, the amount of heavy metals entering waste water systems, and controlling the disposal of residue and waste slurry from toxic materials.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"2016 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127266936","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Surface roughness of magnetic recording media has been experimentally and theroetically related to the performance of the media (ref. 1). A computerized three-dimensional interferometer (ref. 2) has become an invaluable aid in the development of current and next generation recording products. Correlations of −0.95 and better are routinely achieved between the measured RMS roughness and magnetic performance measures such as rf output in dB.
{"title":"Interferometric Surface Metrology of Magnetic Recording Materials","authors":"D. M. Perry","doi":"10.1364/oft.1985.thaa3","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1985.thaa3","url":null,"abstract":"Surface roughness of magnetic recording media has been experimentally and theroetically related to the performance of the media (ref. 1). A computerized three-dimensional interferometer (ref. 2) has become an invaluable aid in the development of current and next generation recording products. Correlations of −0.95 and better are routinely achieved between the measured RMS roughness and magnetic performance measures such as rf output in dB.","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"43 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"127233797","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
Eastman Kodak Company and Texas Instruments (Defense Systems Electronics Group) have both implemented Opticam (Optics Automation and Management) machinery into their optics manufacturing facilities through participation in the Center for Optics Manufacturing's Optics Manufacturing Modernization Program (Optimod).
{"title":"Production Advantages of Opticam Machining Centers for Visible and IR Optics Manufacture","authors":"W. Czajkowski, J. Vakiner","doi":"10.1364/oft.1994.owd4","DOIUrl":"https://doi.org/10.1364/oft.1994.owd4","url":null,"abstract":"Eastman Kodak Company and Texas Instruments (Defense Systems Electronics Group) have both implemented Opticam (Optics Automation and Management) machinery into their optics manufacturing facilities through participation in the Center for Optics Manufacturing's Optics Manufacturing Modernization Program (Optimod).","PeriodicalId":142307,"journal":{"name":"Optical Fabrication and Testing Workshop","volume":"15 1","pages":"0"},"PeriodicalIF":0.0,"publicationDate":"1900-01-01","publicationTypes":"Journal Article","fieldsOfStudy":null,"isOpenAccess":false,"openAccessPdf":"","citationCount":null,"resultStr":null,"platform":"Semanticscholar","paperid":"129180132","PeriodicalName":null,"FirstCategoryId":null,"ListUrlMain":null,"RegionNum":0,"RegionCategory":"","ArticlePicture":[],"TitleCN":null,"AbstractTextCN":null,"PMCID":"","EPubDate":null,"PubModel":null,"JCR":null,"JCRName":null,"Score":null,"Total":0}
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